混合菌固态发酵制备发酵鱼粉的研究

试验旨在研究不同发酵条件对发酵鱼粉小肽含量和挥发性盐基氮的影响,确定发酵鱼粉生产工艺条件。以嗜酸乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为发酵菌株,以发酵产物小肽含量和挥发性盐基氮含量为指标,优化了混合菌固态发酵制备发酵鱼粉的生产工艺条件,并对发酵鱼粉的总抗氧化能力和氨基酸组成进行了分析。试验结果表明,适宜的发酵鱼粉生产工艺条件为:菌种接种比(嗜酸乳杆菌枯草芽孢杆菌)12、料水比11、接种量5%、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间24 h。此条件下,发酵鱼粉小肽含量达到24.77%,挥发性盐基氮仅为42.5 mg/100 g,总抗氧化能力提升70%以上,限制性氨基酸的含量提升27.75%以上,发酵鱼粉较传统的普通鱼粉有巨大的优势,应用于饲料中具有广阔的市场前景。     

复合菌固态发酵对杂粕营养价值的影响

本试验以我国产量高且价格低廉的棉籽粕和菜籽粕为原料,按1:1的比例混合作为杂粕,采用黑曲霉、米曲霉和枯草芽孢杆菌混合固态发酵,分析发酵前后常规营养成分、氨基酸、酶活性、抗营养因子和霉菌毒素含量的变化,探索微生物固态发酵对杂粕营养价值的改善作用.结果表明:(1)与发酵前相比,发酵后粗蛋白质、粗灰分、钙、磷含量分别提高了1...     

康宁木霉固态发酵改善茶渣营养价值

本试验旨在研究康宁木霉固态发酵茶渣,提高茶渣营养价值,并筛选出最佳的发酵条件。用单因素试验优化发酵茶渣的基质比例（茶渣∶玉米粉=6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1）、料液比（3∶7、4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3）、接种量（2%、4%、6%、8%、10%）、发酵温度（25、28、31、34、37 ℃）和发酵时间（0、2、4、6、8、10、14、22 d）。以基质比例、发酵温度、接种量和发酵时间为影响因素,进行L9（3⁴）正交试验确定茶渣最优发酵条件。测定各组发酵产物粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原糖、黄酮、皂苷和咖啡因含量,计算各组合的综合评分。确定最优条件后进行对比试验,比较了发酵前后茶渣的营养成分、活性物质和游离氨基酸含量。结果表明：1）单因素试验中,以下条件的综合评分最高：基质比例为7∶3,料液比为5∶5,接种量为8%,发酵温度为31 ℃,发酵时间为6 d。2）正交试验表明,康宁木霉发酵茶渣（料液比为5∶5）的最佳条件是：基质比例为7.0∶2.5,发酵温度为31 ℃,接种量为7%,发酵时间为6或7 d。3）与未发酵茶渣相比,最优条件下发酵茶渣的粗蛋白质、还原糖、黄酮、咖啡因、多种游离氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸/总氨基酸、风味氨基酸/总氨基酸均显著提高（P<0.05）,皂苷含量显著降低（P<0.001）,粗脂肪含量与未发酵茶渣无显著差异（P>0.05）。发酵6和7 d的茶渣营养成分和活性物质含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。由此可见,康宁木霉发酵茶渣能够改善茶渣的营养价值。     

Solid state fermentation of rapeseed cake with Aspergillus niger for degrading glucosinolates and upgrading nutritional value

Background:Rapeseed cake is a good source of protein for animal feed but its utilization is limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional substances,such as glucosinolates(GIs),phytic acid,tannins etc.In the present study,a solid state fermentation(SSF) using Aspergillus niger was carried out with the purpose of degrading glucosinolates and improving the nutritional quality of rapeseed cake(RSC).The effects of medium composition and incubation conditions on the GIs content in fermented rapeseed cake(FRSC) were investigated,and chemical composition and amino acid in vitro digestibility of RSC substrate fermented under optimal conditions were determined.Results:After 72 h of incubation at 34℃,a 76.89%decrease in GIs of RSC was obtained in solid medium containing 70%RSC,30%wheat bran at optimal moisture content 60%(w/w).Compared to unfermented RSC,trichloroacetic acid soluble protein(TCA-SP),crude protein and ether extract contents of the FRSC were increased(P 0.05) 103.71,23.02 and 23.54%,respectively.As expected,the contents of NDF and phytic acid declined(P 0.05) by 9.12 and 44.60%,respectively.Total amino acids(TAA) and essential amino acids(EAA) contents as well as AA in vitro digestibility of FRSC were improved significantly(P 0.05).Moreover,the enzyme activity of endoglucanase,xylanase,acid protease and phytase were increased(P0.05) during SSF.Conclusions:Our results indicate that the solid state fermentation offers an effective approach to improving the quality of proteins sources such as rapeseed cake.     

