禽致病性大肠杆菌ST95流行菌株耐药表型及耐药基因分析

为探究禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)ST95类群菌株的耐药表型和耐药基因分布情况,对37株ST95 APEC菌株进行血清型、耐药性测定以及耐药基因检测。结果显示:37株ST95 APEC的优势血清型为O2:K1和O1:K1,所有禽源ST95菌株均为多重耐药(MDR)特性,其至少对12种抗生素耐药,ST95菌株对头孢类抗生素的耐药比率很高,对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂耐药率也达到35%,对非头孢类抗生素如环丙沙星、庆大霉素等同样具有广泛耐药性。PCR检测发现30株APEC菌株含有β-内酰胺酶基因,在这些ST95菌株中检测出多种质粒编码的抗性基因,如链霉素/壮观霉素抗性基因strA和strB等。研究表明ST95 APEC菌株呈现明显的广谱耐药特性,质粒携带的耐药基因广泛分布于ST95菌株。     

禽源致病性沙门氏菌耐药表型与耐药基因的分析

为了解江苏苏中地区禽源沙门氏菌耐药现象及耐药基因的存在情况,采用K-B法对22株沙门氏菌分离株进行12种抗菌药物敏感性试验,并通过PCR方法检测了12种耐药基因的存在情况。结果显示,所有菌株对甲氧胺嘧啶、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、萘啶酮酸、诺氟沙星的耐药率均在72.73%～100%之间;存在着5种耐药表型,每个耐药表型均在4重或4重以上,耐药最多菌株可耐受10种药物;扩增出9种耐药基因,与GenBank中的参考序列同源性均在98%以上;耐药表型与耐药基因的存在基本一致,但无绝对相关性。本研究结果表明苏中地区沙门氏菌耐药现象非常严重,且耐药基因广泛存在。     

广西地区禽致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性分析

禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)是一种能引起鸡、火鸡和其他鸟类肠外感染的致病性大肠杆菌,可以导致肉鸡气囊炎、败血型全身感染、蜂窝织炎和蛋鸡输卵管炎、腹膜炎。为了了解广西地区禽致病性大肠杆菌的耐药表型以及耐药基因的携带情况,本实验室对2019年从广西分离到的69株APEC采取K-B药敏纸片法进行药敏试验,药敏结果显示,69株APEC对氧氟沙星(56.5%)、恩诺沙星(69.6%)、氟苯尼考(79.7%)、氨苄西林(91.3%)、四环素(98.6%)耐药率较高,而对美罗培南、丁胺卡那霉素、呋喃妥因均不耐药;其中,多重耐药现象严重,对10种抗菌药物以耐4种、5种、6种的情况居多。同时用PCR扩增的方法对其耐药基因,包括碳青霉稀类、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、黏菌素类、喹诺酮类、四环素类在内的6大类共计17种耐药基因进行了检测。特别值得关注的是,发现了7株携带mcr-1基因的多黏菌素耐药APEC。药敏纸片法检测菌株的耐药表型和耐药基因存在一定关联度。本研究可为养禽场临床用药提供参考,同时为减缓耐药菌传播、降低对人类健康和公共卫生安全威胁提供依据。     

犊牛肺源致病性大肠杆菌分离鉴定、耐药性及耐药基因检测

本试验旨在确定新疆石河子地区某牛场因呼吸系统疾病导致犊牛死亡的细菌性病原,并对分离病原进行系统进化分类、耐药表型和耐药基因分析。采用细菌常规分离结合全自动生化分析系统对分离株进行分离鉴定,采用纸片法和PCR方法对分离株进行系统分群、药敏表型及耐药基因的分析。从患病犊牛肺脏、肝脏及淋巴结组织分离鉴定出6株致病性大肠杆菌,6株分离株均呈多重耐药现象,其中对青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉、头孢拉定、链霉素、庆大霉素、氟苯尼考、替考拉宁、克林霉素、美罗培南、四环素和妥布霉素的耐药率高达100%。氨基糖苷类耐药基因aacC2、β-内酰胺类耐药基因bla_CTX-M和bla_TEM、四环素类耐药基因tetA、喹诺酮类耐药基因gyrA、磺胺类耐药基因sul2携带率分别为66.67%、83.3%、66.7%、100%、100%和100%。结果表明,新疆石河子某牛场发生呼吸道感染死亡犊牛细菌性病原是大肠杆菌,且表现较强的多重耐药现象,分离株携带更为丰富的耐药基因。     

