山东菏泽地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

[目的]了解山东省菏泽地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染现状,为奶牛寄生虫防控提供参考。[方法]在菏泽地区选择8家养殖场,按犊牛（<6月龄）、育成牛（7～16月龄）、成年牛（>16月龄）分类,采用直肠法收集奶牛新鲜粪便1 438份,利用离心沉淀法、饱和蔗糖漂浮法及卢戈氏碘液染色法,进行显微镜检测。[结果]寄生虫总感染率33.45%;球虫、阿米巴原虫、隐孢子虫、圆线虫、贾第虫、绦虫、鞭虫感染率分别为27.33%、 7.65%、 3.27%、3.48%、0.56%、0.49%、1.32%;优势感染虫种为球虫;混合感染率为10.85%,混合虫体种类2～4个。各场点和年龄阶段奶牛均感染寄生虫。[结论]菏泽地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染较普遍,养殖场需采取防控措施。     

开封地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解开封地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用离心沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法和饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对4个奶牛养殖场和5个奶牛养殖小区共622份新鲜粪便样本进行检查。共检出7种肠道寄生虫,总感染率为41.6%,以球虫为主要感染虫种,感染率33.4%,贾第虫、隐孢子虫、环孢子虫、食道口线虫、鞭虫和莫尼茨绦虫感染率分别为3.4%、8.4%、0.3%、0.8%、0.6%和0.3%。结果分析显示,不同调查点奶牛肠道寄生虫感染率统计学差异极显著(P<0.01);不同年龄段奶牛肠道寄生虫感染率统计学差异极显著(P<0.01);不同饲养条件下奶牛肠道寄生虫感染率统计学差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

河北及天津部分地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解河北及天津近渤海地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染情况,本试验采用离心沉淀法、饱和蔗糖漂浮法及卢戈氏碘液染色法对河北和天津地区12个奶牛场1 040份奶牛粪便样品进行显微镜检测。结果显示,寄生虫总感染率为61.63%,其中河北及天津地区寄生虫感染率分别为59.78%和66.12%。共检测出8种寄生虫,即球虫、贾第虫、隐孢子虫、阿米巴、圆线虫、鞭虫、绦虫及吸虫,感染率分别为40.96%、1.63%、8.46%、33.27%、2.02%、3.56%、0.96%和0.96%,其中球虫与阿米巴为优势虫种。本试验结果表明,河北及天津地区奶牛肠道寄生虫感染比较普遍,养殖场需采取必要的防控措施。     

肉牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解南乐县肉牛寄生虫感染情况,笔者随机选取4个规模化肉牛养殖场的共226份粪样进行寄生虫感染情况调查。结果共检出4种寄生虫的虫卵和卵囊,其中原虫2种(球虫、隐孢子虫),线虫2种（类圆线虫、鞭虫）。检测结果发现162份粪便样品为寄生虫阳性,寄生虫总感染率为71.68％(162／226),4个肉牛场的隐孢子虫平均感染率为4.42％,球虫平均感染率为51.12％,鞭虫平均感染率为15.84％,类圆线虫平均感染率为15.49％。本次调查发现肉牛寄生虫混合感染现象比较严重,混合感染的病例占总感染病例的63.58％,其中球虫、鞭虫和类圆线虫混合感染的病例占总感染病例的34.56％。调查还发现肉牛寄生虫感染率呈现随着年龄的增加而降低的趋势。     

大庆市奶牛寄生虫感染情况调查

大庆市位于黑龙江省西部,是我省重要的牧业发展基地.为了摸清大庆市奶牛寄生虫的种类、感染率、感染强度和地理分布情况,为防治提供可靠依据,对大庆诵的肇源、社蒙、林甸三县及大同、萨尔图、红岗、让湖路四区等试验点的140头舍饲和放牧奶牛进行了寄生虫检查,结果共检出寄生虫16种（属）,其中吸虫3种,绦虫1种,线虫4种（属）、原虫2种、蜘蛛昆虫6种.     

