外源NO对NaCl胁迫下夏枯草幼苗抗氧化能力及光合特性的影响

试验采用硝普钠(SNP)为NO供体,夏枯草幼苗为材料,研究外源0.01~0.50 mmol/L SNP对70 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下夏枯草幼苗抗氧化系统、光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,0.05~0.10mmol/L SNP可以缓解NaCl胁迫对夏枯草幼苗造成的伤害,其中0.10mmol/L SNP缓解效果最显著,该处理显著提高了NaCl胁迫下夏枯草幼苗叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低了电导率与丙二醛(MDA)的含量。显著提高了夏枯草叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、总叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)与蒸腾速率(Tr),降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)。叶绿素荧光动力学参数显示,0.10mmol/L SNP处理显著降低了NaCl胁迫下夏枯草幼苗的初始荧光(Fo)与非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ),提高了最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Fv′/Fm′)。外源NO通过提高抗氧化酶活性,来减少脂质过氧化作用,减少光抑制对PSⅡ的破坏,提高光化学能力,增强夏枯草叶片的光合能力,从而最终提高夏枯草的抗盐能力。本试验条件下,以0.10mmol/L SNP处理效果最为显著。     

干旱脱水对狗牙根叶片光合机构的影响北大核心CSCD

狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon L.)作为应用广泛的草坪草时常会遭遇极度干旱胁迫从而造成叶片脱水。本文采用快速叶绿素荧光以及820nm光吸收技术,研究了脱水胁迫对狗牙根叶片光合机构包括光系统2(PSⅡ)和光系统1(PSⅠ)光化学活性的影响。研究结果表明脱水导致狗牙根叶片叶绿素降解,严重伤害狗牙根叶片光合活性。随着脱水程度的加重,PSI和PSⅡ活性的受损程度增加,其中,PSⅠ活性(ΔI/Io)的下降在时间上先于PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fm和Ψo)的下降,且PSⅠ活性下降程度大于PSⅡ活性下降程度。这说明PSⅠ活性较PSⅡ活性对脱水更敏感。以光能吸收为基础的光合性能指数(PIABS)准确灵敏地反映了狗牙根叶片光合电子传递链对脱水的响应,可作为狗牙根耐旱品种培育及鉴定的一种快速有效的检测指标。     

Ca2＋对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长、光合特征和 PSⅡ功能的影响

为探究钙(Ca~(2+))对玉米镉(Cd)胁迫的缓解作用,采用盆栽试验,研究了根部施加外源Ca~(2+)对Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗生长、光合特征及叶绿素荧光参数等生理指标的影响。结果显示,与对照(CK)相比,100mg/L的Cd处理显著降低了玉米幼苗株高、根、地上部生物量以及玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量。同时,净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ激发能捕获效率(F_v′/F_m′)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))显著下降,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)和胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)较CK显著上升。外源施加Ca~(2+)可以有效增加镉胁迫下幼苗生物量的积累,明显提高叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量,升高P_n,G_s,T_r,F_v/F_m,ETR,F_v′/F_m′,降低NPQ和C_i,增加幼苗生物量积累,Ca~(2+)浓度为7.5~10.0mmol/L时各指标变化幅度最明显,缓解胁迫的效果最佳。研究结果表明,Cd胁迫使玉米幼苗叶片PSⅡ原初光能转化效率降低,电子传递受到抑制,净光合速率降低。适宜浓度的外源Ca~(2+)能有效缓解Cd对光合机构的伤害,增强幼苗叶片对光的捕获能力,促进光合作用,增加幼苗的生物量,增强玉米幼苗对Cd胁迫的抗性。     

干旱脱水对狗牙根叶片光合机构的影响

狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon L.）作为应用广泛的草坪草时常会遭遇极度干旱胁迫从而造成叶片脱水。本文采用快速叶绿素荧光以及820 nm光吸收技术,研究了脱水胁迫对狗牙根叶片光合机构包括光系统2（PSⅡ）和光系统1（PSⅠ）光化学活性的影响。研究结果表明脱水导致狗牙根叶片叶绿素降解,严重伤害狗牙根叶片光合活性。随着脱水程度的加重,PSI和PSⅡ活性的受损程度增加,其中,PSⅠ活性（ΔI/Io）的下降在时间上先于PSⅡ活性（Fv/Fm和Ψo）的下降,且PSⅠ活性下降程度大于PSⅡ活性下降程度。这说明PSⅠ活性较PSⅡ活性对脱水更敏感。以光能吸收为基础的光合性能指数（PI_ABS）准确灵敏地反映了狗牙根叶片光合电子传递链对脱水的响应,可作为狗牙根耐旱品种培育及鉴定的一种快速有效的检测指标。     

羊草对磷饥饿胁迫的光化学响应特性

以羊草幼苗为材料,利用叶绿素荧光检测技术,对同期缺磷(0μmol/L)和低磷(2.5μmol/L)胁迫处理的叶片光化学活性进行了比较,结果表明:与对照相比,光系统Ⅱ实际量子效率Φ(Ⅱ)及相对电子传递速率ETR(Ⅱ)分别降低42.9%和38.1%,约为低磷处理降低幅度(19.6%,20.4%)的两倍,表明缺磷比低磷引起的PSⅡ活性降低更多。两种处理下光系统Ⅰ的实际量子效率Φ(Ⅰ)分别比对照降低25.4%和28.8%,表明它们对PSⅠ功能的影响程度相当。进一步对非光化学淬灭系数NPQ及环式电子传递速率的比较发现,缺磷胁迫下二者增加的幅度最大,可达对照的3.48倍和1.77倍,推测这是羊草植物缺磷胁迫下光保护的重要方式。     

