荷斯坦杂种牛生长性能遗传改良效果评估

为了评估验证荷斯坦种公牛对荷斯坦杂种牛生长性能的遗传改良效果,以荷黄低代杂种、荷黄高代杂种和纯种荷斯坦牛3种群体共计293头奶牛为研究材料,利用北美荷斯坦种公牛对不同奶牛群体进行杂交改良,根据系谱信息追踪各群体的后裔,测定个体初生、2月龄、6月龄、12月龄、14月龄和成年体重,以纯种荷斯坦牛为对照组,用最小二乘法分析群体、世代和母本与生长性能的相关性,评估杂种奶牛生长性能的遗传改良效果。结果表明:高代杂种和低代杂种的初生重显著低于纯种(P0.05);高代杂种和纯种12月龄重、14月龄重、成年体重显著高于低代杂种(P0.05),高代杂种与纯种之间差异不显著(P0.05)。二世代生长性能显著高于一世代和零世代(P0.05),一世代显著高于零世代(P0.05)。群体和世代间互作效应仅对2月龄重有显著影响(P0.05)。母本效应对生长性能无显著影响(P0.05)。本研究提示:高代杂种初生重低、育成期生长发育快,而成年体重与纯种荷斯坦牛无显著差异,在现有生产体系下实现最佳的遗传环境匹配,适宜在北方农区生产体系中推广养殖。     

荷斯坦杂种牛泌乳性能遗传改良效果评估

【目的】评估荷斯坦验证种公牛对荷斯坦杂种牛泌乳性能的遗传改良效果,【方法】以荷黄低代杂种、荷黄高代杂种和纯种荷斯坦牛3种奶牛群体共计293头奶牛为研究材料,利用北美荷斯坦验证种公牛对不同奶牛群体进行杂交改良,根据系谱信息追踪各群体的后裔,参照DHI生产性能测定方法采集产奶量和乳成份数据,用最小二乘法分析群体、世代、投产年份、母本和母本年龄与泌乳性能的相关性。【结果】高代杂种与纯种间产奶量差异不显著(P0.05),高代杂种305d乳脂量,305d乳蛋白量和305d乳糖量显著高于纯种(P0.05);1世代泌乳性能显著高于0世代(P0.05);饲养管理水平和母本效应显著影响泌乳性能(P0.05)。【结论】高代杂种在现有生产体系下实现最佳的遗传环境匹配,适宜在北方农区生产体系中推广养殖。     

不同血统含量、世代及胎次奶牛体型线性评分研究

为了选出优秀体型奶牛群体,提高全群产奶量,试验选取不同血统含量、不同世代、不同胎次的286头奶牛开展体型线性评分研究。结果显示:纯种荷斯坦牛体型总评分、乳房评分、体躯结构评分(P0.05)以及乳用特征评分高于或显著高于低代杂种,而低代杂种肢蹄评分、尻部评分高于纯种;2世代奶牛在肢蹄评分、体躯结构评分、乳用特征评分方面显著高于0世代(P0.05),0世代尻部评分显著高于2世代(P0.05);2胎次奶牛总评分、乳房评分、肢蹄评分以及体躯结构评分显著高于1胎次(P0.05),2胎次以后总评分呈下降趋势。提示:应加强纯种荷斯坦牛的肢蹄和尻部结构选育工作,从而减少肢蹄病和产科疾病的发生,使得奶牛群体高产健康长寿。     