Solid state fermentation of rapeseed cake with Aspergillus niger for degrading glucosinolates and upgrading nutritional value

Background

Rapeseed cake is a good source of protein for animal feed but its utilization is limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional substances, such as glucosinolates (Gls), phytic acid, tannins etc. In the present study, a solid state fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger was carried out with the purpose of degrading glucosinolates and improving the nutritional quality of rapeseed cake (RSC). The effects of medium composition and incubation conditions on the Gls content in fermented rapeseed cake (FRSC) were investigated, and chemical composition and amino acid in vitro digestibility of RSC substrate fermented under optimal conditions were determined.

Results

After 72 h of incubation at 34°C, a 76.89% decrease in Gls of RSC was obtained in solid medium containing 70% RSC, 30% wheat bran at optimal moisture content 60% (w/w). Compared to unfermented RSC, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein (TCA-SP), crude protein and ether extract contents of the FRSC were increased (P < 0.05) 103.71, 23.02 and 23.54%, respectively. As expected, the contents of NDF and phytic acid declined (P < 0.05) by 9.12 and 44.60%, respectively. Total amino acids (TAA) and essential amino acids (EAA) contents as well as AA in vitro digestibility of FRSC were improved significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, the enzyme activity of endoglucanase, xylanase, acid protease and phytase were increased (P < 0.05) during SSF.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the solid state fermentation offers an effective approach to improving the quality of proteins sources such as rapeseed cake.     

屎肠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌对乳鸽生长性能、屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响

旨在研究单独添加屎肠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌及二者混合添加对乳鸽生长性能、屠宰性能、免疫功能的影响,从而探究益生菌对乳鸽生长的调控机制。试验选取240只12日龄、体重接近的健康白羽王鸽,随机分成4组,分别为对照组、屎肠球菌组、枯草芽孢杆菌组、混合组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只乳鸽,试验期16 d。试验期结束时,每个重复随机选取2只乳鸽(共48只乳鸽)称重,测定其血清免疫指标、肌肉品质、肝组织抗氧化指标和生长相关基因表达量等。试验结果表明：1)与对照组相比,屎肠球菌组显著提高了乳鸽的平均日增重(P<0.05),且显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),而枯草芽孢杆菌组显著降低了乳鸽的平均日增重(P<0.05);2)与对照组相比,3个处理组对乳鸽的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率、腹脂率均无显著影响(P>0.05),屎肠球菌组和混合组显著提高了乳鸽胸肌亮度(P<0.05),混合组还显著提高了乳鸽胸肌红度(P<0.05);3)与对照组相比,屎肠球菌组和混合组能显著提高乳鸽血清中IgG含量(P<0.05),混合组能显著提高乳鸽胸腺指数和法氏囊指数(P&...     

蜡样芽孢杆菌与粪肠球菌协同发酵豆粕工艺条件优化

试验研究了不同发酵条件对发酵豆粕品质的影响,采用单因素优化,逐级递进法,对豆粕发酵条件进行了优化。以豆粕为原料,以益生蜡样芽孢杆菌和粪肠球菌作为发酵菌种进行固态发酵试验研究,主要考察其对发酵产物酸溶蛋白和总有机酸的影响。结果表明,豆粕固体发酵最优工艺条件为:发酵菌种比2:1(蜡样芽孢杆菌菌液:粪肠球菌菌液=2:1)、发酵初始含水量45%,发酵时间54 h、好氧与厌氧时间比2:1,在此发酵条件下酸溶蛋白达到14.95%、总有机酸2.47%、抗原蛋白降解率在90%以上。     