外源钙离子缓解海水胁迫下菊芋光合能力下降的研究

用不同浓度Ca2 对处在30%海水胁迫处理下的菊芋幼苗进行化学调控,研究了Ca2 对海水胁迫下菊芋叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和荧光参数的影响,以探索外源Ca2 对缓解植物海水胁迫下光合作用下降的作用机制。结果表明,在30%海水胁迫下,菊芋的正常生理代谢明显受到抑制;当施入钙离子后,盐对菊芋幼苗的胁迫不同程度降低,其中以10 mmol/L Ca2 效果最好,可有效防护胁迫所致的氧化损伤,从而维持较高的SOD活性,抑制脂质过氧化作用,使叶片在盐胁迫条件下,维持较高的PSⅡ的电子传递强度(Fm/F0)、PSII光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、Pn、Gs和较低的非光化学淬灭系数(qNP)。这说明外源的Ca2 一定程度上弥补了盐胁迫导致的Ca2 亏缺,可有效缓解海水胁迫所致的氧化损伤,使植物维持较正常的生理活动,稳定细胞膜结构,维持体内离子吸收平衡,维持较高的光合速率,保护光合机构。     

酸胁迫对夏枯草叶绿素荧光特性和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了阐明夏枯草幼苗对酸性环境的耐受性,采用不同pH值(pH=4.5、4.0、3.5、3.0)的Hoagland营养液模拟酸胁迫环境,研究酸胁迫对夏枯草幼苗叶绿素荧光特性及根系抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着pH值下降,代表供体与受体侧参数的K点相对可变荧光(W_K)、J点相对可变荧光(V_J)和电子受体Q_A~-被还原的最大速率(dV/dt_o)逐渐升高,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)电子传递的量子效率(φE_o)降低;表示单位反应中心吸收(ABS/RC)、捕获(TR_o/RC)、热耗散(DI_o/RC)的能量逐渐增加;用于电子传递的能量(ET_o/RC)逐渐下降;表示PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、吸收光能为基础的光合性能指数(PI_(abs))、表征光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的最大氧化还原活性(ΔI/I_o)及PSⅡ与PSⅠ协调性(Φ_(PSⅠ/PSⅡ))随酸胁迫程度增加逐渐下降。夏枯草根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈下降趋势,而根系抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性先升高后降低;夏枯草叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量逐渐上升。酸胁迫下,夏枯草PSⅡ反应中心受损,电子传递受阻,光系统性能及PSⅡ与PSⅠ的协调性降低,根系SOD与POD活性受到抑制,在pH 3.0处理下表现较为明显。夏枯草通过提高单位反应中心的热耗散能力来减少过剩光能对叶片光合机构的破坏,通过提高根系APX抗氧化酶及叶片渗透调节物质含量来减少酸胁迫带来的伤害。     

高羊茅种质光合及叶绿素荧光参数对高温胁迫的响应

以21个高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)种质为试材,在室内模拟35℃和45℃高温胁迫,测定了各高羊茅种质光合和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨高羊茅对高温胁迫的光合适应机制,并利用隶属函数法综合评价种质间耐热性强弱。研究结果表明,高温胁迫对光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著(P< 0.05)。随着高温胁迫强度的增加,各高羊茅种质的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光量子产量(Yield)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)等参数均呈下降趋势;而叶片非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)则呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。利用隶属函数法综合3个温度梯度下21个高羊茅种质的综合耐热D值,可以推测出各种质耐热性顺序为:Ⅲ-17> Ⅲ-3> Ⅱ-11> Ⅰ-17> Ⅰ-7> Ⅰ-4> Ⅳ-3> Ⅳ-2> 水城> Ⅱ-13> Ⅱ-10> Ⅰ-12> Ⅳ-1> Ⅳ-5> Ⅱ-3> 黔草1号> Ⅲ-8> Ⅲ-11> Ⅳ-4> Ⅰ-20> Ⅱ-15。     

干旱胁迫对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响

试验以假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)的Yaan和Common品系为材料,研究了中度干旱(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的50%)和重度干旱(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的35%)胁迫对假俭草叶绿素荧光参数及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,重度干旱胁迫显著地提高了Yaan和Common叶片中类胡萝卜素含量及Common叶片中叶绿素A和叶绿素B的含量。干旱胁迫显著地降低了供试材料的最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSII最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)及光合量子产额(Yield),而对基础荧光(Fo)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)没有产生显著影响;与对照相比,在Common和Yaan品系中PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量分别下降了15%和5%,说明干旱胁迫会伤害假俭草的光系统Ⅱ。2个品系的叶绿素荧光参数对干旱胁迫的反应存在一定的差异。在重度干旱胁迫下,Common的Fo有上升趋势,而Fm显著降低;Yaan品系Fo呈下降趋势,Fm无显著变化。     

硅对干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗光合和生理特性的影响

以偏硅酸钠为外源物质,用25%聚乙二醇模拟干旱胁迫甜燕Ⅰ号燕麦,研究硅对干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗光合和生理特性的影响。结果表明,10mmol/L Na_2SiO_3·9H_2O显著(P0.05)提高了干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片净光合速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、最小初始荧光、暗适应下最大荧光、最大光化学效率、性能指数,显著(P0.05)降低了叶片和根系丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性,显著(P0.05)降低了叶片可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性,显著(P0.05)提高了根系可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性;显著(P0.05)降低了叶中氮、钙含量,提高了叶中磷、钾、硅含量。总之,施用外源硅能提高干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗光合作用,提高抗氧化和渗透调节能力,缓解干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗的伤害。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.