不同日粮模式对赤大袋鼠体重和饲料养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究圈养赤大袋鼠在三种不同的日粮模式下饲料养分的表观消化率,以分析确定饲喂袋鼠的最佳日粮模式。选择12只体重相近的成年健康袋鼠作为试验对象,随机分为3组,每组4只,低多汁料低精料组、中等多汁料精料组、高多汁料高精料组,采用全收粪法进行消化试验。与低多汁料低精料组饲料相比,中等多汁料精料组(P0.05)和高多汁料高精料组中干物质、有机物、酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪和粗蛋白的消化率均显著升高,而中性洗涤纤维消化率无显著变化。中等多汁料精料组粗蛋白消化率显著高于高多汁料高精料组,但两组饲料中的DM、OM、ADF和EE的消化率均无显著差异。试验结果提示,中等多汁料和精料组更利于动物园饲养条件下赤大袋鼠的饲养,但日粮模式对动物行为的影响需进一步评估。     

不同收集期长的粪样对猪日粮消化率的影响

本试验采用不同收集期长的粪样，对猪日粮干物质，有机物质、粗蛋白质和能量的消化率进行了制定，其结果表明：在不同收集期内所测得的上述各值之间没有显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），由此可说明，采用全粪法测定猪日粮消化率可将粪便的收集期缩短到３天乃至１天。     

PCR-DGGE分析白犀牛粪样菌群多样性

为研究不同食谱下白犀牛粪样菌群多样性变化,分别采集5头以青草为主食谱和以干草为主食谱的犀牛粪样,提取总细菌核酸,利用基于16S rRNA基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术进行菌群分析。结果表明:在2种食谱条件下,5头犀牛粪样细菌DGGE图谱均出现较多条带;同一食谱时,5头犀牛样品存在较多共有条带。相似性分析显示,所有犀牛样品间的相似性较高,大于55%。各个体间,犀牛B、C和E样品归于同一簇,相似性大于70%;更换食谱后,未出现样品归于同一簇规律。与夏季青草为主食谱相比,冬季更换以干草为主食谱后,5头犀牛粪样细菌菌群的Shannon多样性指数显著升高(P<0.05)。结果提示,不同季节更换食谱在一定程度上会影响犀牛粪样菌群区系。     

奶牛日粮对粪中微生物群落、有机物和氮含量的影响

通过奶牛日粮调控可以提高营养成分的利用效率,降低N排放对环境造成的污染。本研究使用非泌乳奶牛探讨了奶牛日粮变化对粪化学成分及微生物群落的影响。通过日粮原料和精粗比配制8种日粮,其粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、淀粉及净能含量均不相同。选用16头奶牛,分别饲喂上述日粮,三周适应期后采集粪样并分析其成分,并比较观测值与模拟预测值的差异,利用模型模拟了不同日粮组分对粪成分的影响。试验结果表明,高纤维低蛋白日粮组中粪“碳氮比”较高（〉16）,而有机氮和无机氮含量较低。高蛋白高能量日粮组中粪微生物数量最高。各试验组中,粪无机氮含量差异不显著。粪中每克干物质中含有1200～8000μg微生物碳。各试验组中粪细菌多样性相似,但是日粮不同蛋白质水平导致粪中微生物群落结构发生变化。模拟预测的粪总氮浓度是观测值的1～1．5倍,而模拟碳氮比则是观测值的0．7～0．9倍。然而,细菌碳含量的预测值却不理想,大约是观测值的3倍左右,需要进一步研究粪中微生物碳的模型定义。本研究中,日粮成分影响粪化学成分及微生物数量,进而影响粪养分的利用。但由于本研究中选用的奶牛数量较少,且日粮配合为极端情况,在将本研究结果推广到其他条件时需十分谨慎。     