一株高效降解玉米蛋白粉枯草芽孢杆菌的筛选及其发酵特性研究

通过透明圈法筛选到一株对玉米蛋白粉有较强降解能力的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株X1-1。该菌株对大肠杆菌具有一定的抑制作用,并具有较强的亚硫酸钠耐受能力。单因素发酵实验表明,X1-1菌株液态发酵玉米蛋白粉的最佳条件为:接种量6%,发酵温度36℃,转速180 r/min,发酵时间72 h。发酵液经喷雾干燥得到的发酵玉米蛋白粉样品的蛋白酶活为2 217 U/g,粗蛋白以及小肽含量与玉米蛋白粉原料相比,分别提高了1.81倍和5.35倍。     

适用于制备对虾发酵饲料的益生芽孢杆菌复配组合的筛选和评价

为克服芽孢杆菌单株菌株在水产动物发酵饲料应用上的局限性和优化对虾颗粒饲料发酵条件,本试验通过对优选芽孢杆菌菌株进行配伍组合,使用福林酚法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸法和DNS法分别进行蛋白酶、淀粉酶以及纤维素酶活性的定量测定,将选出的酶活性较高的菌株,通过16S rDNA序列信息鉴定定种,并将各菌株进行配伍,以3种酶活性为指标优选最优组合。制备发酵对虾饲料,以酶活性为指标优化加水量、接种量、颗粒大小以及通气量。结果表明:在9种芽孢杆菌组合中,蛋白酶活性最高的组合为8-Z,酶活性为(28.58±0.34)U/mL、淀粉酶活性最高的组合为3-Z,酶活性为(5.58±1.10)U/mL、纤维素酶活最高的组合为3-Z,酶活性为(34.53±7.41)U/mL。菌株组合8-Z(包含解淀粉芽孢杆菌1-D、枯草芽孢杆菌3-D和枯草芽孢杆菌9-D)制备对虾发酵饲料的适宜参数为:加水量1 mL/g,接种量0.5×107～1.5×107 cfu/g,充气量20 mL/g,发酵时间24 h,在此条件下发酵后活菌数为6.48×108 cfu/g。     

耐酸产蛋白酶芽孢杆菌菌株的筛选及其生料固体发酵豆粕效果评价

以酸性脱脂牛奶培养基为限制性培养基,结合透明圈法进行初筛,以酸性蛋白酶活力为指标进行复筛;通过菌落及菌体形态观察、生理生化特性测定、16S r DNA序列系统发育分析相结合的方法鉴定供试菌株种属;通过室温18℃下固体发酵豆粕试验,探索供试菌株降解大分子抗营养因子、提高酸溶蛋白相对含量的可行性,并以酸溶蛋白相对含量为指标,采用正交试验设计考察料水比、玉米粉含量、硫酸铵含量、菌株接种量4个因素,优化固体发酵豆粕的条件。试验共获得133株初筛菌株,以其中透明圈直径2.00 cm的菌株SD47、SD48、SD56和SD62进行复筛,筛选出SD48菌株,其酸性蛋白酶活力为75.40 U/ml。SD48菌株被鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)。SD48菌株固体发酵豆粕30 d时,发酵豆粕色泽金黄,具有浓郁酸香味,无结块现象;发酵豆粕p H值降低,酸溶蛋白相对含量和抗氧化活性提高,β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白接近完全降解。最优的发酵条件为:料水比11、玉米粉含量10.0%、硫酸铵含量6.0%、菌株接种量8.0%、发酵时间30 d。与基础发酵条件下发酵30 d的结果相比,在最优条件下,酸溶蛋白相对含量提高了127.6%,抗氧化活性提高了185.8%。SD48菌株耐受酸性环境,可在胞外产生蛋白酶,极大地提高发酵豆粕的营养价值,是一株性能优良的发酵豆粕用菌株。     

Impact of controlled fermentation and steeping of high moisture corn on its nutritional value for pigs

High moisture corn (HMC) can undergo fermentation during storage that may improve its nutritional value for pigs. Stored HMC used in this study contained (n = 4) 75% dry matter (DM), and, on a DM basis, 63.8% starch, 0.5% mono and disaccharides, 9.9% protein, 19 mM acetic acid, 18 mM lactic acid (LA), 1.25 × 10⁷ cfu g^− 1 of LA producing bacteria, 2.88 g kg^− 1 total phosphorus (P), and 1.26 g kg^− 1 soluble P. The soluble P content was higher than in freshly harvested HMC (0.27 g kg^− 1 DM) and indicates P release during storage. Studies were aimed at altering the nutritional value of stored HMC by controlled fermentation or steeping. Changes in LA content were not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of exogenous Lactobacillus and Bacillus bacteria. Steeping of HMC with phytase (Ronozyme) was examined at four inclusion levels (0, 500, 750, 1000 FTU kg^− 1) and at either 21 °C or 37 °C. At 37 °C added phytase released virtually all phytate P within 6 h irrespective of the level (levels increased by 1.44 g P kg^− 1 DM); at 21 °C, the increase was maximized at 1.2 g P kg^− 1 DM after 24 h. The feeding value of HMC for pigs can be altered by steeping with exogenous phytase and does not appear to require microbial inoculants.     

