不同剂量盐酸赛拉嗪对妊娠贵妇犬的麻醉效果观察

为了对比不同剂量麻醉药盐酸赛拉嗪对犬的麻醉效果,通过给同一妊娠犬应用不同剂量盐酸赛拉嗪,观察了该妊娠犬在不同剂量盐酸赛拉嗪作用下的临床表现.证明了盐酸赛拉嗪完全可以作为犬的腹部手术全麻药,得出了5倍量盐酸赛拉嗪可以导致犬产生惊厥,但是不至于引起流产的初步结论.同时也阐明了所用的陆眠灵浓度太大,规格含量不符合国家兽药药典的标准要求,应该改进的观点.     

盐酸赛拉嗪对实验兔的麻醉效果探索

兔是常用的实验动物,但能够用于兔的麻醉药物有限。笔者拟通过监测兔的体温、呼吸频率、反射、镇静、镇痛、肌松效果等方面来探索不同剂量盐酸赛拉嗪对实验兔的麻醉效果,以确定盐酸赛拉嗪能否用于实验兔的全身麻醉。     

盐酸赛拉嗪对家兔麻醉效果的研究

[目的]探究盐酸赛拉嗪对家兔的麻醉效果。[方法]选取新西兰兔12只,随机分为耳缘静脉注射（IV）保定组、臀部肌肉注射（IM）保定组、IV未保定组、IM未保定组,每组3只;按照不同给药途径给予家兔3 mg/（kg·BW）盐酸赛拉嗪,给药后保定处理方式为仰卧保定四肢及头部,未保定的家兔自然俯卧;第1次给药后30 min,再以相同给药途径给予家兔2 mg/（kg·BW）盐酸赛拉嗪;于给药前10 min以及第2次给药后5、30、60 min监测家兔基本生命体征及麻醉反应指标。[结果]给予盐酸赛拉嗪后不同时间,4组家兔呼吸频率和脉搏次数与给药前相比均显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）降低;给药后60 min IM保定组脉搏次数最低,显著（P<0.05）低于IV未保定组。4组家兔给药后30 min直肠温度与给药前相比均显著（P<0.05）降低;除IV未保定组外,给药后60 min各组家兔直肠温度与给药前相比极显著（P<0.01）降低;给药后60 min IM保定组的直肠温度最低,极显著（P<0.01）低于IV未保定组。IM保定组家兔给药后不同时间均未出现翻正反射、睫毛反射和疼痛反射;IV未保定组在给药后60 min,3只家兔均出现翻正反射、睫毛反射和疼痛反射。IM保定组家兔的麻醉期最长,显著（P<0.05）长于IV保定组,极显著（P<0.01）长于IV未保定组和IM未保定组。[结论]用盐酸赛拉嗪麻醉家兔时应使用IM给药途径,推荐首次给药剂量为3 mg/（kg·BW）,之后30 min再补充2 mg/（kg·BW）,给药后应即刻保定确实。     

盐酸赛拉嗪麻醉时对犬血清糖、脂、蛋白质含量的影响

研究临床上动物手术前应用盐酸赛拉嗪麻醉时对犬血清中3大营养代谢物质含量的影响。挑选8只健康犬,试验前犬禁食24 h、禁水12 h,分别在股四头肌肌肉注射0.24 mg/kg体重的塞拉嗪。分别在注射麻醉药后0、0.5、1、1.5、2 h颈静脉采血2 m L,常规分离血清,检测葡萄糖、甘油三脂、总胆固醇、总蛋白和白蛋白的含量。结果与试验开始相比,0.5 h、1.5 h、2 h血清葡萄糖含量极显著增加(P<0.01),而各时间点之间无显著差异(P>0.05);甘油三酯含量在试验开始后1.5 h和2 h时极显著下降(P<0.01)。整个试验期间血清总胆固醇、总蛋白和白蛋白含量均无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论是临床应用赛拉嗪用于犬麻醉时应密切关注由于塞拉嗪引起的血糖和甘油三酯含量变化对动物机体的影响,减少麻醉意外的发生。     

盐酸赛拉嗪对大鼠脑啡肽β-内啡肽的影响

脑啡肽( enkephalin,ENK)为内源性阿片肽,分为甲硫氨酸脑啡肽( MEK)和亮氨酸脑啡肽(LEK)两种.脑啡肽分布广泛,功能复杂,涉及疼痛、免疫、记忆及情绪等生理活动的调节[1].β-内啡肽(β-EP)也是体内主要的内源性阿片肽,主要存在于下丘脑-垂体轴中,是镇痛系统的主要递质.     