南京地区奶牛消化道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解规模化奶牛场奶牛消化道寄生虫感染情况,本调查对南京地区2个规模化奶牛场的279份粪样进行了线虫卵、球虫卵囊和吸虫卵的定性与定量检测,以便为南京地区奶牛寄生虫病的防治提供依据.结果显示,279份样本中,阳性157份,总感染率为56.27％,其中A牧场感染率为54.61％（77/141）,B牧场感染率为57.79％ （77/138）;蠕虫阳性64份,总感染率为22.94％,A牧场感染率为12.06％（17/141）,B牧场感染率为34.06％ （47/138）;原虫阳性141份,总感染率为50.54％,A牧场感染率为50.36％（71/141）,B牧场感染率为50.72％（70/138）.2个规模化奶牛场奶牛寄生虫均有混合感染现象,混合感染率分别为18.18％（14/77）、55％（44/80）.检测出的寄生虫主要是犊牛新蛔虫、食道口线虫、肝片吸虫、前后盘吸虫、牛艾美耳球虫、邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美耳球虫和隐孢子虫.     

绵羊肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解河南省绵羊肠道寄生虫感染情况,应用寄生虫常规检测方法对5个规模化养羊场共1265份粪样进行了寄生虫感染情况调查。结果显示,共检出虫卵和卵囊5类,其中原虫2类(球虫、隐孢子虫)、线虫2类（类圆线虫、鞭虫）、绦虫1类。本次调查中共发现1178份粪便样品为寄生虫阳性,寄生虫总感染率为93.12％(1178／1265),5个绵羊场的隐孢子虫平均感染率为3.10％,球虫平均感染率为88.94％,鞭虫平均感染率为10.83％,类圆线虫平均感染率为59.11％,绦虫平均感染率为43.96%。本次调查发现绵羊寄生虫混合感染现象比较严重,其中球虫、绦虫和类圆线虫混合感染的比例达到60.10％;绵羊寄生虫感染率呈现随着年龄的增长而减少的趋势。     

哈尔滨市奶牛寄生虫感染情况调查

哈尔滨市位于黑龙江省南部,是黑龙江省重要的牧业发展基地。为了摸清哈尔滨市奶牛寄生虫的种类、感染率、感染强度和地理分布情况,对哈尔滨市的道里区、南岗区、道外区、香坊区、太平区、呼兰区等六区及五常、依兰、双城、尚志、阿城等五市县的15个试验点的1000头舍饲和400头放牧奶牛进行了寄生虫检查,共检出寄生虫15种(属),其中吸虫3种,绦虫1种,线虫4种(属)、原虫1种、蜘蛛昆虫6种。     

野生动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解四川某野生动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染情况,本试验采用离心沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对40种野生动物及混居水禽共计180份粪便样本进行调查。寄生虫总感染率为74.4%,共发现8种寄生虫,其中球虫、阿米巴原虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、毛细线虫、圆线虫、绦虫和吸虫感染率分别为31.1%、19.4%、15.6%、10.6%、17.2%、20.6%、4.4%和1.7%。结果表明,某野生动物肠寄生虫感染较为普遍,应采取有效的综合防治措施,以保证野生动物的健康。     

昆明市某地区奶牛消化道寄生虫感染情况调查

本调查对昆明某地区4个奶牛养殖场(养殖小区)随机采集了44份粪样,同时采用漂浮法和沉淀法进行寄生虫虫卵的检测。结果显示,检出阳性样本24份,检出率为54.5%,其中牛场1的检出率最高为72.7%,某养殖小区63.6%,牛场2、牛场3较低,分别为36.4%和45.5%;4个场均有混合感染现象,平均混合感染率达到36.4%;球虫的检出率为34.1%,线虫检出率为15.9%,蛔虫检出率为25%,吸虫检出率为6.8%。因此,昆明市某地区奶牛场应采取综合的防控对策,加强环境卫生管理和灭蝇工作,有效控制奶牛寄生虫病。     