Effect of cooking and methionine supplementation on nutritional value of bitter vetch seed as a feed ingredient for broilers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the adequacy of applying heat treatment and methionine (Met) supplementation to improve the use of bitter vetch (BV) as a feed ingredient in the growth diet of broilers. A total of 540 Ross-308 chicks were fed various BV-supplemented diets between the ages of 35 and 49 days. The chicks were assigned randomly to one of nine experimental treatments, including raw and cooked bitter vetch seeds at two levels (100 and 200 g/kg) with or without Met (210 mg/kg) supplement and a corn–soybean-based diet as control. Results showed that feeding the 200-g/kg raw BV decreased feed intake by 52% in relation to the control diet (P < 0.05). Cooking the BV did not improve the feed intake. Met supplementation of 100 g/kg raw or cooked BV and 200 g/kg cooked BV resulted to a similar feed intake in the control group. Chicks fed with the 200 g/kg raw BV had an average depressed body weight gain of 90% in comparison to the birds fed with the control diet. The combination of cooking and Met supplementation of this diet resulted to a similar body weight gain to the control diet. Feeding 100 g/kg of raw or cooked BV also reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain, and Met supplementation of these diets resulted in a body weight gain similar to the control group. Chicks fed with 100 g/kg of raw or cooked BV supplemented with Met or 200 g/kg of cooked BV plus Met has similar feed conversion ratio to the control group. In conclusion, heating BV seeds is not sufficient to overcome the limiting effects of BV seeds on feed intake and weight gain, and that Met supplementation does provide some improvement. The combination of cooking and Met supplementation was more efficient.     

Effects of protein source and lipid supplementation on conservation and feed value of total mixed ration silages for finishing beef cattle

The objective of this study was to examine the conservation process and feed value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages. In exp. 1, we evaluated the fermentation pattern and aerobic stability of TMR silages containing different protein and lipid supplementations. In exp. 2, we compared the performance of finishing beef heifers fed those TMR silages. In both experiments, treatments were as follows: ensiled TMR with urea (U); ensiled TMR without a protein supplement at ensiling, but soybean meal supplemented at feeding to balance diet crude protein (CP) in exp. 2 (SMnf; where the acronym nf indicates nonfermented); ensiled TMR with soybean meal (SM); and ensiled TMR with rolled soybean grain (SG). Thirty-two Nellore heifers (313 ± 8.8 kg shrunk body weight [SBW]) were blocked by initial SBW, housed in individual pens, and enrolled in exp. 2 for 82 d. In exp. 1, treatment without a protein supplement (SMnf) had a lower content of CP, soluble CP, NH₃-N, pH, and Clostridium count compared with U (P ≤ 0.03). Lactic acid concentrations tended to be reduced for SMnf compared with U (P = 0.09). Ethanol concentration was reduced in SG compared with SM (P < 0.01). 1,2-Propanediol concentration was increased in SMnf compared with U (P < 0.01), reduced in SM compared with SMnf (P = 0.02), and increased in SG compared with SM (P = 0.02). Dry matter (DM) loss during fermentation was low and similar among treatments (~3.7%). All silages remained stable during 10 d of aerobic exposure after feed out. Considering fermentation traits, such as pH (≤4.72), NH₃-N (<10% of N, except for U treatment), butyric acid (<0.05 % DM), and DM losses (<3.70% DM), all silages can be considered well conserved. In exp. 2, diets were isonitrogenous because soybean meal was added to SMnf before feeding. Compared with SM, cattle fed SG made more meals per day (P = 0.04) and tended to have a decreased intermeal interval (P = 0.09). DM intake, average daily gain, final SBW, hot carcass weight, Biceps femoris fat thickness, and serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were increased for SG compared with SM (P ≤ 0.05). In brief, TMR silages exhibited an adequate fermentation pattern and high aerobic stability. The supplementation of true protein did not improve animal performance, whereas the addition of soybean grain as a lipid source improved the performance of finishing cattle fed TMR silages.     

