5-HT2CR基因多态性与吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为的关联分析

为探讨影响吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为的分子标记,以5-羟色胺2C受体基因(5-HT2CR)为候选基因设计9对引物检测90只吐鲁番斗鸡、200只新罗曼鸡和200只吐鲁番斗鸡(♂)×新罗曼鸡(♀)杂交F1代的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs);继而实测30只吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为强弱的表型并进行表型与基因型的关联分析。结果显示,5-HT2CR基因第一外显子的5-HT-1-2引物区间204 640位点处发生了C/T错义突变,检测到AA、AB、BB三种基因型,吐鲁番斗鸡和F1代鸡的AB基因型频率最高,为优势基因型,经χ2检验处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡。30只吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为强弱的表型与基因型的关联分析也证实AB基因型的攻击性显著高于AA和BB基因型。表明5-HT2CR基因与吐鲁番斗鸡的攻击性相关,可选育基因型纯合的AA和BB基因型个体为亲本培养攻击性强的AB型吐鲁番斗鸡。     

吐鲁番斗鸡MAOA基因12个外显子的SNP分析

为探讨影响吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为相关基因的分子标记,以单胺氧化酶A(monoamine oxidase A,MAOA)为候选基因,采用PCR-SSCP方法对吐鲁番斗鸡60只、新罗曼鸡及其杂交(吐鲁番斗鸡♂×新罗曼鸡♀)子一代鸡各200只进行了MAOA基因12个外显子的SNP分析。结果显示MAOA基因12个外显子15对引物中只在MAOA-2、MAOA-3、MAOA-4-1、MAOA-12外显子上检测到多态位点,而且,MAOA-3、MAOA-4、MAOA-12在3个鸡群中均存在着多态,只MAOA-2在吐鲁番斗鸡和杂交子一代上检测出多态,经序列比对发现在25506位点上发生TC碱基突变并引起丝氨酸变为丙氨酸的氨基酸变化。因此,推测MAOA-2的突变可能是影响吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为的分子标记。     

京红一号与新罗曼商品蛋鸡生产性能测定

<正>为了适时引进并推广高产、高效、优质品种,不断更新品种,提高养殖效益,笔者采取单因素品种对比试验,对京红一号商品蛋鸡适应庄浪县生产环境条件、生产性能进行考察,结果京红一号商品蛋鸡生产性能比原饲养的新罗曼高,特别是产蛋率高于90%以上产蛋持续天数、高峰期产蛋率和65周龄产蛋数均高于新罗曼。1试验材料     

不同周龄蛋鸡攻击行为与五羟色胺、皮质酮的相关性分析

为探讨蛋鸡攻击行为与五羟色胺、皮质酮的相关性,选用1日龄京白939雏鸡96只,随机分为6个重复,每重复16只,采用瞬时观察法和连续观察法筛选不同周龄攻击行为有差异的蛋鸡,结合ELISA和qRT-PCR方法测定蛋鸡血清激素水平和5-HT1A受体mRNA表达量的变化。结果显示:蛋鸡的攻击行为随周龄的增加呈现逐渐上升的趋势(P<0.05);整体看,血清五羟色胺(5-HT)含量随周龄的增加呈下降趋势,皮质酮(CORT)呈现上升趋势(P<0.05),而下丘脑5-HT1A受体mRNA表达量随周龄增加有上升的趋势(P<0.05或P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,蛋鸡攻击行为与血清五羟色胺(5-HT)呈极显著负相关(R=-0.741,P<0.01),与皮质酮(CORT)呈显著正相关(R=0.751,P<0.01)。综上所述,血清激素水平与蛋鸡攻击行为有一定联系,5-HT1A受体基因可能参与调控蛋鸡的攻击行为。     

鸡MAOA基因外显子6的SNP分析

研究采用PCR-SSCP方法分析了吐鲁番斗鸡和新罗曼鸡单胺氧化酶A基因外显子6部分序列的多态性。结果表明：吐鲁番斗鸡单胺氧化酶A基因外显子6存在1个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点T-102C,产生AA、AB两种基因型;新罗曼鸡未检测到多态,只表现AA一种基因型。χ^2适合性检验结果表明：2个鸡种均处于Hardy—weinberg平衡状态（P〉0．05）,说明吐鲁番斗鸡单胺氧化酶A基因外显子6位点基因型频率的分布与新罗曼鸡差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