西藏林芝地区藏猪消化道寄生虫流行情况调查

为掌握西藏林芝地区藏猪消化道寄生虫病流行情况,采用寄生虫学完全剖检法、粪便虫卵检查法,对2014年12月—2015年1月在西藏林芝地区112头屠宰藏猪、73份粪便进行寄生虫病流行情况调查。结果显示:共检测出寄生虫11种,隶属于5门、6纲、9目、10科、10属,其中线虫5种,绦虫蚴2种,原虫2种,吸虫1种,棘头虫1种。优势虫种和感染率为细颈囊尾蚴(42.9%)、野猪后圆线虫(38.4%)、棘球蚴(33.0%)、蛔虫(30.4%)、肝片吸虫(26.8%)、食道口线虫(18.8%)、毛首线虫(15.2%)、球虫(15.1%)、结肠小袋纤毛虫(6.8%)、蛭形巨吻棘头虫(5.6%)、六翼泡首线虫(2.7%)。结果表明:林芝地区藏猪胃肠道寄生虫感染普遍,感染率较高。     

Production responses to internal parasite control in dairy cattle

A significant increase in milk production, averaging 164 litres per cow per lactation (a 4.8% increase), was seen after cows infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, paramphistomes and Fasciola hepatica were treated with broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Three hundred and ninety pairs of cows from eight herds with year-round calving were studied. One cow in each matched pair was given 7.5 mg/kg fenbendazole, 7.5 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride and 15 mg/kg oxyclozanide in March, May and August of one year; the other cow in the pair received no anthelmintic. The number of nematode and trematode eggs was significantly decreased in the faeces of treated cows.     

Approaches to modeling intramammary infections in dairy cattle

In this paper, three approaches (Markov processes, discrete-event simulation, and differential equations) to modeling intramammary infections (IMI; focusing on the dynamic changes between uninfected, subclinical, and clinical udder-health states) are described. The objectives were to describe the various approaches to modeling intramammary infections, determine if simulations of the examples of the three approaches yield stable prevalences, and discuss the approaches' limitations. The literature review showed that there is no agreement on the proportion of animals that change health states. The approach of discrete-event simulation modeling included the most cow-level risk factors and udder-health states (hence, was judged to replicated best the dynamics of the infection process) and yielded stable prevalences for all udder-health states. However, there remain parts of the dynamics that need further research. These include the pathogen-specific probabilities and times of occurrence for: regression of clinical IMI to subclinical IMI, flare-up of subclinical IMI to clinical IMI, and incidence of subclinical IMI. Also, the assumption in all current approaches of homogenous mixing is violated because the primary contact structure for contagious pathogens during milking is either between cows through residual infectious milk in the milking machine or within a cow by vacuum fluctuations or teat-cup liner slips. Better contact structures should be incorporated so that the effects of control strategies can be better-estimated. Moreover, the three modeling approaches discussed assumed that all non-infected quarters are susceptible to infection—which might be denied by work in genetic resistance.     

北京地区奶牛寄生虫感染情况的调查

为了了解北京地区奶牛胃肠道寄生虫感染情况,采集北京地区成年牛和犊牛的粪样,用饱和盐水漂浮法、水洗沉淀法对粪样进行了定性检查,用麦克马斯特计数法对线虫卵和球虫卵囊进行了定量检查。结果发现,北京地区成年奶牛和犊牛粪样中检出的主要是线虫卵和球虫卵囊,未检出吸虫卵。成年奶牛粪样中线虫卵的阳性率为14.64%,平均EPG值范围为190~853,并在5~9月份出现一个比较明显的高峰期;球虫卵囊阳性率为49.15%,平均OPG值范围为125~346,高峰出现在5~11月份。犊牛粪样中线虫卵的阳性率为24.56%,平均EPG值范围为305~1 053,并在5~11月份出现一个比较明显的高峰期;粪样中球虫卵囊阳性率为65.02%,平均OPG值范围为2 540~7 648,并在7月份出现一个高峰。根据调查结果,对北京地区奶牛寄生虫病防治提出了建议。     

Survey of helminth infections in Maine dairy cattle.