98株鸭源致病性大肠杆菌氨基糖苷类耐药基因型与耐药表型的比较

旨在调查鸭致病性大肠杆菌氨基糖苷修饰酶耐药基因(AMEs基因)的携带情况,探讨耐药基因与氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药表型的相关性。对98株鸭致病性大肠杆菌采用了K-B法,选用氨基糖苷类抗生素链霉素、新霉素、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、大观霉素和卡那霉素进行药敏试验,用建立的检测氨基糖苷类AMEs主要基因的四重PCR方法对上述菌株进行分子检测,并随机选取耐药基因ant(3″)-Ⅰa、aac(3)-Ⅱa和aph(3′)-Ⅱa各3个阳性扩增进行克隆测序,对药敏试验结果和基因检测结果进行比较分析。结果表明,98株鸭致病性大肠杆菌有67株对上述氨基糖苷类药物中的一种或多种耐药,耐药率为68.4%(67/98);有49株扩增出AMEs基因,AMEs基因的检出率为50%(49/98),其中ant(3″)-Ⅰa的检出率为30.6%(30/98),aac(3)-Ⅱa为13.3%(13/98),aph(3′)-Ⅱa为3.1%(3/98),ant(3″)-Ⅰa+aac(3)-Ⅱa为2.0%(2/98)、aac(3)-Ⅱa+aph(3′)-Ⅱa为1.0%(1/98),未检出aac(6′)-Ⅰb基因;序列分析结果表明,扩增产物与GenBank中的相应序列有很高的同源性(99%);AMEs耐药基因与耐药表型的符合率为73.1%(49/67),符合率从高到低依次为大观霉素60%(3/5)、庆大霉素55%(11/20)、链霉素33.3%(22/66)、卡那霉素19%(4/21)、新霉素12.5%(1/8)、阿米卡星0%(0/3)。另外有4株细菌检测到相关耐药基因但耐药表型为敏感,而有22株耐药表型为耐药却未检测到相关耐药基因。鸭致病性大肠杆菌氨基糖苷类耐药基因以ant(3″)-Ⅰa和aac(3)-Ⅱa两种为主,耐药性与相关耐药基因的检出率基本呈正相关。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌中四种抗氨基糖苷类药物耐药基因的分子流行病学调查

氨基糖苷类药物曾经是临床最为常用而有效的抗生素,长期应用与不合理使用使得该药物效果不尽理想。本研究参照GenBank中耐药基因相关序列,设计引物,结果从禽源大肠杆菌基因组中扩增出4种抗氨基糖苷类药物基因aadA1、strA、strB、aph(3′),经pGEX-T-easy和pET32a载体克隆和序列分析,证明扩增获得的基因序列与GenBank中参考序列同源性达到97%以上。对分离保存的216株禽致病性大肠杆菌进行氨基糖苷类药物耐药基因的分子流行病学检测,结果表明:aadA1阳性率高达49.1%,strA和strB的阳性率分别为56%和65.7%,aph(3′)的阳性率为16.2%;近三分之二的被检菌株携带有2种以上氨基糖苷类药物耐药基因。药敏试验结果显示所有被检菌株对链霉素耐药率为68.9%,而对阿米卡星的耐药率为38.9%。本研究结果说明禽类细菌的耐药性与相关耐药基因的检出率基本呈正相关,临床日益严重的耐药现象与耐药基因的普遍存在有着很大的关系,提示控制禽源耐药细菌对人类健康与卫生安全有重要意义。     

