葡萄种植行向对覆膜越冬膜下温度的影响

为消除葡萄东西行向种植双膜覆盖越冬膜上雪被不足的顾虑,2014—2015年冬季在新疆阜康进行了东西向、南北向膜下和土埋的温度逐日观测。结果表明,寒冷期最低温度东西向较高。整个冬季东西向有大于土埋的补偿温度,而南北向是低于土埋的亏缺温度。在-25.6℃的最低气温日,东西向是-3.0℃、南北向-5.4℃、土埋-4.6℃。经推算,在-37℃极端最低气温时,分别是-9.6℃、-13.6℃、-10.4℃。两种行向都经得住极端最低气温和长期低温的酷寒,东西向好于南北向。最高温度、平均温度也是东西向较高,温差则反之。10℃萌发生长的日期东西向比土埋提前37天,南北向提前35天。东西向还较南北向高产优质,生长旺盛。东西向因为优越的光照条件,可不再担忧雪被不足的问题。若采用篱架式南北向栽培,双膜越冬也是安全可靠的。     

葡萄越冬双层覆膜技术增产原因初探

新疆天山北坡阜康和南麓吐鲁番葡萄双层覆膜越冬试验结果表明,采用双层覆膜的葡萄,单株产量提高5.2-13.0kg;果穗增大3.7-7.8cm,增重114.9-293.9g;果粒增重0.1-0.6g;新枝生长量增长47.3-89.3cm,一级品率提高20%。经分析,主要是膜下最低温度高于临界值上限-16℃不会受冻,在最低气温日都有高于土埋50-90℃·30m的补偿温度和6-9h的补偿时间,整个冬季的补偿温度是840.5-1435.9℃·d。寒冷期后平均温度越来越高于土埋,10℃萌发的日期提前了10-20d。高温环境和长生长期是增产的主要原因。土埋越冬有长期低温的危害。     

鹅观草种子萌发及出苗特性

在实验室和温室条件下研究不同温度、光照、水势、盐分对鹅观草种子萌发以及埋土深度对鹅观草出苗的影响。结果表明,鹅观草种子萌发的昼/夜温度范围为20℃/10℃~35℃/25℃,最适昼/夜温度为25℃/15℃;黑暗条件下,鹅观草种子萌发率较光照下略有提高,说明鹅观草萌发不需要光照;鹅观草种子对水势胁迫较敏感,水势从0下降至-0.8 MPa时,发芽率从93%直线下降至0;鹅观草种子对盐分胁迫具有一定耐受性,当NaCl浓度≤50 mmol/L时,种子均能保持80%以上的萌发率。50%萌发抑制率时的水势和NaCl浓度分别约为-0.4 MPa和100 mmol/L。埋土深度为0.5 cm时,鹅观草出苗率最高,埋土深度≥3 cm时出苗率显著下降。表明鹅观草种子萌发具有较强的环境适应性,通过耕作将其种子带入4 cm以下土层,可有效抑制鹅观草的危害。     

早春覆黑膜桃园花期气象效应及防霜效果试验初报

为有效防御桃园花期晚霜冻危害,2012年4月在秦安县进行早春覆黑膜桃园花期气象效应及防霜效果试验。试验得出：早春桃园地表覆黑膜后,其较好的增温保墒作用,能使桃树地表层和桃树冠层内保持相对较高的温湿度条件,桃园土壤浅层0～40 cm和桃树冠层50～150 cm处平均温度较无膜桃园分别偏高0.3～0.4 ℃和1.3 ℃,平均土壤相对湿度提高2～6个百分点,较好的水热资源配置,能够增强树势,提高桃树抗霜冻能力。在晚霜冻主要危害时段的夜间增温最为明显,增温幅度分别为0.8～0.9 ℃和1.0～1.1 ℃,冠层最低温度层50 cm处增温1.2 ℃,温度梯度温差降低0.4 ℃,相对较高的夜温条件能为花期提供一定的热量条件,并有效缩短了桃树花期,可减轻其遭受春季晚霜冻危害几率和危害程度。通过对2012年4月12-13日覆膜桃园盖膜防霜和烟熏两种试验,出现轻霜冻时段的04：00-07：00时桃树冠层100 cm处最低温度4.2 ℃和2.1 ℃,较无盖膜防霜桃园偏高1.2 ℃和0.9 ℃;较无膜无防霜桃园偏高5.0 ℃和2.9 ℃。虽然熏烟防霜是一种传统的方法,具有一定的效果,但就目前来说,不符合生态保护的理念。因此,覆膜桃园盖膜防霜不仅体现了极佳的防霜效果,而且有利于生态保护,便于操作,易于推广。     