粪样和瘤胃排空技术采样测定放牧牛日粮植物成分的比较

在不同季节,比较了用粪样、排空瘤胃食糜样、非排空瘤胃食糜样测定牛日粮植物成分的技术,试验在Las Cruces附近的新墨西哥州立大学附属牧场进行。用6头瘤胃瘘管牛在1989年春(5月28日至6月7日)、夏(7月9日至8月8日)、秋(10月1日至17日);1990年冬(1月8日至28日);用4头瘤胃瘘管牛在1990年夏(7月24日至8月4日)进行了试验。在一定季节,取样技术对分析牛日粮的一些植物种有差异(P<0.05)。多数情况下,只是在少数牧草中可观察到这种差异。粪样、排空瘤胃食糜样和非排空瘤胃食糜样的相似度随季节和相比较的取样技术而变化,粪样和排空瘤胃食糜样的相似度在秋季最低(74％),而粪样和非排空瘤胃食糜样的相似度在夏季(1989)最高(93％)。造成这些差异的原因可能是不同的消化率、取样方法和观测者的误差。对特定目的,粪样分析可以说是确定大型食草动物日粮成分的最好技术。     

不同日粮对狄高鸡生产性能的影响

狄高鸡是澳大利哑狄高公司培育成功的优良肉用鸡种,有黄羽和白羽两种。据有关资料介绍,狄高商品代肉鸡35日龄体重可达1.5公斤以上,料肉比在1.8以下。为了测定狄高鸡在我国饲养条件下的生产表现,我们设计进行了不同日粮组成对狄高白羽鸡生     

不同日粮组合模式对肉牛生产性能的影响

肉牛育肥中应该合理搭配精、粗饲料,并科学地对肉牛日粮中的粗料部分进行深加工,以提高其适口性和营养价值。本试验以西黄牛(西门塔尔×本地黄牛)(12～18月龄)为试验对象,分别饲喂不同组合日粮,对其肉牛生产性能、增重效果和获得的经济效益进行研究。结果表明,在增重方面,日粮中粗饲料中青贮玉米比黄贮玉米的增重效果明显(P<0.05),粗饲料中青贮玉米比氨化秸秆的肉牛育肥增重量高5.05%(P>0.05)。在经济效益方面,饲喂青贮玉米和氨化秸秆,在增重速度、饲料报酬和经济效益等方面均优于饲喂桔秆组。     

不同日粮对家兔生产性能的影响

通过对怀孕母兔和后备母兔日粮中添加碳酸钙和糖蜜以期探明不同日粮对家兔生产性能的影响。结果表明：喂含40％草粉型混合饲料时，在日粮中分别添加1．5％的碳酸钙和5％的糖蜜，可提高母兔产活仔数5．56％－6．75％和断奶成活率6．57％－6．68％，同时也能显著提高哺乳仔兔的活重。     

不同日粮配方对断奶犊牛生长发育的影响

为研究不同日粮配方对断奶犊牛生长发育的影响,试验采用随机区组设计,选择3～4月龄西杂公牛40头,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组。以白豌豆、豆粕、棉粕、胡麻饼等为原料设计8组(A_1、A_2,B_1、B2,C_1、C2,D_1、D_2)日粮配方,对犊牛进行180 d饲喂试验。试验分两个阶段进行,第1阶段(犊牛体重100～200 kg)Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组牛分别饲喂A_1、B_1、C_1、D_1配方日粮,第2阶段(犊牛体重201～300 kg)Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组牛分别饲喂A_2、B_2、C_2、D_2配方日粮。结果表明:100～200 kg阶段,Ⅱ组犊牛平均日增重分别较Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组多增重32.22 g、26.67 g、56.67 g,Ⅱ组头均日增重效益分别较Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组提高6.47%、6.74%、15.59%,4组犊牛在体尺发育方面差异不明显(P>0.05);201～300 kg阶段,Ⅳ组犊牛平均日增重分别较Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组高261.09 g(P<0.05)、225.53 g(P>0.05)、197.80 g(P>0.05),Ⅳ组犊牛头均日增重效益分别较Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组高7.41元(P<0.05)、6.65元(P>0.05)、5.58元(P>0.05),Ⅳ组犊牛的体尺指数较其他组高。说明按照犊牛在100～200 kg生长阶段营养需要配制的玉米+小麦麸+豆粕+粗饲料型日粮(B1配方)、201～300 kg生长阶段配制的玉米+小麦麸+胡麻饼+粗饲料型日粮(D2配方)饲喂犊牛可降低饲养成本,提高饲料报酬和日增重,增加经济效益。     