鸭源致病性大肠杆菌四环素类耐药基因检测

对40株鸭源致病性大肠杆菌的四环素类耐药基因进行检测并分析,利用PCR技术扩增主动外排机制耐四环素类抗生素的耐药基因tet A、tet B、tet C、tet D、tet K、tet L。结果表明,tet B、tet A、tet C、tet D的检出率分别为80.0%、75.0%、55.0%、15.0%,tet K和tet L的检出率均为0%,tet B基因的检出率最高。     

山东省禽源致病性大肠杆菌流行病学监测及耐药模式分析

禽大肠杆菌病是养禽业广泛存在的细菌性疾病,是造成禽肉产品废弃及药物治疗费用高的重要原因。为了解近年来山东省禽源致病性大肠杆菌的流行及其耐药性演化情况,对2016—2020年疑似患病禽进行致病性大肠杆菌分离鉴定和耐药性检测。从山东省12个地市的105份病料中共分离到93株致病性大肠杆菌。PCR检测发现,禽致病性大肠杆菌与其他呼吸道病原的混合或继发感染较严重,其中与H9亚型禽流感病毒等病原的二重感染率为67.74%,多重感染率为11.83%,而禽致病性大肠杆菌单一感染率仅为20.43%。耐药检测发现:分离菌株对阿莫西林、氨苄西林和多西环素的耐药率较高,分别为100%、98.21%和94.59%;对丁胺卡那霉素和阿奇霉素的耐药率较低,分别为20.43%和13.33%;对复方药物氨苄西林/舒巴坦和阿莫西林/棒酸的耐药率也相对较低,分别为40.91%和17.86%;94.62%的分离菌株对3种及以上药物产生耐药。研究表明,山东省禽源致病性大肠杆菌流行形势严峻,且耐药程度严重,应加快新抗菌药物及复合型抗菌药物研发,减少并合理使用抗菌药物,禁止滥用。     

江苏部分地区禽致病性大肠杆菌分离株的生物学特征及耐药性研究

为了解江苏部分地区禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)的分子流行状况,从临床分离鉴定出120株APEC,并对分离株的血清型、种系发生型、毒力基因型和耐药性进行检测。血清型检测结果显示,在已定型的95株分离株中,最常见的血清型为O78,约占定型菌株比例为27.4%,其他主要血清型还有O18、O24和O88等。APEC分离株种系发生型以B2型和D型为主,分别占受试分离株的35.6%和28.5%,而A型和B1型分别占22.8%和13.1%。对已知的12种毒力基因的检测发现,铁摄取基因的检出率相对较高,如tonB(93.3%)、iutA(90.8%)、iroN(84.2%)和feoB(82.5%),其他受检基因fimH、iss、cvaC和traT的检出率也在70%以上,而hlyD、papC、irp-2和tsh基因在APEC菌株中的检出率低于30%。筛选40株分离株进行1日龄雏鸡致病力试验,确定出高致病株和低致病株分别占65%和35%。进一步分析发现高致病株比低致病株检出率高的毒力因子有iutA、tsh、iroN、irp-2、iss和cvaC(P<0.05),提示这6种毒力基因可作为鉴别APEC毒...     

活禽产业链中大肠杆菌耐药性及耐药基因调查

为了解家庭农场供货模式下"养殖-销售"活禽产业链中各环节大肠杆菌耐药性及耐药基因流行情况,本研究共采集132份来自自贡市沿滩区某一农贸市场及其活禽供货的33家家庭农场的样品,通过细菌分离纯化、形态学鉴定、特异性引物PCR检测、系统发育群PCR检测、药敏试验及耐药基因鉴定等方法对细菌特性进行分析。研究结果显示,83株分离株在伊红美蓝培养基上形成带有金属光泽的黑色菌落,镜检显示为革兰阴性短杆菌,且特异性引物检测结果均显示阳性,因此,确定83株分离株均为大肠杆菌。系统发育群鉴定结果发现,83株分离株系统发育群集中于A群（53.02%）及B1群（20.48%）;药敏试验结果显示,83株菌株均为多重耐药菌,其中硫酸黏杆菌素、四环素耐药率最高,均为100%,氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、氨曲南、氟苯尼考耐药率均超过90%;耐药基因结果显示,mcr-1、mcr-3、bla_TEM、bla_SHV、bla_{CTX-M-group 1}、bla_{CTX-M-group 9}、qnrS、aac（6'）-Ⅰb-cr、tetA和tetB等耐药基因均有检出,检出率均低于对应抗菌药的耐药率,符合预期结果。此外,统计结果显示,家庭农场细菌耐药率和耐药基因携带率低于农贸市场。本研究结果表明,农贸市场成为活禽产业链中耐药菌及耐药基因的集散地,可为指导禽大肠杆菌临床检测、诊断及合理用药提供试验依据,同时为评估活禽产业链耐药性传播风险提供可靠数据。     