赛拉嗪对赤斑羚麻醉效果的观察

为了探索赛拉嗪对赤斑羚的麻醉效果,2018—2020年对9只成年赤斑羚进行麻醉实验,按3.5～5.0 mg/kg(体重)吹管肌肉注射赛拉嗪,观察麻醉深度、心率、平均血氧饱和度、肛温及苏醒情况等.结果表明,赛拉嗪用于麻醉赤斑羚效果较好,其中平均诱导期为5.5 min,麻醉期依需要最长时间维持到54 min,平均血氧饱和度...     

赛拉嗪麻醉对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞游离钙离子浓度的影响

为了研究赛拉嗪麻醉对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞游离钙离子浓度的影响,将15只SD大鼠在无菌条件下处死,分离脑组织、制备脑神经细胞悬液,分为对照组、KCl组、赛拉嗪低剂量组和赛拉嗪高剂量组。用Fluo-3/AM负载,除对照组外其他组使用50mmol/L的KCl刺激,药物组加入药物,然后用流式细胞仪检测钙离子荧光强度。结果显示,对照组荧光强度最低,赛拉嗪低剂量组较KCl组显著增加(P<0.05),赛拉嗪高剂量组较KCl组极显著增加(P<0.01)。结果表明,Ca2+是赛拉嗪全麻作用的主要靶位之一,而且其中枢抑制效应与增加神经细胞内[Ca2+]i有关。     

七氟醚、氟烷、异氟醚对犬肝肾功能影响的临床比较

为评价七氟醚对肝肾功能的影响，并与氟烷和异氟醚作比较，对动物医院就诊的心肺功能正常，拟作手术治疗的61头患犬进行麻醉试验，所有犬均以l-美散痛和安定作为麻醉前给药。分别以1．5％七氟醚、1．0％氟烷、1．5％异氟醚维持手术麻醉，所有3组中无一组可见肝肾毒性副作用。至七氟醚麻醉后48h，GLDH，AST，ALT，γ-GT，总胆红素，AP，尿素氮和肌酐显示正常。     

一例犬盐酸赛拉嗪、舒泰复合麻醉过敏的急救

使用盐酸赛拉嗪和舒泰对犬麻醉进行手术发生过敏反应时,应及时采取急救措施.本文所述病例中通过对盐酸赛拉嗪、舒泰复合麻醉过敏犬注射盐酸苯噁唑、肾上腺素、地塞米松等药物,辅助以持续胸部按压,使其成功脱离危险,并使后续手术得以继续完成.     

氯胺酮复合赛拉嗪用于小熊猫短效复合麻醉的效果观察

为了探寻适合小熊猫的短效麻醉方案,试验使用氯胺酮和赛拉嗪对杭州动物园内16只成年小熊猫进行肌肉注射,分别统计雌雄小熊猫两种药物的剂量及麻醉各阶段的持续时间,通过评分对麻醉效果进行评价,并分析该麻醉方案对麻醉期间小熊猫生理参数(心率、呼吸频率和肛温)的影响。结果表明：16只小熊猫平均用药剂量为氯胺酮8.85 mg/kg,赛拉嗪2.93 mg/kg;平均诱导麻醉时间为6.38 min,维持麻醉时间为19.94 min,苏醒时间为24.31 min;不同性别小熊猫的用药量及麻醉各阶段的持续时间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。16只小熊猫的平均诱导麻醉质量评分为3.75分(满分为4分);维持麻醉期间平均镇痛质量评分为2.88分(满分为3分),平均镇静质量评分为2.94分(满分为3分),平均肌松质量评分为2.88分(满分为3分);平均苏醒质量评分为3.50分(满分为4分)。麻醉期间小熊猫的心率呈现一过性上升后缓慢下降的趋势,麻醉25 min后,心率趋于平稳;小熊猫的呼吸频率在5～20 min内较为稳定,接近苏醒时,呼吸频率有小幅上升,所有小熊猫均未出现呼吸暂停及无规则呼吸现象;小熊猫的肛温随...     

Effects of xylazine hydrochloride during isoflurane-induced anesthesia in horses

OBJECTIVE: To quantitate dose- and time-related anesthetic-sparing effects of xylazine hydrochloride (XYL) during isoflurane-induced anesthesia in horses and to characterize selected physiologic responses of anesthetized horses to administration of XYL. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were anesthetized 2 times to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in O2 and to characterize the anesthetic-sparing effect (MAC reduction) after IV administration of XYL (0.5 and 1 mg/kg of body weight, random order). Selected measures of cardiopulmonary function, blood glucose concentrations, and urinary output also were measured during the anesthetic studies. RESULTS: Isoflurane MAC (mean +/- SEM) was reduced by 24.8 +/- 0.5 and 34.2 +/- 1.9% at 42 +/- 7 and 67 +/- 10 minutes, respectively, after administration of XYL at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. Amount of MAC reduction by XYL was dose- and time-dependent. Overall, cardiovascular and respiratory values varied little among treatments. Administration of XYL increased blood glucose concentration; the magnitude of change was dose- and time-dependent. Urine volume increased but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of XYL reduced the anesthetic requirement for isoflurane in horses. The magnitude of the decrease is dose- and time-dependent. Administration of XYL increases blood glucose concentration in anesthetized horses in a dose-related manner.     