用RNA/DNA比率评定鳖的生长及配合饲料的营养价值

用蛋白质含量相同但配方不同的5种配合饲料,分别投喂100~200g的幼鳖和中鳖,在环境条件和投饲率相同的条件下,进行为期60d的生长试验,并测定增重率、肌肉中核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的含量。结果表明,增重率分别为101.93%、93.61%、74.81%、79.89%和88.72%时,相应的RNA/DNA比率分别为1.32、0.89、0.78、0.88和0.92,与增重率成正相关。由此可见,RNA/DNA比率可代替增重率评定鳖的生长情况;在环境条件和投饲率相同的条件下,RNA/DNA比率可作为评定鳖用配合饲料营养价值的指标。     

Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration]

Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.     

The effect of replacing brewers' grains with barley tea grounds in total mixed ration silage on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in wethers

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to study the feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed total mixed ration (TMR) silages which included wet barley tea grounds (WBTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed including wet brewers' grains (WBG), corn, oat hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, salt and vitamin-mineral supplement in a ratio of 30.7:15:8:24:10:12:0.15:0.15, respectively, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The WBTG and soybean meal mixture (7:3 on DM basis) were substituted for WBG at ratio of 0% (Control), 5% (LTG), 10% (MTG), and 15% (HTG) on DM of TMR. WBTG addition to the TMR silages increased lactic acid concentration, decreased pH, acetic acid and ammonia-N ( P  < 0.001). Feed intakes and digestibilities for LTG and MTG (except ether extract (EE) digestibility) treatments were not different from the control ( P  > 0.05). However, EE and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, crude protein, EE and NDF digestibility was lower, but the DM and gross energy digestibility was higher for the HTG treatment compared to control ( P  < 0.01). With progressive increases in WBTG concentrations, nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen and retention nitrogen did not differ, but the urinary nitrogen for MTG and HTG treatments were lower than that of the control ( P  = 0.001). The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and the molar ratios of propionate and butyrate were higher, but the acetate, ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia-N content were lower for the HTG treatment compared with the control ( P  < 0.05). Therefore, the possible proportion of replacing WBG with WBTG for TMR silage can be 10% or less of the diet DM.     

Ensiling characteristics of total mixed ration prepared with local feed resources in Mozambique and their effects on nutrition value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle

To effectively utilize total mixed ration (TMR) prepared with locally available feed resources, we studied the nutritional value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle fed a local general diet (LGD) and fermented TMR in Mozambique. Ten head of Jersey dairy cattle with 337 ± 19.8 kg body weight, aged 3–4 years in mid location were used in this study. The LGD diet was designed following the general feeding method of local smallholding farms; it contained native grass, Napier grass, wheat bran, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was prepared using Napier grass, corn bran, wheat bran, formula feed, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was preserved as good quality, with a relatively low pH and high lactic acid content. Compared to LGD, fermented TMR significantly improved the dry matter intake and digestibility in dairy cattle. Milk yield was significantly higher in dairy cattle fed with TMR than in those fed with LGD, by 3.75 L/d; milk quality was not significantly different between treatments. The results confirmed that LGD had a low dry matter intake and milk yield, and fermented TMR prepared with local feed resources can attain good quality and improve milk yield in dairy cattle in Mozambique.     

Winery by-products as a feed source with functional properties:dose-response effect of grape pomace,grape seed meal,and grape seed extract on rumen microbial community and their fermentation activity in RUSITEC

Background Grape and winery by-products have nutritional values for cattle and also contain functional com-pounds like phenols, which not only bind to protein but can also directly affect microbiota and their function in the rumen. We characterized the nutritional and functional effects of grape seed meal and grape pomace as well as an effective dosage of grape phenols on ruminal microbiota and fermentation characteristics using a rumen simulation technique.Results Six diets(each n = 8) were com...     

消费者对使用中草药添加剂羊肉的支付意愿及影响因素分析

中草药饲料添加剂在肉羊舍饲中的应用具有发展前景。本研究通过对北京市消费者进行中草药添加剂羊肉的支付意愿调查,为今后开发高附加值羊肉产品,改善经营方式,发展绿色畜牧业提供一定的依据。