吐鲁番斗鸡与新罗曼鸡MAOA基因外显子区遗传多态分析

旨在把分子标记辅助选择应用于吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为的选育。试验参照GenBank的鸡单胺氧化酶A(MAOA)基因DNA序列,利用软件Primer 5.0设计了10对引物,采用聚合酶链式反应-单链构象多态(PCR-SSCP)方法,对103只吐鲁番斗鸡和73只新罗曼鸡MAOA基因的10个外显子进行多态性检测分析。结果表明:MAOA基因的MAOA1、MAOA2、MAOA5、MAOA7扩增的片段检测到多态,其中引物MAOA1、MAOA5、MAOA7扩增的位点NC_006088.5(25424-25662)、NC_006088.5(34980-35257)、NC_006088.5(38401-38613)在吐鲁番斗鸡和新罗曼鸡上均检测到多态,MAOA2引物扩增位点NC_006088.5 (30260-30535)只在吐鲁番斗鸡上检测到多态。对检测到的多态性位点进行测序,经序列对比这些突变均为同义突变。经X~2适合性检验表明,研究中出现多态性的基因位点的基因频率和基因型频率都符合Hardy-weinberg平衡状态(P0.05)。用X~2独立性检验表明,研究中出现多态性的基因位点的基因型的构成,与品种间有极显著性差异(P0.01),说明MAOA基因与鸡的攻击行为有一定的联系。     

矮小型褐壳蛋鸡与普通蛋鸡血液生理生化指标比较分析

试验测定了40周龄矮小型褐壳蛋鸡血液生理指标、血清生化指标,以同日龄白来航作为对照组,每品种公母各9只。结果表明,品种之间差异显著性(P0.05)的项目主要有PLT、MPV、PDW%、MCH、MCHC、PCT、AST、ALT、TP和TG,同时,矮小型褐壳蛋鸡公鸡的MCV、RDW%、TG显著低于白来航公鸡(P0.05),矮小型褐壳蛋鸡公鸡的MCHC、PLT、PCT、AST、ALT和TP显著高于白来航公鸡(P0.05),矮小型褐壳蛋鸡母鸡的PLT、MPV和PDW%显著高于白来航母鸡(P0.05)。     

斗鸡及其杂交后代肌肉脂肪酸的组成

用气相色谱法分析了斗鸡，艾维茵肉鸡及其杂交一代鸡肌肉中的脂肪酸组成。结果表明，不同品种鸡肉中脂肪酸组成多数有差异，且因周龄不同而有一定的变化。不饱和脂肪酸随周龄的增加而增式，斗鸡增加的最少，艾维茵鸡增加的幅度最大。斗鸡及其杂交一代鸡的亚油酸含量８周时分别高于艾维茵肉鸡３１．０７％和３３．４３％，１２周时趋于一致，表明斗鸡及其杂交一代鸡的脂肪品质高于区维茵肉鸡。     