冬季红枣果园内外温度差异及与气象站气温关系建模分析

基于红枣果园冬季实测温度,对比分析果园内、外温度变化差异及其与气象站气温关系,采用线性回归方法根据气象站气温资料建立果园实际温度预测模型。结果表明,冬季红枣果园内、外平均气温差异不显著,但日变化趋势基本一致;最低气温变化存在显著差异(P<0.05),果园内平均最低气温比果园外偏高1.2℃,极端低温偏高1.7℃。冬季气象站平均气温显著高于果园内外气温变化(P<0.01),分别偏高1.2、1.3℃。气象站最低气温的差异变化幅度大于平均气温的差异,日最低气温比果园内、外偏高1.5℃、2.7℃,冬季极端低温偏高1.4℃、2.7℃。果园小气候的形成显著影响极端低温的差异变化,冬季气温比气象站温度偏低,利用气象站气温变化预测果园内外实际气温差异比较可行,关系模型检验绝对误差在0.3~0.8℃之间,可为红枣果园开展冬季冻害监测预警服务提供借鉴参考。     

柴达木盆地近50年气温变化时空分布特征分析

文中利用柴达木盆地8个气象站点,1961年-2011年月平均、平均最高、平均最低气温数据进行气温变化的时空分布特征分析。结果表明:50年来,柴达木盆地平均气温、平均最高、最低气温增暖趋势分别为0.54℃/10a、0.43℃/10a和0.74℃/10a,明显高于全国和全球增幅;增暖在平均最低气温上表现最为突出;四季平均气温、平均最高、最低气温均表现为明显上升趋势,其中秋、冬季增温高于春、夏季,冬季增温贡献最大;各站点气温在空间上表现为较一致的增温趋势,气温增幅从东向西逐渐增高。     

不同环境因素对猪殃殃种子萌发及出苗的影响

为探讨猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件,通过室内萌发试验研究了温度、光照、pH、水势、盐分对猪殃殃种子萌发以及埋土深度对其出苗的影响。结果表明,猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件为温度10~20℃、光暗12h交替培养以及pH 4~10,萌发率可达到50%以上。猪殃殃种子对水势比较敏感,萌发率随着水势的降低而降低,当水势为0时,萌发率为50.50%,水势降低至-0.6 MPa时,仅有个别种子萌发,萌发率为3.50%,当水势为-0.7 MPa时,种子萌发完全受到抑制;猪殃殃种子对盐分胁迫有一定忍耐力,当NaCl浓度为0.16mol/L时,仍有少数种子萌发,萌发率为16.50%;适于猪殃殃种子出苗的埋土深度是1~2cm,出苗率达到49.50%。研究结果为猪殃殃的出苗调控和综合治理提供了依据。     

沿海垦区大豆田苣荬菜的发生及防除策略

近年来随着沿海垦区面积的逐步扩大和开发力度的加大 ,草害已成为制约垦区农作物产量的重要因素。沿海垦区杂草主要有苣荬菜、盐角草、苘麻等双子叶杂草及部分马唐、狗尾草等一年生禾本科杂草 ,其中苣荬菜发生量大 ,适应性广 ,再生性强和传播途径多 ,成为危害耐盐作物大豆的恶性杂草。1　苣荬菜发生特点苣荬菜为多年生恶性草本植物 ,属菊科苦苣菜属。苣荬菜具有很强的适应性 ,耐寒 ,耐干旱但不耐湿 ,耐酸碱性 ,即使在盐分含量高达 0 5 %的富盐垦区也能生长。苣荬菜萌发的最低温度为 15℃左右 ,一般 3月上旬开始萌发 ,最适温度为 2 0℃～ 30…     

天山北坡降雪对葡萄越冬不同覆膜效果的影响

为了省工、省力,又能应对-37℃的极端最低气温和长期低温,对降雪晚而少的干冷年份和早而多的湿冷年份,进行了白塑料和黑塑料薄膜双层和单层覆盖的比较.结果表明:采用双层覆盖比单层优越.在积雪深度不足9cm,最低气温-22℃时,双层覆盖下的最低温度是-9.9℃,而单层覆盖则是-16.0℃,出现了减产,果穗变得小而轻、新枝条短等生产性能不良的影响.在塑膜覆盖中,采用白塑料薄膜较黑塑料薄膜优越.在干冷年份,黑塑膜上不容易保留雪被,单层覆盖-16℃时,而白塑膜因为有雪被覆盖,则是-13.2℃,而且白塑料薄膜价格比黑塑料薄膜便宜近一半.     