Pathotyping avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Korea

To examine the genetic background of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) that affects virulence of this microorganism, we characterized the virulence genes of 101 APEC strains isolated from infected chickens between 1985~2005. Serotypes were determined with available anti-sera and median lethal doses were determined in subcutaneously inoculated chicks. The virulence genes we tested included ones encoding type 1 fimbriae (fimC), iron uptake-related (iroN, irp2, iucD, and fyuA), toxins (lt, st, stx1, stx2, and vat), and other factors (tsh, hlyF, ompT, and iss). Twenty-eight strains were found to be O1 (2.0%), O18 (3.0%), O20 (1.0%), O78 (19.8%), and O115 (2.0%) serotypes. The iroN (100%) gene was observed most frequently followed by ompT (94.1%), fimC (90.1%), hlyF (87.1%), iss (78.2%), iucD (73.3%), tsh (61.4%), fyuA (44.6%), and irp2 (43.6%). The strains were negative for all toxin genes except for vat (10.9%). All the strains were classified into 27 molecular pathotypes (MPs). The MP25, MP19, and MP10 pathotypes possessing iroN-fimC-ompT-hlyF-iucD-tsh-iss-irp2-fyuA (22.8%), iroN-fimC-ompT-hlyF-iucD-tsh-iss (21.8%), and iroN-fimC-ompT-hlyF-iss (11.9%) genotypes, respectively, were predominant. Redundancy of iron uptake-related genes was clearly observed and some strains were associated with higher mortality than others. Therefore, strains with the predominant genotypes can be used for diagnosis and vaccine.     

papA gene of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

P fimbrial adhesins may be associated with the virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). However, most APECs are unable to express P fimbriae even when they are grown under conditions that favor P fimbrial expression. This failure can be explained by the complete absence of the pap operon or the presence of an incomplete pap operon in Pap-negative APEC strains. In the present study, we analyzed the pap operon, specifically the papA gene that encodes the major fimbrial shaft, to better understand the pap gene cluster at the genetic level. First, by PCR, we examined a collection of 500 APEC strains for the presence of 11 genes comprising the pap operon. Except for papA, all the other genes of the operon were present in 38% to 41.2% of APEC, whereas the papA was present only in 10.4% of the APEC tested. Using multiplex PCR to probe for allelic variants of papA, we sought to determine if the low prevalence of papA among APEC was related to genetic heterogeneity of the gene itself. It was determined that the papA of APEC always belongs to the F11 allelic variant. Finally, we sequenced the 'papA region' from two papA-negative strains, both of which contain all the other genes of the pap operon. Interestingly, both strains had an 11,104-bp contig interruptingpapA at the 281-bp position. This contig harbored a streptomycin resistance gene and a classic Tn10 transposon containing the genes that confer tetracycline resistance. However, we noted that the papA gene of every papA-negative APEC strain was not interrupted by an 11,104-bp contig. It is likely that transposons bearing antibiotic resistance genes have inserted within pap gene cluster of some APEC strains, and such genetic events may have been selected for by antibiotic use.     

Relationship of complement resistance and selected virulence factors in pathogenic avian Escherichia coli.