不同抗精神分裂症药物对吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为及皮质酮等激素的影响研究

为研究利培酮、阿立哌唑、曲唑酮、舍曲林四种抗精神分裂症药物对吐鲁番斗鸡的攻击行为及皮质酮(CORT)、褪黑素(MT)、睾酮(T)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)激素的影响,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测口服不同剂量药物的吐鲁番斗鸡不同时间血浆中CORT、MT、T、TSH的浓度。结果显示:口服四种药物后吐鲁番斗鸡的攻击行为均呈不同程度减弱。CORT的检测结果显示,四种药物不同剂量组间差异均不显著(P0.05);利培酮和阿立哌唑不同剂量组组内均呈下降趋势,且随着药物剂量的增加和投药时间的延长呈现显著差异(P0.05);曲唑酮不同剂量组组内均呈上升趋势但无显著性差异(P0.05);舍曲林对CORT无影响。MT也是四种药物不同剂量间差异不显著(P0.05);利培酮组MT含量呈增加趋势,且不同剂量组组内第1天与第11、14天差异显著(P0.05);阿立哌唑组内呈现下降趋势,且不同剂量组组内第1天与第11、14天差异显著(P0.05);曲唑酮组内呈现上升趋势;舍曲林组内呈下降趋势且都无差异显著性(P0.05)。四种药物对T和TSH含量的影响均不显著(P0.05)。结果表明四种人用治疗精神分裂症药物均可减弱吐鲁番斗鸡的攻击行为,并不同程度影响吐鲁番斗鸡血浆中CORT、MT、T、TSH含量,说明CORT、MT、T、TSH对吐鲁番斗鸡的攻击行为具有一定的影响,可作为吐鲁番斗鸡攻击行为选育的一个参考依据。     

冷应激对雏鸡下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的影响

越来越多的证据表明,应激能够激活下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴,进而影响促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)及甲状腺激素的合成与分泌。为了探明冷应激对雏鸡下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的影响,以公雏鸡为实验动物,进行急性(0.25、1、3、6、12h与24h)与慢性(5、10d与20d)冷应激处理(12±1)℃,检测了雏鸡下丘脑TRH mRNA的表达水平,血清TSH、FT(3T3的游离形式)及FT(4T4的游离形式)的含量。结果表明:急性应激时,TRH mRNA的表达水平在各应激时间点均显著升高,TSH变化不明显,FT3开始无变化,在6h时突然降低,而后又显著升高,FT4开始变化不大,6h后显著升高;慢性应激时,TRH mRNA的表达水平与相应的对照组相比显著降低,TSH变化仍不明显,FT3呈上升趋势,而FT4呈下降趋势。这说明冷暴露可以使雏鸡下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的激素分泌发生改变,而且不同程度的冷应激对同一激素也会产生不同的影响。     

Swine foetal myogenesis in different gestation periods

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sex and uterus position on swine foetal myogenesis at different gestational ages. Fifteen primiparous sows were divided into three groups according to gestational age: 50, 80, and 106 days. The experiment was a block randomized factorial design with two sexes (male and female) and three uterine regions (apex, middle, and base). After slaughter, each uterus horn was divided into three segments of equal length: apex region near the ovary; base region near the uterine body; and the middle region, lying between the apex and base regions. The foetuses were weighed, identified, and longitudinally opened to harvest the semitendinosus muscle for later morphological analysis. After 50 days of pregnancy, male foetuses had greater (p  < .05) weight than females. The number of primary fibres at 50 days of gestation was negatively correlated (r  = ?.29, p  = .04) with the number of foetuses in utero. After 80 days, foetuses in the base region had less (p  < .05) secondary area of muscle fibres compared to the apex region, which was accompanied by differences in the weight of the foetuses, the lowest weight were for foetuses located in the base region (p  < .05). In the same period, the ratio of secondary to primary fibres had a positive correlation with weight. In conclusion, sex did not influence myogenesis in the gestational ages studied and the development of secondary muscle fibres of the foetuses at 80 days of gestation was affected by their uterine position with foetuses at the base of the uterine horn being less developed.     

Comparison of luteinizing hormone and steroid hormone secretion during the peri- and post-ovulatory periods in Mangalica and Landrace gilts