不同锰元素含量日粮对犊牛生长性能和粪尿排泄指标的影响研究

日粮1%预混料减少120mg/kg锰元素时,30天犊牛累积生长显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,说明锰元素与犊牛的生长性能确有明显影响;但是日粮中不同的锰元素对于犊牛体尺指标均没有显著影响（P > 0.05）,说明微量元素锰对于犊牛体尺性能影响不大。而且,研究发现日粮1%预混料减少60mg/kg、120mg/kg和240mg/kg锰元素均可以适当提高犊牛粪便氮磷的表观消化率,降低犊牛多种元素的排放,其中日粮1%预混料减少240mg/kg锰元素时的氮磷消化率最高,而且可以有效降低犊牛粪氮、粪铜和粪锌的排放量、30天的尿氮排放量,效果最好。     

不同谷物日粮添加酶对幼犬生长性能、消化及粪便特征的影响

文章用不同谷物原料替代幼犬饲料中常用的碎米,研究其对幼犬生长性能、养分消化及粪便特征的影响.试验将48只6周龄、平均体重为(661.51±3.55)g的幼犬分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复4只.3组幼犬在5周的饲养试验期间分别饲喂碎米型日粮(碎米含量为50％)、玉米型日粮(玉米含量为50％)+200?mg/kg复合酶、...     

Evaluation of changes in microbiota after fecal microbiota transplantation in 6 diarrheic horses

The purpose of this study was to characterize the fecal microbiota of horses with acute and chronic diarrhea before and after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Six client-owned horses with acute and chronic diarrhea received FMT from 2 healthy donor horses. Microbiota analysis using next-generation sequencing was performed on fecal samples collected before and 2 and 7 d after FMT. Signs of diarrhea improved in 4 horses, whereas the remaining 2 horses did not survive. There was a significant difference in the number of bacterial species between donors and recipients (P < 0.05). The Order Lactobacillales and the genera Lactobacillus, Intestinimonas, and Streptococcus were increased in the microbiota of diarrheic horses, and Saccharofermentans genus increased in healthy donors. The results suggest that FMT from the healthy donors was not effective over a 7-day period as it did not change the fecal microbiota of the diarrheic horses. Further research to improve the efficacy of FMT in horses is needed.     

Virtopsy in a red kangaroo with oral osteomyelitis

This report describes the use of computed tomography (CT) in a nondomestic species. Postmortem CT was performed on a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and a diagnosis of oral osteomyelitis was made. CT examination revealed bony remodeling of the right mandible, an intraosseous lesion of the right temporal bone, muscle necrosis around the right mandible, and the absence of the right, first, upper molar tooth. Cardiac and intrahepatic gas and a distended intestine due to postmortem gas accumulation were also seen. All the lesions identified with CT were also identified by conventional necropsy, except the cardiac and intrahepatic gases. Virtopsy may be a useful procedure for the noninvasive identification of cause of death and as a guide for necropsy in animals.     

不同外源寡糖对奶山羊粪便双歧杆菌数量的影响

采用平板计数法研究不同外源寡糖对崂山奶山羊粪便双歧杆菌数量的影响。试验选用安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康崂山奶山羊6只,采用分期分组试验设计,在不同时期分别饲喂添加1%(有效含量计)甘露寡糖、半乳甘露寡糖、寡木糖、低聚异麦芽寡糖、果寡糖的日粮,并设立空白对照组,每期35 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组粪便双歧杆菌数量有所增加,其中试验第1、7、14 d果寡糖组,第21 d半乳甘露寡糖组、寡木糖组、果寡糖组均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。本试验条件下,果寡糖对提高奶山羊粪便中双歧杆菌数量效果较明显。     

日粮营养对动物脂肪组织基因表达的影响

脂肪组织是一个强大的分泌器官,它能分泌许多与能量、脂肪代谢相关的酶、激素等.调控能量代谢和脂肪组织生长.本文综述了日粮对动物脂肪组织中基因表达作用的研究状况.并阐述了营养成分对这些基因上下游表达的作用机制.     