Effects of carprofen on renal function during medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane anesthesia in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of carprofen on indices of renal function and results of serum bio-chemical analyses and effects on cardiovascular variables during medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. ANIMALS: 8 healthy male Beagles. PROCEDURES: A randomized crossover study was conducted with treatments including saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.08 mL/kg) and carprofen (4 mg/kg) administered IV. Saline solution or carprofen was administered 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia and immediately before administration of medetomidine (20 microg/kg, IM). Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with inspired isoflurane in oxygen. Blood gas concentrations and ventilation were measured. Cardiovascular variables were continuously monitored via pulse contour cardiac output (CO) measurement. Renal function was assessed via glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), scintigraphy, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, and continuous CO measurements. Hematologic analysis was performed. RESULTS: Values did not differ significantly between the carprofen and saline solution groups. For both treatments, sedation and anesthesia caused changes in results of serum biochemical and hematologic analyses; a transient, significant increase in urine alkaline phosphatase activity; and blood flow diversion to the kidneys. The GFR increased significantly in both groups despite decreased CO, mean arterial pressure, and absolute RBF variables during anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carprofen administered IV before anesthesia did not cause detectable, significant adverse effects on renal function during medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane anesthesia in healthy Beagles.     

Effects of xylazine hydrochloride on urine in cattle.

Urine volume, urine pH, and urine glucose concentration were monitored for up to 24 hours after physiological saline or one of two dosage levels (0.22 mg/kg or 0.44 mg/kg) of xylazine was administered to cows. During the first 2 hours after xylazine was given, urine output was greatly increased (relative to the control animals), with the high dosage group having more output than the low dosage group. The influence of the drug on urine volume had ended by 5 hours after injection when urine output in both dosage groups had returned to that of the control group. Glucose was detected in the urine of xylazine treated animals, beginning at 15 to 30 minutes after injection, reached a maximum at 2 hours, and was undetectable at 5 to 6 hours. Urine pH decreased in control and treated animals, but in treated animals the pH began to increase 2 hr after treatment.     

Response of hypotensive dogs to dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride during deep isoflurane anesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dose-related cardiovascular and urine output (UrO) effects of dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride, administered individually and in combination at various ratios, and identify individual doses that achieve target mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; 70 mm Hg) and cardiac index (CI; 150 mL/kg/min) in dogs during deep isoflurane anesthesia. ANIMALS: 10 young clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURES: Following isoflurane equilibration at a baseline MAP of 50 mm Hg on 3 occasions, dogs randomly received IV administration of dopamine (3, 7, 10, 15, and 20 microg/kg/min), dobutamine (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 microg/kg/min), and dopamine-dobutamine combinations (3.5:1, 3.5:4, 7:2, 14:1, and 14:4 microg/kg/min) in a crossover study. Selected cardiovascular and UrO effects were determined following 20-minute infusions at each dose. RESULTS: Dopamine caused significant dose-dependent responses and achieved target MAP and CI at 7 microg/kg/min; dobutamine at 2 microg/kg/min significantly affected only CI values. At any dose, dopamine significantly affected UrO, whereas dobutamine did not. Target MAP and CI values were achieved with a dopamine-dobutamine combination at 7:2 microg/kg/min; a dopamine-related dose response for MAP and dopamine- and dobutamine-related dose responses for CI were identified. Changes in UrO were associated with dopamine only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, a guideline dose for dopamine of 7 microg/kg/min is suggested; dobutamine alone did not improve MAP. Data regarding cardiovascular and UrO effects indicated that the combination of dopamine and dobutamine did not provide greater benefit than use of dopamine alone in dogs.     