The objective of this study was to determine plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17beta (E2) in Mangalica gilts (M), a Hungarian native breed, and compare them with Landrace gilts (L) during the peri- and post-ovulatory periods. The estrous cycle of gilts was synchronised by Regumate feeding, and ovulation was induced with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Blood sampling was carried out via indwelling jugular catheters three times a day and in 2-h intervals during a 16-h period after the GnRH application. The concentrations of LH, E2 and P4 were determined by immunoassays. Gilts of both breeds showed a typical gonadotropin and gonadal hormone secretion pattern. Preovulatory E2 peaks were observed on day 2 (M) and day 4 (L) after the last Regumate feeding. Highest E2 concentration was different between M and L breeds (46.5 +/- 5.7 vs. 26.0 +/- 6.8 pg/ml, P < 0.05). Maximum LH levels measured up to 6 h after GnRH were not different between M and L breeds (11.5 +/- 4.1 vs. 6.6 +/- 2.3 ng/ml). Both LH amounts during surge (41.1 +/- 15.9 vs. 27.5 +/- 6.1 ng/ml) and total over LH release (73.4 +/- 22.2 vs. 50.0 +/- 8.7 ng/ml) did not differ significantly between M and L breeds. P4 concentrations started to rise on day 6 after Regumate feeding and increased significantly from 0.6 +/- 0.3 and 0.7 +/- 0.4 ng/ml to maximal 14.0 +/- 2.4 and 11.3 +/- 2.1 ng/ml in M and L breeds, respectively. Mean P4 secretion was higher in M on days 10-15 (12.9 +/- 2.6 vs. 9.3 +/- 2.2 ng/ml; P<0.05). At the same time the number of corpora lutea was lower in M compared to L (10.3 +/-1.5 vs. 17.8 +/- 5.0, P<0.05). In our experiment, there was no evidence that differences in the secretion of analysed hormones during the peri- and post-ovulatory periods are a possible cause of usually lower fecundity in Mangalica gilts.     

5个燕麦品种和品系不同生育期不同部位养分分布格局

研究了天祝高寒草甸区5个燕麦品种和品系在抽穗期、乳熟期和成熟期秸秆、籽粒、叶片和全株中营养成分含量和热值的差异。结果显示,4617秸秆、籽粒和全株在成熟期的粗脂肪含量显著高于乳熟期和抽穗期;可溶性糖含量和热值在乳熟期显著高于抽穗期和成熟期。青永久12秸秆、叶片和全株中的粗蛋白含量在抽穗期显著高于乳熟期和成熟期。4632秸秆中的粗蛋白和磷含量在抽穗期显著高于乳熟期和成熟期。巴燕三号籽粒中的粗脂肪含量在乳熟期(4.95%)和成熟期(5.48%)均显著高于抽穗期(2.36%),全株中的可溶性糖含量在乳熟期(26.80%)和成熟期(24.11%)均显著高于抽穗期(12.14%)。87-6-21秸秆中的可溶性糖含量和4632籽粒、全株中的热值在乳熟期均显著高于抽穗期和成熟期。综合结果表明,抽穗期4617和4632秸秆和籽粒中的粗蛋白含量高于其他3个品种,87-6-21籽粒、叶片和全株中的可溶性糖含量高于其他品种。乳熟期青永久12秸秆和叶片、巴燕三号籽粒和4632全株中的粗脂肪含量显著高于其他品种。成熟期巴燕三号秸秆和叶片、青永久12全株和籽粒中的粗纤维含量最高;4632秸秆、87-6-21籽粒、4617叶片和全株中的中性洗涤纤维高于其他品种,87-6-21秸秆和叶片、4632籽粒和4617全株中的酸性洗涤纤维含量高于其他几个品种。     

不同生长期饲用油菜的营养价值和青贮发酵品质

为了为饲用油菜的牧草化利用提供数据参考,本研究分析了蕾苔期、结夹初期和结夹末期饲用油菜(Brassica napus)植株的营养价值及青贮过程中品质变化规律。结果表明:1)随着生长期变化,饲用油菜的总能、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、硫甙含量和相对饲喂价值均呈现先下降后上升的规律;蕾苔期油菜的可溶性碳水化合物显著高于结荚初期和结荚末期(P<0.05),而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量极显著低于结荚初期和结荚末期(P<0.01);结夹末期植株中粗脂肪含量达到16.02%,极显著高于蕾苔期和结荚初期(P<0.01)。2)不同生长期油菜青贮后pH、乙酸含量、丁酸含量、氨态氮/总氮以及V-Score评分差异显著(P<0.05)。同一生长期油菜不同青贮时间点的pH、乳酸含量、丁酸含量、V-Score评分差异显著(P<0.05)。蕾苔期、结荚初期油菜青贮过程中乳酸、乙酸含量迅速升高,到60 d时达到最高,各处理组内含量差异显著(P<0.05)。结荚期末油菜青贮后感官品质、V-Score评价级别都比较低。综上所述,蕾苔期和结荚初期饲用油菜营养价值较高且适宜青贮,单一原料油菜青贮30~45 d青贮品质最好。     

