桑树夏压快速成型技术

<正>桑树夏压快速成型技术,系将桑树夏季多新梢(2～3根)压条与桑园速成建园技术相结合,实现当年压条当年养成桑树第一支干层的一种桑树快速成型技术,在桑园缺株补植以及中低桑园改造方面具有较好的应用价值。1桑树夏压速成拓补植桑园的特点1.1改造成本低与常规新桑拓植、补植相比,可直接省去桑苗成     

不同剪伐机具对桑树剪伐效果的对比试验

为进一步探索优化桑树剪伐的方式方法,结合广西蚕桑良种繁育与试验示范基地生产实际,开展了电动枝剪机、草本桑收割机、桑枝剪伐粉碎一体机3种不同的桑树剪伐机具剪伐效果的比对试验。经过夏伐和冬伐2次剪伐试验,发现桑枝粉碎一体机剪伐工效最高,草本桑收割机次之,电动剪枝机最低。在桑树生长情况对比试验中,电动枝剪机对桑树生长的影响较小,桑树剪口破皮率和死亡率低,平整率高,草本桑收割机次之,桑枝粉碎一体机对桑树影响最大,剪口破皮率和死亡率高,且剪口不平整。综上,建议根据桑园生长实际及桑园用途选取最适宜的剪伐机具。     

江西省桑树产业现状与发展分析

通过调查江西省桑树栽培、桑资源利用等现状和目前存在的桑树栽培管理水平较低、桑资源产品市场化率不高、人才缺乏、桑资源利用范围较单一等问题,提出了加大桑树新品种推广力度、重视和加强桑园栽培管理、推广省力化技术、开展桑园多种经营、联合相关行业和龙头企业以及拓宽桑资源新用途等发展建议。     

新书出版消息

桑树栽培技术浙江省农科院蚕桑所编著农业出版社出版定价0.60元本书主要介绍桑树生长和发育,苗术繁育、新桑园建立,树形养成、施肥和管理、低产桑园改造,桑叶收获等方面的理论和技术,对桑树品种、病虫害防治、桑树的自然灾害以及桑园机械化也作了阐述。桑树栽培与养蚕技术浙江农业大学蚕桑系编农业出版社出版定价0.69元本书在桑树栽培方面介绍以浙江省为主的品种选育、育苗、栽桑、施肥,收获和病虫害防治技术措施;在养蚕方面介绍催青、饲养、蚕病防治等技术措施。     

桑园速成丰产规范化新技术集锦

新种植桑树如何在最短时间内成园、投产、丰产,中低产桑园如何在最短时间内提高桑叶产量、质量,本文根据河池市近年应用新技术获得桑园高产的成功经验,把桑树新品种桑园速成丰产规范化技术汇集,供大家参考。     

新植桑园的培育技术要点

新栽桑树要坚持春伐定干,培养树势,塑造树形,养成粗壮的主干和健壮的支干。新栽剪伐定干后的桑树,必须加强桑园松土锄草、适时追肥、病虫防治等管理工作。对新栽桑树做到以养树为主,确保幼龄桑树健康生长。     

桑园产量偏低的主要原因和丰产措施

从桑树树龄老化、土壤质地贫瘠、桑园管理粗放,病虫危害等方面对修水县漫江乡桑园产量偏低原因进行了分析,提出了规范搞好新桑栽植、养成标准树型、科学管理桑园和加强病虫防治等措施,以达到桑园优质、高产、稳产的目的。     

肥西县桑树萎缩病的调查及防治

通过对桑树萎缩病在安徽省肥西县的发生情况调查得知：肥西县发生的桑树萎缩病主要是桑黄化型萎缩病,该病在老桑园发病率高于新桑园,立地条件差的桑园发病率高于立地条件好的,间作豆类、芝麻的桑园发病率高于不间作作物的。通过连续3年的病株挖除、菱纹叶蝉的防治、品种的更新以及增施有机肥等措施,使桑树萎缩病的株发病率从2003年的20%左右降低到2006年的1%～3%。     

加强冬季桑园管理提高桑树生产能力

桑树落叶后,不久就进入休眠.桑园里的土壤,由于长期的桑园作业,桑树对养分的吸收以及下雨或干旱等的影响变得密实板结、养分缺失;这时,桑园里的大部分害虫,也停止了活动,潜伏在枝条、树干缝隙和土壤中准备越冬,此时正是整修桑园、防治桑树病虫害、给桑树补充营养、使桑园来年再现活力的最好时机.提高冬季桑园管理效果,重点应抓好以下十项工作.     

谈谈种茧育桑园的科学管护

<正>在生产中,种茧育桑园一般根据养蚕用叶的需要、桑树的树势状况、桑树的种质保存、桑苗良桑化需要等的不同,可分为稚蚕专用桑园、壮蚕专用桑园、春秋兼用桑园、夏秋兼用桑园、接穗桑园、种质桑园和果用桑园等七种类型。在种茧育桑园的实际     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.