甘肃省天祝地区5种常见棘豆属植物营养价值评价

试验旨在对天祝地区5种常见棘豆属植物的营养价值进行综合评价,为合理开发利用此类植物资源提供理论科学依据。试验地设定在天祝地区安远镇乌鞘岭,于盛花期对分布于该地区的5种常见棘豆属植物的营养成分进行分析,并模拟体外试验测定干物质降解率。结果表明,球花棘豆的总能、消化能、代谢能、体外干物质降解率均显著高于其他4种棘豆属植物(P0.05),且中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他4种棘豆属植物(P0.05)。黑萼棘豆的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量最高,且粗纤维含量最低(P0.05)。甘肃棘豆的无氮浸出物含量最高(P0.05)。宽苞棘豆的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、灰分含量均显著高于其他4种棘豆属植物(P0.05)。试验采用SPSS主成分分析法,综合14项指标对5种棘豆属植物的综合营养价值进行评价,按优劣排序为:球花棘豆甘肃棘豆黑萼棘豆黄花棘豆宽苞棘豆。     

青贮对黄花棘豆营养成分的影响

本试验对黄花棘豆进行青贮并测定其青贮前及青贮每间隔10 d黄花棘豆中的营养成分。试验结果表明，黄花棘豆经青贮后基本保持黄绿色，质地变软，易分离，形态松散，抓握时不粘手。随着青贮时间的延长，黄花棘豆散发出的酸香味越来越浓，说明青贮效果较好；随着青贮时间的延长，黄花棘豆中的灰分、钙、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量有升高趋势，水分、总磷含量有下降趋势，粗蛋白在青贮期间基本没有变化，说明黄花棘豆经青贮100 d后粗蛋白没有损失，可以通过青贮方法将其开发为优质牧草。     

不同方法青贮黄花棘豆后苦马豆素含量的测定

采用气相检测法对不同生长期(7、8、9和10月)黄花棘豆经过不同青贮方法青贮后对其苦马豆素含量进行测定。结果表明:青贮前黄花棘豆中苦马豆素含量分别为0.035%、0.019%、0.043%和0.015%,而经过直接青贮、添加"棘防E号"青贮和添加酶制剂青贮后黄花棘豆中苦马豆素含量均未达到监测量。说明通过不同的青贮方法青贮黄花棘豆后,均能将黄花棘豆中主要有毒成分苦马豆素有效降解。     

发酵时间对黄花棘豆青贮品质及苦马豆素含量的影响

探究不同发酵时间对黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)青贮品质及苦马豆素含量的影响,进而为黄花棘豆作为优质牧草资源开发利用提供新途径。选择含水量为75%的新鲜黄花棘豆,填充于青贮瓶中压实密封后置避光处室温保存,分别于青贮0、10、20、30……100 d取样,感观检查青贮效果,利用内标气相色谱法测定青贮前后苦马豆素含量,确定黄花棘豆最佳青贮发酵时间。结果表明,黄花棘豆青贮后基本保持黄绿色,质地变软易分离,手抓松散不粘手,并随着青贮发酵时间的延长,散发出酸香味越来越浓,青贮效果较好;苦马豆素质量浓度为0.375 mg/mL～6 mg/mL,苦马豆素质量浓度和me-Gal峰面积呈直线线性关系(R~2=0.999 98),加标回收率84.36%,RSD=0.77%,表明该方法准确度和精密度较好,可用于样品中苦马豆素含量测定;经测定不同青贮发酵时间黄花棘豆中苦马豆素含量,青贮100 d时苦马豆素含量比青贮前下降51.90%。结论,黄花棘豆青贮发酵100 d以上可作为高蛋白饲料利用。     

36个燕麦品种不同部位养分分布格局

分析了天祝高寒草甸区36种不同饲用燕麦(Avena sativa)叶片、籽粒和茎秆中的水分、灰分、粗蛋白、可溶性糖、粗脂肪、磷、钙、粗纤维、中性纤维和酸性纤维含量的分布特征。结果显示:36个燕麦品种叶片中水分、灰分、粗蛋白、可溶性糖和钙含量显著高于籽粒和茎秆(P0.05),平均值分别为6.36%、9.28%、19.82%、13.71%和0.25%;籽粒中粗脂肪和磷含量显著高于叶片和茎秆(P0.05),平均值分别为:4.48%和0.25%;茎秆中粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著高于叶片和种子(P0.05),平均值分别为35.62%、65.18%和56.40%。总之,36种燕麦不同部位的营养价值高低依次为叶片籽粒茎秆。     