不同月份产羔母羊泌乳期生殖激素与生长激素监测

为了解不同月份生产的奶山羊泌乳期生殖激素与生长激素(GH)变化规律,随机抽取1、3、5和8月份分娩的奶山羊各10只,于分娩后0 d、7 d、1~8个月(每月的第15天)时采集母羊静脉血,分离血清,采用ELISA试剂盒检测母羊外周血中催乳素(PRL)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、雌激素(E₂)、孕酮(P₄)和GH水平变化。结果显示:不同月份产羔母羊泌乳期间外周血中同一激素的动态变化趋势一致;在整个泌乳期间,1、3、5、8月份产羔母羊PRL、FSH、LH、P₄、E₂、GH含量的动态变化范围分别为446.17~221.72 ng·L^-1、9.49~3.82 U·L^-1、351.17~218.16 pg·mL^-1、4086.83~3568.15 pmol·L^-1,33.74~22.30 ng·L^-1、30.36~11.57μg·L^-1;不同月份产羔母羊外周血中GH水平在相同泌乳期均无显著差异(P>0.05),FSH水平在0 d有显著差异(P<0.05),P₄水平在8个月时有显著差异(P<0.05),PRL水平在泌乳的0 d和2、3、8个月时有显著差异(P<0.05),LH水平在泌乳的0 d、2个月时有显著差异(P<0.05),E₂水平在泌乳0 d、3个月和8个月时有显著差异(P<0.05)。结果表明:奶山羊产羔月份的不同对泌乳期间的激素水平有一定的影响,但动态变化趋势一致。     

条斑紫菜不同采收期主要营养成分变化情况

江苏省南通市濒江临海 ,滩涂平坦 ,潮流畅通 ,气候宜人 ,滩涂资源丰富。自 2 0世纪 70年代初由江苏省海洋渔业指挥部与黄海水产研究所试养条斑紫菜成功以来 ,南通市的紫菜栽培业发展迅猛 ,年产值超亿元 ,成为市海水养殖业的一大特色产业 ,是全国条斑紫菜主要产地之一。我们通过试验对条斑紫菜在各个不同生长时期的成分变化进行系统研究和营养评价 ,为条斑紫菜资源进一步深度开发利用、出口创汇提供相关资料。1　材料与方法1 1　材料　供试材料采自南通光华水产有限公司半浮动筏式冷藏网养殖的条斑紫菜 (porphyrayezoensis) ,自冷藏网出库下…     

Effects of different grazing and feeding periods on performance and carcass traits of beef steers

Over three consecutive years, 180 (60/yr) fall-born steer calves were weaned in May (average initial BW = 238 kg, SD = 36.2 kg) and allocated to one of three groups: 1) calf-fed steers that entered the feedlot at weaning; 2) short yearlings that grazed irrigated pasture for another 4 mo and entered the feedlot in September; and 3) long yearlings that grazed with short yearlings during the summer, remained on annual California foothills range through the fall, winter, and spring, and entered the feedlot the following May. All steers were fed until the average group backfat (BF), determined by ultrasound, reached 11 to 12 mm. On pasture, short- and long-yearling steers gained weight in the summer; long yearlings then slightly lost weight in the fall and winter, and then gained weight again the following spring. Average days in the feedlot were 188, 158, and 94 (P < 0.10) for calves, short yearlings, and long yearlings, respectively. Feedlot DMI increased with age (and weight) at feedlot entry, with no difference among groups in gain:feed ratio. The gain of BF was nil on pasture, even when animals were gaining weight, and then increased rapidly when animals were placed on a high-energy diet. Final body weights were heaviest (P < 0.10) in long yearlings, followed by short yearlings and then calves, indicating that a prolonged growing period increases the apparent mature size of the animal. Moreover, total carcass fat contents and percentage of Choice or above were all lower (P < 0.10) in cattle that were older at feedlot entry (i.e., long yearlings) compared with the other groups. In conclusion, increasing the backgrounding period decreased time and total concentrate requirements in the feedlot of Angus-Hereford steers. Older cattle reached 10 mm of BF at heavier weights. Grazing animals gained weight without increasing BF; however, BF increased rapidly in the feedlot. Prolonged grazing may decrease quality grade, either by impairing the ability of the animal to deposit intramuscular fat or by decreasing the time during which dietary energy supply is adequate for intramuscular fat deposition to occur.     