The survey was done to determine the incidence and seasonal prevalence of the gastrointestinal helminths infecting Maine dairy cattle. Approximately equal groups of calves, heifers, and cows from 13 dairy farms, managerially and geographically representative of dairying in the state, were sampled at regular 2-month intervals over the period of a year. On the basis of fecal egg counts and identification of cultured larvae, the following results were obtained: Of the 94 adult cows, 78 heifers, and 91 calves sampled continuously in the course of the survey, 95.7%, 98.7%, and 96.7%, respectively, were strongylorid positive (infected with Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, and Oesophagostomun), with an overall incidence of 97%. Strongyloides papillosus eggs were in 64.6% of the cattle, Bunostomum in 40.3%, Nematodirus in 27.8%, Trichuris in 27.0%, Capillaria in 9.5%, Moniezia in 25.1%, and Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae in 2.7%. Worm burdens, as reflected by mean nematode egg production per gram of feces, varied. The greatest worm burdens were in the calves, followed by the heifers and the cows. A marked variation in egg production related to season was observed, particularly with the strongylorid worms. Peak strongylorid egg production was observed in the May-June sampling period. After the peak period, worm burdens decreased in all groups of cattle to their lowest point during the winter period of January-February. This pattern of egg production was similar to that reported by workers in other parts of the world. Farm management practices were shown to be related to the degree of parasitism existing in these herds. Those herds classed as poorly managed had significantly higher levels of parasitism in young animals than those classed as having fair or good management.     

Acutetrypanosoma vivax infection in dairy cattle in coast province,Kenya

Summary In an outbreak of a fatal haemorrhagic disease in exotic dairy cattle (Friesian, Guernsey, Ayrshire and Jersey) on 2 farms in the Coast Province of Kenya, an investigation was conducted to establish the aetiological agent involved. Blood and lymph node smears made from clinically sick cattle indicated infection withTrypanosoma vivax. Five calves were then experimentally inoculated with heparinised blood from cows naturally infected withT. vivax. All calves had a highT. vivax parasitaemia, marked depression and fever; 2 developed blood-tinged diarrhoea 6 and 7 days respectively after blood inoculation. On 2 farms where the disease occurred cattle were treated with isometamidium chloride while others were left untreated. Cases of abortions, bloody diarrhoea and deaths dropped markedly in the treated animals whereas they continued to occur in the untreated animals.

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Tripanosomiasis Aguda PorTripanosoma Vivax En Ganado Lechero De La Provincia Costa En Kenia

Resumen Se presentó un brote de una enfermedad hemorrágica en ganado exótico (Fríesian, Guernsey, Ayrshire y Jersey) en dos haciendas en la provincia Costa de Kenia. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo para establecer el agente etiológico dieron como resultado el hallazgo deTripanosoma vivax en frotis de sangre y nódulos linfáticos. Se inocularon 5 terneros experimentalmente con sangre heparinizada de vacas, naturalmente infectadas conT. vivax. Todos ellos presentaron una (parasitémia) alta, depresión marcada y fiebre; dos de ellos desarrollaron diarrea sanguinolenta 6 y 7 días respectivamente después de la inoculación. En las haciendas en donde ocurrió la enfermedad, el ganado se trató con Samorin dejando algunos controles sin tratamiento. Los animales tratados mostraron rápida recuperación, mientras que la mortalidad continuó en los controles.