滨海盐碱地预覆膜起垄的生态效应及对棉花苗期的影响

为提高滨海盐碱棉田在雨养旱作条件下的棉花出苗成苗率,以常规的播后覆膜为对照,在河北滨海盐碱地进行预覆膜起垄试验,研究预覆膜及不同预覆膜起垄方式对耕层水热盐及棉花苗期的影响。结果表明:(1)播前预覆膜能够有效降低耕层含盐量,在轻度和中度盐碱土耕层中,平铺覆膜分别降低6.99%、7.55%,预覆膜的同时起垄会加速耕层降盐,中间高垄处理播种行内含盐量分别降低2.3%和17.62%,两侧低垄分别降低9.11%和30.72%,两侧低垄对盐分在垄上和播种行内的差异化分布影响大于中间高垄处理,且在中度盐碱土效果更明显;(2)预覆膜可以增加耕层土壤含水量,有明显的保墒作用,中间高垄、两侧低垄和平铺覆膜播种行耕层平均含水量分别为19.92%、20.42%和19.94%,均显著高于未覆膜对照;(3)预覆膜还可以增加耕层地温,膜下0、5、10、15 cm土层日平均温度分别比膜外提高3.7、3.6、3.1、2.8℃,两侧低垄在5、10、15 cm土层处地温比中间高垄分别高1.3、1.2、0.7℃,有利于促进种子萌发;(4)预覆膜起垄对耕层微生态环境的改变直接影响了棉花的苗期生长,轻度盐碱土中,各预覆膜起垄处理的出苗率均显著高于常规模式,成苗率方面,预覆膜同时两侧低垄最高,比常规模式提高了34.8%;中度盐碱土中,预覆膜同时两侧低垄的出苗率、成苗率、单株干重均表现最高,比对照模式分别提高了45.9%、70.7%和44.4%,预覆膜且两侧低垄处理的出苗保苗效果最好。     

Synergy between grapevine vitiviruses and grapevine leafroll viruses

An interactive relationship between vitiviruses and grapevine leafroll viruses was characterized in grapevine. Grapevine viruses A and B (GVA and GVB) were found more frequently in the presence of co-infecting Grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaV-1, ?2 or ?3) than in their absence. The titers of the vitiviruses in co-infection with leafroll viruses were found to be higher than were their titers in the absence of leafroll virus infection. The occurrence of vitivirus-associated stem-pitting symptoms was correlated with leafroll virus co-infection. Specific pairing associations on the species level were found between different viti- and leafroll virus species: GVB was associated preferentially with GLRaV-2; GVA was associated preferentially with GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3. In contrast to the increase in vitivirus titer seen with leafroll virus co-infection, the incidence and titer of grapevine leafroll virus appeared to be unaltered by vitivirus co-infection. The potential for a synergistic enhancement of grapevine disease in co-infected vines is discussed.     

Chitosan induces delayed grapevine defense mechanisms and protects grapevine against Botrytis cinerea

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In the present study, a commercial chitosan soluble in acid solution and obtained from shrimp shell waste, with a molecular weight of 173&nbsp;kDa and...     

Phakopsora montana, another grapevine leaf rust pathogen in Japan

A new grapevine leaf rust (GLR) was found to be caused by Phakopsora montana. This new fungus naturally infects Crimson Glory vine (Vitis coignetiae), forming uredinia and telia on the leaves. Under experimental conditions, the fungus was pathogenic to table grape cultivars Delaware and Kyoho (V.?×?labruscana), Amur River grape (V. amurensis), and V. ficifolia, on which it produced urediniospores. Inoculation experiments proved that the pathogen alternates hosts, forming spermogonia and aecia on Meliosma tenuis. The new pathogen resembles P. meliosmae-myrianthae (=P. euvitis), a common GLR fungus; however, its spermogonial/aecial stage is restricted to M. tenuis, contrary to P. meliosmae-myrianthae with its spermogonial/aecial stage restricted to M. myriantha. Aeciospores of the new pathogen are evenly thin-walled, whereas the aeciospore wall is conspicuously thickened apically in P. meliosmae-myrianthae. Phakopsora montana is known to occur only on V. coignetiae in nature; however, table grape cultivars Delaware and Kyoho were not resistant to P. montana under experimental conditions. These results indicate that P. montana has caused a certain proportion of the GLR disease recorded in Japan with a possible mixed infection with P. meliosmae-myrianthae.     

TransgenicNicotiana Benthamiana and grapevine plants transformed with grapevine virus a (GVA) sequences

As part of a project to construct virus-resistant transgenic grapevines, grapevine virus A (GVA) coat protein (CP) sequences were introduced into grapevine and the model plantNicotiana benthamiana. The engineered constructs were tested for their ability to engender resistance inN. benthamiana. A number of GVA-CP-transformedN. benthamiana lines have become resistant to GVA. Preliminary biological and molecular analyses strongly suggest that in most cases the obtained resistance is RNA-mediated. Several lines of transgenic grapevine were obtained.