近红外光谱法与常规化学分析法苜蓿营养成分的对比研究

选取20个不同来源的苜蓿样品作为研究对象,分别使用近红外光谱法和常规化学分析法检测苜蓿样品中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量,验证近红外光谱分析法与常规化学分析法检测的符合程度。试验结果表明：与常规化学分析法比较,苜蓿近红外光谱预测模型更适用于苜蓿样品中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量的检测,但并不适用于苜蓿水分含量的检测,因此,需要对已有的近红外预测模型进行调整和优化。     

紫花苜蓿青贮制作试验

为探索苜蓿加工调制的新方法，开辟牧草资源合理利用的新途径，笔者在宁夏部分市县采用不同的方法进行了苜蓿青贮制作试验。感官鉴定显示，青贮苜蓿茎、叶形态清楚，色泽正常，气味芳香，适口性好，优质率高；通过实验室测定，青贮苜蓿中粗灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙和磷的含量高于苜蓿青干草中的含量，而干物质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和酸性洗涤木质素（ADL）含量低于苜蓿青干草中的含量。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种在不同生育期营养品质特性的比较

采用随机区组设计,以20个紫花苜蓿品种作为研究对象,对头茬草在现蕾期、初花期、盛花期取样,分别测定了各生育期的粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量。结果表明:同一紫花苜蓿材料的营养成分含量在不同生育期差异显著(P0.05),在现蕾期、初花期、盛花期等不同生育期,粗蛋白含量最高的品种分别为:北极星(22.06%),哥萨克(18.81%),陇东苜蓿(16.41%);酸性洗涤纤维含量最低的品种分别为:甘农1号(22.18%),陇中苜蓿(31.16%),苜蓿王(36.97%);各生育期中性洗涤纤维含量最低的品种分别为:甘农7号(27.59%),苜蓿王(38.10%),苜蓿王(44.35%);粗灰分含量最低的品种分别为:陇东苜蓿(9.40%),皇后(9.00%),甘农8号(6.02%);粗脂肪含量最高的品种分别为:中苜1号(2.91%),哥萨克(2.78%),甘农7号(3.04%)。粗蛋白含量和粗灰分含量随着生育期的推进明显下降;中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量随着生育期的推进呈明显上升趋势;粗脂肪含量随着生育期的推进出现小幅上升。苜蓿王各营养指标在不同的生育期表现最好,在武威地区的黄羊镇有较高的推广利用价值。     

白酒糟的营养价值评定

选取12头平均体重40 kg DLY杂交猪随机分为3组,每组按4×4拉丁方设计,应用套算法,全消化道收粪技术,测定9种白酒糟粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、总磷、干物质和总能的表观消化率。结果表明:白酒糟消化能为5.04～8.94 MJ/kg;各营养成分表观消化率分别为粗蛋白29.00%～42.60%、粗脂肪35.21%～72.48%、粗纤维13.39%～24.04%、中性洗涤纤维14.76%～36.24%、酸性洗涤纤维21.64%～32.07%、钙77.50%～85.92%、总磷61.98%～76.70%、干物质25.05%～45.13%、总能31.27%～52.16%。总之,白酒糟营养丰富,来源对其养分含量及表观消化率影响大。     

甘肃棘豆及中毒奶山羊尿液、胎水、胎儿胎盘中苦马豆素的检验

通过气相色气谱—质谱联用仪,从甘肃棘豆中检出有毒成分苦马豆素和新的多羟基吲哚兹啶生物碱斑荚素。应用薄层色谱、气相色谱和高压液相色谱法,首次从中毒孕羊尿液、胎水和胎儿胎盘中检出苦马豆素。由此证明,苦马豆素能损害胎盘并通过胎盘屏障直接作用胎儿。本研究为甘肃棘豆引起山羊流产的机理研究提供了重要依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.