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Trypanosomose Aigue (Trypanosoma Vivax) Chez Les Bovins Laitiers Dans La Province Cotiere, Au Kenya

Résumé A l'occasion de l'apparition d'une maladie hémorragique mortelle sur du bétail importé (Frison, Guernsey, Ayrshire et Jersiais) dans deux fermes situées dans la Province cotière du Kenya, des recherches ont été entreprises pour déterminer l'agent étiologique responsable. L'examen de frottis de sang et de ganglions lymphatiques en provenance d'animaux malades ont montré une infection àTrypanosoma vivax. Cinq veaux ont été expérimentalement inoculés avec du sang hepariné de vaches naturellement infectées avecT. vivax. Tous ces veaux ont manifesté une intense parasitémie avec dépression marquée et fièvre, deux ont fait une diarrhée à teinte hémorragique respectivement 6 et 7 jours après avoir reçu le sang infecté. Dans les deux fermes où la maladie est apparue des animaux ont été traités avec le Samorin alors que d'autres n'étaient l'objet d'aucun traitement. Les cas d'avortements, de diarrhée hémorragique et de mortalité diminuent de façon marqueé chez les animaux traités alors qu'ils ont persisté chez les animaux non traités.

     

Parasitic infections in dairy cattle around Hanoi, northern Vietnam

In northern Vietnam, dairy cattle are mainly managed in small-scale farms, where animals are kept confined and feeding occurs by cut and carry methods. In the present study the occurrence of parasitic infections was examined in five provinces around Hanoi. A total of 201 farms were visited, and 334 stool and 239 blood samples were collected from calves younger than 3 months, animals between 3 and 24 months and adult cows. Furthermore, 254 milk samples were collected from lactating animals. Coproscopical examination indicated a high prevalence of nematode eggs (Cooperia spp., Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum spp.) in animals (n=176) between 3 and 24 months (66%) and in adult cows (n=90; 54%). In these age groups the prevalence of Fasciola was 28% and 39%, respectively, and for Paramphistomum the prevalence was 78% and 82%, respectively. Fifty percent of the calves younger than 3 months (n=68) were positive for Giardia, and none for Cryptosporidium. Most Giardia isolates were identified as the non-zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblage E on the beta-giardin gene. The blood samples were examined with commercially available Svanovir((R))Elisa's for the presence of Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina specific antibodies, and a prevalence of 28% and 54% was found, respectively. In the milk samples Neospora caninum specific antibodies (Svanovir((R))Elisa) were detected in 30% of the lactating animals. The present study demonstrates that parasitic infections occur frequently in dairy cattle around Hanoi although animals are mainly kept confined, and indicates that further research on the economic impact of these infections is needed.     

Coxiella burnetii infections and infections with bacteria of the genus Chlamydia in dairy cattle

Comparative studies on the prevalence of infections caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) and Chlamydia were carried out with 592 cattle older than 2 years and 234 cattle younger than 2 years. Of these 477 originated from 24 dairy herds with considerable fertility problems (positive herds) and 349 from 14 dairy herds without major fertility problems (control herds). For the direct detection of these pathogens in the genitals capture ELISAs were employed, for the demonstration of antibodies the complement fixation test (CFT). Direct detection of C. burnetii and Chlamydia single as well as mixed infection revealed significant higher values for cattle from positive herds compared with those from the control herds. Animals revealing insemination ratios of > or = 2 showed significantly more frequent excretion of Chlamydia via the genitals and antibodies against C. burnetii than cattle with an insemination ratio of < 2. Investigations of cows which had had an abortion showed no indications of significantly more frequent C. burnetii or chlamydial infections. Inseminated but non-pregnant cows excreted significantly more C. burnetii and Chlamydia than pregnant cows. Clinical signs of endometritis were associated with an enhanced excretion of Chlamydia. Animals younger than 2 years excreted significantly more frequently C. burnetii but not Chlamydia via the genitals than animals older than 2 years. Indirect test showed results vice versa.