摩拉、尼里/拉菲种公牛促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRHR)基因序列多态性与精液质量性状的相关分析

为了研究促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRHR)基因与摩拉、尼里/拉菲种公牛精子质量性状的相关性,试验对28头摩拉、40头尼里/拉菲种公牛的GnRHR基因多态性位点与其2011—2016年精液质量性状的关系进行统计分析。结果表明:GnRHR基因分别与摩拉、尼里/拉菲种公牛精液质量性状具有相关性。摩拉种公牛A13 342G位点,AA型的射精量显著高于AG型(P0.05),AG型的精子密度显著高于AA型(P0.05);T17 221C位点,TT型的冻精活力显著高于TC型(P0.05)。尼里/拉菲种公牛T13 355G位点,TG型的冻精活力显著高于TT、GG型(P0.05);A13 406T位点,AA、AT型的鲜精活力显著高于TT型(P0.05),AA、AT型的鲜精活力无显著差异(P0.05);AT型的冻后活力显著高于AA、TT型(P0.05)。说明GnRHR基因可作为摩拉、尼里/拉菲种公牛精液质量性状的重要分子标记。     

不同因素对广西地区摩拉、尼里/拉菲种公牛精液质量的影响分析

为了研究不同品种、不同年龄结构、不同温度对广西地区河流型水牛种公牛精液质量的影响,选取摩拉种公牛33头、尼里/拉菲种公牛44头,对其2013—2019年的原精及冷冻精液质量检测纪录进行分析.结果:(1)摩拉种公牛的射精量显著高于尼里/拉菲种公牛(P<0.05),尼里/拉菲种公牛的原精活力显著高于摩拉种公牛(P<0.05...     

河流型水牛热休克蛋白70(HSP70)基因CDS序列的多态性分析

为了研究河流型水牛HSP70基因CDS序列的多态性,试验首先从摩拉水牛、尼里/拉菲水牛、槟榔江水牛、地中海水牛冷冻精液中抽提基因组DNA,以基因组DNA为模板扩增获得河流型水牛HSP70基因,对其进行基因克隆,测序,序列分析;其次对26头摩拉水牛、43头尼里/拉菲水牛HSP70基因CDS序列进行测序、高分辨率熔解曲线检测分析。结果显示:河流型水牛的HSP70基因CDS序列长度为1927bp,4个品种HSP70基因CDS序列相似度高达99%以上;摩拉、尼里/拉菲种公牛HSP70基因CDS序列存在相同的SNP位点,分别是C602T、A708T、A1284G,并产生不同的基因型。摩拉公牛HSP70基因CDs区602bp位点、尼里/拉菲602bp位点处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态。试验结果说明了HSP70基因在进化上具有高度保守性,但在同一群体中存在多态性。     

地中海水牛人工授精效果研究

[目的]为了解意大利地中海水牛冻精的授精效果及其在我国生长适应情况。[方法]利用国内首次引进意大利地中海水牛冻精与我国现有的摩拉、尼里——拉菲和本地水牛进行人工授精,试验选取自然发情的摩拉水牛20头,尼里水牛16头,本地水牛32头,年龄在2.5~9岁之间,采用直肠把握子宫角深部输精法,配种后40 d应用B超进行早期妊娠诊断怀孕情况。[结果]：摩拉、尼里——拉菲和本地水牛受胎率分别为50.00%、75.00%、56.25%,平均人工授精配种受胎率为58.82%,品种间人工授精受胎率差异不显著（P〉0.1）。[结论]表明引进地中海水牛冻精开展杂交组合,改良我国现有的水牛品种,提高其生产性能是切实可行的。     

广西大力提高水牛冻精质量综合管理措施

正广西壮族自治区畜禽品种改良站是目前国内饲养河流型水牛——摩拉、尼里-拉菲、地中海水牛数量最多、水牛冻精产量最大的种公牛站,在水牛种公牛的培育、饲养管理和冷冻精液生产方面,积累了比较丰富的经验。如何提高种公牛冻精质量和产量,扩大优秀种公牛覆盖率,充分发挥良种公牛的遗传改良效应,一直是广西壮族自治区畜禽品种改良站的核心目标、工作重心。水牛冻精质量和数量受种公牛品种、个体、年龄、季节变化、营养     

利用引进水牛冻精与原引进本品种母牛建立新的种牛体系

为了对原引进摩拉和尼里水牛种母牛配种所建立的种牛体系进行血统更新和提纯复壮,有效缓解近交程度,建立新血统繁殖群,并为今后开展种公牛后裔测定和母牛选种、选配,提高摩拉和尼里水牛的优质遗传特性提供相关检测指标,试验采用新引进的摩拉和尼里水牛冻精与原引进的摩拉和尼里种母牛配种的方法,生产出后裔种公牛,选取摩拉和尼里公牛各6头,摩拉母牛83头和尼里母牛54头再次进行配种。结果表明:1997年至2007年底,共繁殖新血统摩拉水牛433头(公牛212头,母牛221头),其中公牛有7个父系,母牛有8个父系;2001年至2007年底,共繁殖新血统尼里水牛283头(公牛140头,母牛143头),其中公母牛均有16个父系。新建立的血统繁殖群能有效地缓解原有种群的近交程度。     