Isoflurane sparing action of epidurally administered xylazine hydrochloride in anesthetized dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of epidural administration of xylazine hydrochloride on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MAC(ISAO)) and cardiopulmonary system in anesthetized dogs. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen after randomly being assigned to receive 1 of the following 4 treatments: epidural administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or xylazine at a dose of 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg x kg(-1). Experiments were performed on 5 occasions with at least a 1-week interval between experiments; each dog received all 4 treatments. Following instrumentation, the concentration of isoflurane was maintained constant for 15 minutes at the MAC(ISO) that had been determined for each dog, and data on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and arterial pH were collected. The epidural treatment was administered, and 30 minutes later, data were again collected. From this point on, determination of the MAC(ISO) following epidural treatment (ie, MAC(ISO+EPI)) was initiated. Cardiopulmonary data were collected before each electrical supramaximal stimulus during MAC(ISO+EPI) determinations. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) MAC(ISO) was 1.29 +/- 0.04%. The epidural administration of xylazine at doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg x kg(-1) decreased the MAC(ISO), respectively, by 8.4 +/- 2.4%, 21.7 +/- 4.9%, and 33.4 +/- 2.64%. Cardiopulmonary effects were limited. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Epidural administration of xylazine decreases the MAC(ISO) in a dose-dependent manner and is associated with few cardiopulmonary effects in anesthetized dogs.     

Effects of general anesthesia and surgery on renal function in healthy dogs

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate renal function in healthy dogs undergoing general anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy without concurrent IV administration of fluids. ANIMALS: 35 healthy client-owned dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were medicated with promazine hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, SC) approximately 45 minutes before induction of anesthesia with thiopental sodium (10 to 15 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with 2% halothane in oxygen. Ovariohysterectomies were performed by senior veterinary students under the direct supervision of a veterinary surgeon. Renal function was assessed (serum urea and creatinine concentrations, fractional clearance of sodium, urine alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT] activities, urine specific gravity, and enumeration of renal tubular epithelial cells in urine sediment) prior to and 24 and 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Duration of general anesthesia ranged from 80 to 310 minutes. Urine specific gravity and ALP activity and serum urea and creatinine concentrations did not change over time. Fractional clearance of sodium decreased 24 and 48 hours after surgery, whereas urine GGT activity and the ratio of urine GGT activity to urine creatinine concentration increased 24 hours after surgery, compared with presurgery values. Renal tubular epithelial cells increased in number in urine sediment from 11 of 35 (31.4%) dogs and 5 of 35 (14.3%) dogs 24 and 48 hours after surgery, respectively. However, this increase was not clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intravenous administration of fluids to healthy dogs undergoing general anesthesia and elective surgery may not be necessary for maintenance of renal homeostasis.     

Effects of dexamethasone on emesis in cats sedated with xylazine hydrochloride

OBJECTIVE: To determine antiemetic efficacy of prophylactic administration of dexamethasone and its influence on sedation in cats sedated with xylazine hydrochloride. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult cats (3 males and 3 females). PROCEDURE: The prophylactic antiemetic effect of 4 doses of dexamethasone (1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg of body weight, IM) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.066 ml/kg, IM) administered 1 hour before administration of xylazine (0.66 mg/kg, IM) was evaluated. Cats initially were given saline treatment (day 0) and were given sequentially increasing doses of xylazine on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. After xylazine injection, all cats were observed for 30 minutes to allow assessment of frequency of emesis and time until onset of the first emetic episode.The influence of dexamethasone on xylazine-induced sedation in these cats also was evaluated. RESULTS: Prior treatment with 4 or 8 mg/kg of dexamethasone significantly reduced the frequency of emetic episodes and also significantly prolonged the time until onset of the first emetic episode after xylazine injection. Time until onset of the first emetic episode also was significantly prolonged for dexamethasone at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Time until onset of sedation after administration of xylazine was not altered by administration of dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dexamethasone (4 or 8 mg/kg, IM) significantly decreased the frequency of emetic episodes induced by xylazine without compromising sedative effects in cats. Dexamethasone may be used prophylactically as an antiemetic in cats treated with xylazine.     

Effects of epidural xylazine on EEG responses to surgical stimulation during isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs

The effects of epidural administration of 250 μg/kg xylazine on EEG responses to surgical stimulation of 5 different intensities were evaluated during isoflurane anaesthesia for an experimental orthopaedic procedure in dogs. The dogs were assigned randomly to one of 2 treatment groups receiving either xylazine (n = 4) or equal volumes of sterile water (n = 4) (control group) epidurally. Intense surgical stimulation during removal of a bone graft from the dorsoiliac spine of the ileum was associated with a significantly (P = 0.0339) higher increase in EEG alpha/delta ratio after epidural administration of sterile water than after epidural injection of 250 μg/kg of xylazine. In addition, the preincision baseline values for 80% spectral edge frequency were significantly (P = 0.0339) lower in the xylazine group compared to control dogs. Our results suggest that epidural administration of 250 μg/kg of xylazine during orthopaedic procedures in dogs exerts antinociceptive effects which may be in part mediated by a supraspinal effect of xylazine.