Adaptive capacity of faecal microbiota from piglets receiving diets with different types of inulin-type fructans

An in vitro experiment was conducted to assess the microbial activity of faeces from unweaned and weaned piglets. Diets of weaned piglets were supplemented with various fructans. Weaned piglets received a corn–soy based basal diet supplemented with either corn starch (control; CON), oligofructose (OF), chicory root (CHR), a mixture of chicory pulp and oligofructose (MIX; 60:40) or corn starch and antibiotic (CON_AB). Faecal inocula collected from unweaned (5 kg body weight (BW)) and weaned piglets (15 kg BW) were introduced in airtight 100-mL bottles containing 0.5 g of substrate (basal or mix) in pre-warmed buffered medium. The organic matter cumulative volume (OMCV) was measured for 48 h, and a mono-phasic model was fitted to the data. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia (NH₃) was determined after fermentation. Incubation of substrate mix with the different inocula gave a significant higher OMCV compared to substrate basal, except for the inoculum from piglets of the CON_AB group. In addition, substrate mix gave a higher R_max and a lower T_max compared to substrate basal. With the exception of inoculum obtained from chicory root supplemented animals (CHR) no substrate effects were observed in fermentation end-products (VFA and NH₃). However, the proportions of acetic acid were significantly higher and those of butyric acid lower when inocula were incubated with substrate mix. Inocula from weaned pigs tended to show higher proportions of propionic acid when incubated with substrate mix, whilst inocula from unweaned piglets showed the opposite. The differences in fermentation kinetics between substrates after incubation with inocula from weaned and unweaned piglets in combination with an altered composition in VFA, points to a modified faecal microflora following weaning.     

Caecal microbiota of chickens fed diets containing propolis

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and raw propolis (RP) on broiler performance and on selected bacterial groups in caecal microbiota using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) measured by fluorescent activated cell sorting. Two experiments were conducted with 120 male chicks from 1 to 21 days of age for each, raised in cages and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design; there were five replicates with four birds per experimental unit and six treatments for each experiment (trial 1 – EEP – 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm and trial 2 – RP – 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). Fluorescent probes were used against the bacterial groups in caecal samples collected at 21 days of age. The data were subjected to one‐way anova followed by Tukey's and regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between dietary levels of EEP or RP on performance and intestinal microbiota (p < 0.05). In the trial 1, results showed that the EEP did not cause any significant (p > 0.05) modification in the performance and caecal microbiota. In the trial 2, RP inclusion did not affect the performance but changed the bacterial composition (p < 0.05). Clostridiaceae, Gammaproteobacteria excluding Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus spp. showed a quadratic response (p < 0.05), with the lowest value predicted to occur at 240 ppm, 221 ppm and 213 ppm of RP respectively. The proportion of Bacteroidaceae and Gammaproteobacteria did not differ (p > 0.05) among the experimental groups. The inclusion of ethanolic extract of propolis did not affect the performance and intestinal microbiota, whereas the supplementation of raw propolis modulates the caecal microbiota composition without any effects on chicken performance.     

Effects of xanthene dyes in cattle diets for insect control: diet digestibility and fecal excretion

The effects of rose bengal, erythrosin B and fluorescein on ruminant digestion were evaluated by an in vitro rumen technique. Rose bengal reduced in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) values starting at .5 mM in the nutrient media and erythrosin B reduced IVDMD values starting at .05 mM in the nutrient media. Maximum reduction in IVDMD values was observed at 3.0 mM of rose bengal and erythrosin B. Fluorescein depressed digestion but not as severely as rose bengal or erythrosin B. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) values for steers given erythrosin B at a daily dosage of 6.5 mg/kg body weight were higher (P less than .05) than DMD values for control steers. DMD values were higher for steers given 16.3 or 26.1 mg erythrosin B/kg body weight daily than for the control steers, but the differences were not significant. There were no significant differences among animals given the different dosages in digestible energy. Recovery of erythrosin B from feces of treated steers varied with time, indicating that steers fed erythrosin B at a dosage of 6.5 mg/kg body weight might excrete feces during some periods of the day which would not control face fly development; however, administration of erythrosin B at a dosage of 16.3 mg/kg body weight would provide enough erythrosin B in feces to control face fly development throughout a 24-h period.