饲料中添加Penergetic-T对种公牛精液品质的影响

试验旨在研究 Penergetic-T 对种公牛精液品质的影响,选择 120 头健康无疾病的西门塔尔种公牛随机分为试验组和对照组,每组 60头,每头牛为 1个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加 0.25 g(/ d 头)Penergetic-T,共饲喂 90 d,检测射精量、精子密度、冻精产量及精子活力、精子畸形率。结果表明:饲料中添加 Penergetic-T 种公牛鲜精的射精量、精子密度、冻后产量、精子活力及畸形率均优于对照组,且差异显著。说明,饲料中添加 Penergetic-T 可显著提高种公牛的精液品质与冻精产量,给种公牛站带来更多的经济价值。     

如何提高摩拉杂交水牛繁殖成活率

我市现有印度摩拉水公牛9头、巴基斯坦尼里公牛3头、摩拉杂交水牛5000多头和本地水牛5.1万头。为改良我市本地水牛,应继续引进印度摩拉水公牛优良种牛和冻精与本地水牛杂交,发展摩杂水牛。据调查,摩拉杂交水牛的繁殖成活率较低,因此,如何提高摩拉杂交水牛的繁殖成活率就尤为重要,就此笔者总结了提高摩拉杂交水牛繁殖成活率的措施如下:1　加强种公牛的饲养管理和配种员配种技术的培训　目前我市摩拉杂交水牛的配种方式有“本交”和“冷配”2种。若采用“本交”必须加强种公牛的饲养管理,给予好草、好料,并适量运动等,以增强体力,提高配种成功…     

广西壮族自治区水牛研究所 [摩拉、尼里-拉菲水牛(原种)]

广西壮族自治区水牛研究所种畜场,是全国唯一的饲养有两个外来奶水牛品种的原种场,是中国-欧盟水牛奶业开发项目成员之一.主要任务是保种和培育优良水牛品种,向我国南方地区水牛品改提供种牛,目标是建成全国性的水牛育种中心.引种至1998年底,共繁殖摩拉水牛1 138头,尼里-拉菲水牛571头,向全国14个省(区)提供种牛累计达856头,现存栏各品种水牛365头,年繁殖犊牛150头,提供种牛80～100头.1993年和1995年又分别从印度引进优秀摩拉种公牛细管冻精2 300支,共8个系.对摩拉牛群进行血液更新,使种牛质量更进一步提高.     

日粮中添加胡萝卜对荷斯坦种公牛精液品质的影响

本试验选择16头荷斯坦种公牛随机分为2组，对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中添加胡萝卜，试验期为75d，观察对荷斯坦种公牛原精产量、精子密度、精子活力和制冻精数量的影响。结果表明：在荷斯坦种公牛日粮中添加胡萝卜后，试验组牛的原精产量、鲜精精子活力和制冻精数量都极显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；精子密度与对照组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。本试验结果验证了在荷斯坦种公牛日粮中添加胡萝卜可显著提高精液产量、精子活力和制冻精数量，提高精液品质。     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

精氨酸在畜禽营养生理中的应用进展

精氨酸在动物体内参不仅参与多种营养物质的合成分解代谢,同时通过精氨酸酶、一氧化氮两条代谢途径,参与机体内的免疫调节。由于断奶仔猪与哺乳母猪自身不能合成足量的精氨酸以满足代谢需要,因此需要从外源摄取以满足需求;另外,家禽体内也缺乏可以合成精氨酸的氨甲酰磷酸酶,其整个生长阶段更是需要补充外源性精氨酸。     

兰州地区苜蓿和红豆草根际溶磷菌筛选及菌株部分特性研究

利用溶磷圈法对苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷细菌进行了分离,共获得分离物386个,其中137个具有溶磷能力.苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷菌数量分布有差异.其数量为RS>RP>NRS>HP.对筛选获得的12株溶磷圈较大的菌株进行菌落形态特征观察发现,大多数菌落呈灰白色或乳白色、不规则、半透明、边缘不整齐、突起、无光泽、无色素.进一步利用钼蓝比色法对菌株分解磷矿粉能力测定显示,各菌株分解磷矿粉能力差异较大,溶磷量最大为338.4mg/ml,最小为25.9mg/ml,这与其自身溶磷机制有关.溶磷量与菌株培养液pH值之间存在显著相关性.12株菌株大部分具有分泌IAA的能力,其中LM6和LH9分泌IAA能力较强.