不同草坪草凋萎和复苏期的蒸散特性研究

为在干旱和半干旱地区合理利用水资源,选取北方常用草坪草种草地早熟禾康尼、肯塔基、爱娃3个品种、多年生黑麦草和高羊茅进行控水试验,测量各草种的凋萎系数、控水试验期间的蒸散量、凋萎复水后恢复原状需要的天数。结果表明:凋萎系数与草坪草种类和品种显著相关,凋萎系数排序为高羊茅草地早熟禾多年生黑麦草。在亏水出现凋萎之后,各草坪草蒸散量随亏水程度加深而减小;蒸散特征曲线随亏水状态及草坪草种类不同而发生变化。各草种亏水程度与累积蒸散量成反比,与复水后恢复原状的时间成正比。其中,最耐旱品种爱娃的凋萎系数为116.0199g/kg,到达永久萎蔫的时间也比其他草种延期2d;草坪草最适宜灌溉时间应掌握在亏水导致部分叶片闭合出现凋萎症状到全部青枯之间。     

Influence of different handling methods and crating periods on plasma corticosterone concentrations in broilers

1. Experiments were conducted to determine whether different handling methods and crating periods differentially affect plasma corticosterone (CS) concentrations in 6 to 7‐week‐old broilers.

2. Broilers were subjected to 1 of 3 handling methods for 2 min: (i) 3 birds held in an inverted position in one hand (multiple inverted, MI), (ii) 1 bird held in an inverted position (single inverted, SI), or (iii) upright handling (U), which consisted of holding a bird gently with both hands in an upright position.

3. In experiment 1 birds were returned to their respective pens after handling and in experiment 2 they were crated for up to 4 h after the imposition of handling. In experiment 2 food deprived (FD) and fully fed (FF) uncrated birds were also sampled as controls. Blood samples were collected immediately after handling and at 1‐h intervals after handling or handling and crating.

4. In experiment 1, MI and SI birds had higher CS concentrations than U birds.

5. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in CS concentrations of crated birds despite the different handling treatments. FD birds had higher mean CS concentrations than FF birds, although not as high as those of crated birds. CS concentrations peaked at 3 h after crating. Birds showed predominantly resting behaviour after crating.

6. These results suggest that handling stress can be reduced in broilers by the use of upright handling. However, the methods of handling is not important in influencing CS concentrations if the birds are crated after handling, either because crating is a more potent stressor than handling or due to stressor additivity.     

不同生育期白羊草的瘤胃降解特性及其对瘤胃内环境的影响

以安装永久性瘘管的本地绵羊15只为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对不同生育期白羊草的绵羊瘤胃降解特性及其对瘤胃内环境的影响进行研究。结果表明:干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的有效降解率均在拔节期为最高,且拔节期DM的有效降解率显著高于其他3个生育期(P0.05)。DM的有效降解率随着生育期的推进不断降低,而CP的有效降解率无一定变化规律;加入不同生育期白羊草后,瘤胃液铵态氮浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和异丁酸浓度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4h时达到峰值,且4h时,拔节期的铵态氮浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸浓度显著高于开花期(P0.05),其中以拔节期白羊草的增加幅度最大,开花期的最低,表明拔节期白羊草具有较高的瘤胃降解特性,最利于瘤胃发酵,由此可见,添加装有不同生育期白羊草的尼龙袋后均会对绵羊的瘤胃内环境产生影响,其原因主要与不同生育期白羊草的蛋白质含量和结构有关。