西荷杂交牛与荷斯坦牛重要经济性状对比

旨在深入了解西荷杂交牛繁育体系的效果,本研究以某存栏4 393头泌乳牛的规模化牛场为研究对象,通过SAS9.2GLM和Mixed过程,应用固定模型和混合模型对法系西荷杂种牛、德系西荷杂种牛、自繁荷斯坦牛以及进口澳系荷斯坦牛4个群体的8个重要经济性状进行最小二乘分析和Bonferroni t多重比较。结果表明,在泌乳性能方面,法系西荷牛的日产奶量和校正奶量显著高于澳系荷斯坦牛(P0.05),且其乳脂率、乳蛋白率均为最高。各群体间体细胞评分和尿素氮含量差异不显著(P0.05);在繁殖性能方面,法系西荷青年牛首次配种日龄显著低于自繁荷斯坦牛和澳系荷斯坦牛(P0.05),且杂种牛产后恢复周期较短。澳系荷斯坦青年牛的配妊次数显著低于自繁荷斯坦牛(P0.05)。法系西荷成年母牛的空怀天数比自繁和澳系荷斯坦牛分别少了38.43和20.93d;在生长性状方面,除体深外,其余性状杂种牛均高于自繁荷斯坦牛,且法系西荷牛与自繁荷斯坦牛的胸围差异显著(P0.05);在热应激相关指标方面,杂种牛上午直肠温度低于荷斯坦牛,其中德系西荷牛与澳系荷斯坦牛差异显著(P0.05),但各品种的下午直肠温度差异不显著(P0.05);另外,杂种牛的体况评分均显著高于自繁荷斯坦牛(P0.05),但各品种之间性情评分与步态评分无显著差异(P0.05)。德系西荷牛的肋部皮褶厚度显著大于其他品种(P0.05)。综合分析,初步表明西荷杂种一代牛的综合性能优于纯种荷斯坦牛。     

蒙贝利亚杂种牛与荷斯坦牛早期发育性状对比研究

本研究通过选择难产率低的蒙贝利亚公牛与荷斯坦母牛杂交,比较蒙×荷杂种牛和纯种荷斯坦牛早期生长发育性状。结果表明杂种牛在初生～3月龄期间与荷斯坦牛各项指标差异不显著(P≥0.05);4月龄后,杂种牛体重、胸围、体高等性状都极显著高于同期的荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。相关性分析显示发育早期阶段,体重与胸围、体斜长、十字部高、尻长和腰角宽相关程度最高,相关系数为0.91以上(P0.05)。结果表明,选种难产率低的蒙贝利亚公牛与荷斯坦牛杂交,犊牛出生时体重与体尺与荷斯坦牛无差异,但杂种牛表现出更优的增长趋势,杂交效果明显。     

中国荷斯坦牛杂交改良后代繁殖性能研究

为了克服荷斯坦奶牛近交系数不断增高带来的适应性下降、繁殖力低和利用年限少等问题,试验以引进的三个品种乳肉兼用牛(即纯种西门塔尔、蒙贝利亚和弗莱威赫牛)为父本,与中国荷斯坦牛进行杂交,研究杂交一代在繁殖性能和产奶性能方面的改良效果。结果表明:蒙贝利亚杂交一代与中国荷斯坦牛的妊娠期长度差异极显著(P0.01)。弗莱威赫杂交一代的胎次对305 d产奶量有极显著影响(P0.01),蒙贝利亚杂交一代的配种次数和空怀天数对305 d产奶量有显著影响(P0.05),蒙贝利亚杂交一代与中国荷斯坦奶牛间总产奶量差异显著(P0.05)。综合各繁殖性状和对305 d产奶量的影响因素,蒙贝利亚杂交一代的繁殖性状优于其他两个品种。     

近交及环境因素对中国荷斯坦奶牛繁殖性能的影响

本研究旨在分析近交及环境因素对中国荷斯坦奶牛初配日龄(产后首配天数)、初次配妊日龄(产后配妊天数)、配妊次数等繁殖性能的影响。选用山东省某牧场3 185头中国荷斯坦奶牛10 925条繁殖记录,通过SAS8.2软件中GLM过程,应用固定模型对青年牛及经产牛繁殖性能进行最小二乘分析及Duncan's多重比较。结果表明:近交对青年牛配妊次数有显著影响(P0.05),而对初配日龄、初次配妊日龄的影响不显著(P0.05);出生季节、配种年度、配种季节、与配公牛等环境因素对青年牛繁殖性能有显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)影响;近交对经产牛产后配妊天数、配妊次数有显著影响(P0.05),而对产后首配天数的差异不显著(P0.05);胎次、产犊季节、配种年度、配种员、产奶水平、与配公牛等环境因素对经产牛繁殖性能均有显著(P0.05),极显著(P0.01)影响。通过制定合理的选配方案,避免近交,并结合牧场饲养管理,可有效提高奶牛繁殖性能。     