Complement resistance, antibiotic resistance profiles, and virulence profiles of 80 Escherichia coli isolates from the intestines of normal chickens (40 isolates) and chickens diagnosed as having colisepticemia (40 isolates) were compared. Differences were observed between the two groups for antibiotic resistance, siderophore production, presence of type 1 pili, complement resistance, motility, and size of plasmids. The systemic isolates were more likely to have siderophores and type 1 pili, and to be complement-resistant and motile than were the intestinal isolates. No differences between the two groups were observed for colicin production. Further comparison of the 10 most complement-resistant isolates from the systemic group and 10 most complement-sensitive isolates from the intestinal group revealed a correlation between an isolate's resistance to complement and its ability to kill embryos, express type 1 pili, and be motile. Virulence of avian E. coli strains appears to be correlated with complement resistance and the interaction of this resistance with the ability to produce type 1 pili and be motile.     

Virulence factors of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from chickens with colisepticemia in Japan

The virulence factors of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated in Japan were investigated. Serogroups O, serotypes K1 and K5, and genes cva C, iss, iutA, papA, tsh, and usp, which have been thought to be related to virulence, were examined for their association with E. coli strains isolated from diseased and healthy chickens. The frequently recognized serogroups O1, O2, and O78 were found in 56 of 125 (44.8%) strains of diseased chickens (APEC) versus 13 of 100 (13.0%) strains of healthy chickens (commensal E. coli), a significant difference at risk ratio < 0.01. Although iss, iutA, and tsh were widely distributed in the APEC irrespective of O serogroup, papA, usp, and the K1 serotype were detected in serogroup O2 of APEC. The kfiD gene related to the K5 capsule and VT, LT, and ST genes related to exotoxins were not detected in any strains examined.     

Vacuolating cytotoxin produced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

The purpose of this study was to determine whether avian pathogenic Escherichia coli produced cytotoxic activity. Culture supernatants of 20 E. coli strains isolated from cellulitis lesions in chickens, five E. coli strains from avian septicemia, five from swollen head syndrome, and five from the feces of healthy chickens were incubated with primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, primary chicken kidney (PCK) cells, a quail fibroblast cell line (QT-35), and four mammalian cell lines (human epithelioid cervical carcinoma, African green monkey kidney, Chinese hamster ovary, and human larynx epidermoid carcinoma). Cytotoxicity was observed with supernatants from the 30 avian pathogenic strains on the two primary chicken cells (CEF and PCK). The highest dilution of culture supenatant that induced cytotoxic changes in 50% of the cells was 1/64. Supernatants from the five strains from normal feces were noncytotoxic, and none of the supernatants was cytotoxic for the QT-35 or the four mammalian cell lines. The cytotoxic effect, which was observed as early as 2 hr after exposure of the cells, was maximal at 6 hr and was evident as vacuolation, morphologically indistinguishable from that previously reported for culture supernatants of Helicobacter pylori. Like the activity in H. pylori, the cytotoxicity of the avian pathogenic strains was destroyed by heating at 70 C for 30 min and by exposure to proteolytic enzymes and was retained by filtration with a 100,000 molecular weight cut-off ultrafilter. Supernatants of two vacuolating cytotoxin-positive cultures of H. pylori failed to induce vacuolation of the CEF and PCK cells but caused the characteristic vacuolation in HeLa and Vero cells. The observations suggest that avian pathogenic E. coli produce a cytotoxin that is similar to the cytotoxin of H. pylori but may be specific for avian cells.     

Functional activities of the Tsh protein from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains

The temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (Tsh) expressed by strains of avian pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli (APEC) has both agglutinin and protease activities. Tsh is synthesized as a 140 kDa precursor protein, whose processing results in a 106 kDa passenger domain (Tsh_s) and a 33 kDa β-domain (Tsh_β). In this study, both recombinant Tsh (rTsh) and supernatants from APEC, which contain Tsh_s (106 kDa), caused proteolysis of chicken tracheal mucin. Both rTsh (140 kDa) and pellets from wild-type APEC, which contain Tsh_β (33 kDa), agglutinated chicken erythrocytes. On Western blots, the anti-rTsh antibody recognized the rTsh and 106 kDa proteins in recombinant E. coli BL21/pET 101-Tsh and in the supernatants from APEC grown at either 37℃ or 42℃. Anti-rTsh also recognized a 33 kDa protein in the pellets from APEC13 cultures grown in either Luria-Bertani agar, colonization factor antigen agar, or mucin agar at either 26℃, 37℃, or 42℃, and in the extracts of outer membrane proteins of APEC. The 106 kDa protein was more evident when the bacteria were grown at 37℃ in mucin agar, and it was not detected when the bacteria were grown at 26℃ in any of the culture media used in this study. Chicken anti-Tsh serum inhibited hemagglutinating and mucinolytic activities of strain APEC13 and recombinant E. coli BL21/pET101-Tsh. This work suggests that the mucinolytic activity of Tsh might be important for the colonization of the avian tracheal mucous environment by APEC.     

鸭致病性大肠杆菌的分离与鉴定

对成都华阳地区两个种鸭场的鸭大肠杆菌病流行病学进行调查,并分析其发病特点。从这两个种鸭场的粪便和其中一个鸭场死亡鸭胚中共分离出19株大肠杆菌,我们对其培养特性、形态特征、生化特性、致病性及药物敏感性进行了研究,同时对分离的19株大肠杆菌的0群抗原进行了鉴定,其结果为O141 4株、O138 4株、O101 2株、O154 1株和O78 4株,还有4株未定型,有待于进一步的血清型鉴定。动物实验表明,已鉴定出血清型的15株大肠杆菌均有不同程度的致病性,药物敏感性实验表明,不同菌株对药物敏感性差异较大,但对多数抗菌药还没有产生抗药性。最后针对这两个种鸭场对该病的防治提出了对策。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌生物被膜的形成及其影响因素

为确定影响细菌生物被膜(BF)的形成条件,本研究采用BF体外定性观察和定量粘附性检测两种方法对1株野生禽致病性大肠杆菌(E.coli)在不同环境(培养时间、培养基类型、引导载体类型、营养条件)下产生BF的差异进行了研究。结果显示野生禽致病性E.coli其宿主体外BF最适形成条件是培养时间为48h,培养基为5%TSB、引导载体为平底96孔聚苯乙烯微孔板(美国Corning Costar)。其生长周期为8h时开始起始粘附、24h形成若干微菌落、36h微菌落粘连、48h形成完整的BF、72h细菌脱落开始下一轮的BF生长。糖分和适量的无机盐都可以在一定程度上促进BF的形成和被膜内细菌的粘附性提高。该研究表明禽致病性E.coliBF的形成周期,并为抑制其形成提供了实验依据。     

Virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance among avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from colibacillosis affected broilers in Pakistan

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis that leads to high morbidity and mortality among poultry birds. To date, there is a lack of knowledge about virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and multidrug resistance of APEC isolates from Pakistan. In this study, we determined the VAGs and antibiotic resistance profiles of APEC isolates recovered from colibacillosis affected broilers in Faisalabad region of Pakistan. A total of 84 diseased and dead birds from different local broilers farms were collected and examined for the gross lesions of colibacillosis by conducting postmortem examination. Of these, APEC isolates were recovered from 75 (89.2%) birds. Antibiotic susceptibility tests against 11 antimicrobial agents showed the highest resistance against ampicillin (98.6%) followed by tetracycline (97.3%) and ciprofloxacin (72%). The presence of 11 virulence-associated genes (VAGs) was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 75 APEC, 32 (42.6%) harbored > 5 VAGs. Most commonly found genes were increased serum survival (iss; 84%), iron transport (iutA; 74.6%), and colicin V (ColV; 60%). Twenty-two isolates (29.3%) were found to possess a combination of VAGs; iss, tsh, iroN, and iutA, in addition to other VAGs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of virulence-associated genes and multidrug resistance among APEC isolates in Pakistan. In the future, the strains with the predominant set of VAGs can be used for colibacillosis diagnosis and as a potential vaccine candidate.