产犊季节和胎次对荷斯坦牛部分繁殖指标的影响

为了研究不同产犊季节和胎次对荷斯坦牛部分繁殖指标的影响,为长江中下游地区荷斯坦牛合理安排配种时间提供科学依据.本试验利用海丰奶牛场引进的澳系荷斯坦牛的繁殖指标数据,分析了产犊季节和不同胎次对部分繁殖指标的影响.结果显示,产犊季节对产后第一次发情泌乳天数、配种指数、产后受孕天数以及产犊间隔等繁殖指标的影响达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).胎次对发情泌乳天数、产后受孕天数以及产犊间隔等繁殖指标的影响也达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).在本研究中,秋季产犊的奶牛繁殖指标最佳.此外,头胎产犊奶牛的繁殖性能在各胎次中最好,该结果对同类地区荷斯坦牛繁殖管理有很好的指导作用.     

杂交荷斯坦母牛与其纯种在产奶、繁殖及抗病性状上的综合对比

为了提高荷斯坦奶牛的繁殖力,改善乳成分,增加其乳肉综合经济效益,本试验以蒙贝利亚乳肉兼用牛为父本,荷斯坦牛为母本进行杂交。通过构建线性模型、拟合泌乳曲线、计算综合经济效益等对其F1代母牛(69头)与荷斯坦纯种母牛(74头)的产奶性状、繁殖性状、抗乳房炎能力及综合经济效益进行了对比研究。结果如下:在产奶性能方面,蒙荷F1母牛乳脂率(3.59比3.49,P0.05)和乳蛋白率(3.25比3.12)(P0.01)显著高于荷斯坦母牛,而体细胞评分(2.37比2.85,P0.05)显著低于荷斯坦母牛;在饲料转化效率方面,泌乳盛期蒙荷F1母牛ECM/DMI(1.92比1.86,P0.01)极显著高于荷斯坦母牛;在繁殖性能方面,蒙荷F1母牛的初产月龄(25.38比26.33,P0.05)和空怀天数(87.35比107.16,P0.01)显著低于荷斯坦母牛;在综合经济效益方面,蒙荷F1母牛第1胎次泌乳期305d经济效益比荷斯坦母牛提高了4 918.15元。总之,乳肉兼用型的蒙荷杂种牛较荷斯坦母牛具有高乳脂率、高乳蛋白率,抗乳房炎能力强、投产早、空怀期短、综合经济效益高的优点。     

德系西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛及其杂种后代育肥及屠宰性能研究

为研究德系西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛及其杂交后代的育肥及屠宰性能,实验选择5月龄、体重150~200kg的健康公牛15头,其中荷斯坦公牛、西×荷杂种一代公牛(简称西荷杂种牛)、德系西门塔尔公牛各5头,育肥372 d后屠宰测定。结果表明:德系西门塔尔与西荷杂种牛的全期增重、胴体重、净肉重显著高于荷斯坦(P0.05);西荷杂种牛屠宰率、皮率显著高于荷斯坦(P0.05),而德系西门塔尔与荷斯坦则达到极显著水平(P0.01);德系西门塔与西荷杂种牛净肉率均极显著高于荷斯坦(P0.01);德系西门塔尔的肉骨比显著高于荷斯坦(P0.05);德系西门塔尔、西荷杂种牛与荷斯坦三者皮厚之间两两比较均差异显著(P0.05),且德系西门塔尔与荷斯坦差异极显著(P0.01);德系西门塔尔牛的眼肌面积显著高于荷斯坦牛(P0.05);除胴体产肉率、肉骨比和皮厚外,其余生长、胴体性状各指标杂种优势率均为正值;除肉的pH、系水力外,其余肉质性状杂种优势率为负值。由此可见,西荷杂种一代的生长性能、胴体性能较其母本品种荷斯坦牛有较大程度提高。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.