江西抚河源头区域蜘蛛资源研究初报

本文调查了江西抚河源头区域的蜘蛛种类,共获得蜘蛛标本1940个,经鉴定计22科71属159种,其中江西新记录种59种,未确定种21种。     

江西抚州市区园林蜘蛛资源群落结构特征及保护利用

蜘蛛是城市园林生态系统中害虫天敌的主要组成部分.初步调查研究表明.江西抚州市区有园林蜘蛛18科55属103种.其中,有14种江西新记录种和13种未确定种,蜘蛛资源相对丰富.蜘蛛群落结构特征明显,林木多有园蛛和管巢蛛;绿篱多有漏斗蛛、肖蛸、猫蛛和跳蛛;绿地多有狼蛛和平腹蛛.园林蜘蛛种类和数量与园林植物配置、管理方式、周边生境、气候因子密切相关.维持一定阈值的昆虫相、适度的人工干预有利园林蜘蛛资源和群落结构多样性的保护,有利控制园林害虫的发生和发展.     

江西洪门水库周边湿地蜘蛛资源的调查

洪门水库位于江西省东南部,地跨南城、黎川两县,最大库容12.16亿立方米,为江西第二大水库,库区湿地面积大,自然资源丰富,其周边湿地蜘蛛资源的调查有利于该地区自然和人工资源的保护和开发;通过调查共获得蜘蛛标本1850个,经鉴定计21科54属124种,其中江西新记录种20种,未确定种7种。     

东乡野生稻原产地蜘蛛资源的保护与利用

东乡野生稻作为重点保护的野生水稻资源,其原产地生态保护就成为重中之重。有关东乡野生稻原产地蜘蛛资源及群落结构的研究是个空白。初步调查研究表明:东乡野生稻原产地有蜘蛛14科32属62种,其中有13种江西新记录种,6种未确定种。     

赣东之脊军峰山蜘蛛资源分布及多样性

【目的】旨在探明江西军峰山蜘蛛群落结构多样性的分布特点、形成条件和影响因素,为该区域生物资源的保护和利用提供理论依据。【方法】依登山线路,采用随机和定点相结合的蜘蛛多样性调研方法。【结果】沿三溪旧道（A）、市山旧道（B）和党口古道（C）对赣东最高峰军峰山蜘蛛资源及区系分布进行了调查,共采得蜘蛛标本913份,经分类鉴定得知：它们分别隶属30科106属243种,其中有江西新记录种28种,有未确定种90种。蜘蛛群落组成的比较分析表明：科数多少依次为A>B>C;属数多少依次为B=C>A;种数多少依次为B=C>A;个体数多少依次为C>B>A。群落多样性的比较分析表明：丰富度指数M依次为A>B>C;优势度指数H′依次为B>C>A;多样性指数D依次为C>A>B;均匀度指数J依次为B>A>C。军峰山蜘蛛资源较为丰富,其蜘蛛属数和种数处于偏高水平,这与该山地形地貌复杂、水气条件充分、温湿度适宜、植被众多、昆虫数量种类繁多和物种丰富等密切相关。另外,军峰山蜘蛛群落结构的垂直变化规律明显,随着植被垂直分布的变化而变化;山势走...     

江西婺源茶园蜘蛛种类调查简记

本文对江西婺源茶区的蜘蛛种类进行了调查和鉴定,隶属于9科31种;同时明确了优势种群为肖蛸科的鳞纹肖蛸,管巢蛛科的斑纹管巢蛛和拟日本巢蛛。     

江西乐安红豆杉林蜘蛛资源调查

江西省乐安红豆杉林位于东经115.49,北纬27.25,近千棵红豆杉与针叶林、宽叶林、灌丛和草丛等共同形成了红豆杉林植物群落.通过调查共获得蜘蛛标本234份,经鉴定计24科61属73种,其中2种为江西新记录种,另有新种2种.     

江西蜘蛛资源的初步研究

江西省地处中国东南偏中部,面积16．69万km^2,属亚热带湿润季风气候区,其主要土壤类型为山地黄红壤和黄壤,森林覆盖率为59．7％。笔者通过对自采部分标本的分析鉴定和整理前入工作,报道了江西蜘蛛34科164属550种。     

棉田蜘蛛的分类及在棉田生态系统中的作用

1蜘蛛的分类根据棉田蜘蛛的生活环境和习性,可以将棉田蜘蛛群落分成5个亚群落:穴居型蜘蛛亚群落、结小型网蜘蛛亚群落、地面游猎型蜘蛛亚群落、结大型网蜘蛛亚群落和棉株上游猎型蜘蛛亚群落。1.1穴居型蜘蛛指穴居在地下,只在捕食或配偶时外出活动。主要包括:栉板蛛科、虫室螳科、地蛛科和隆头蛛科共5种占棉田蜘蛛总数的2.44%。这类蜘蛛主要捕食地下害虫。1.2地面活动型蜘蛛指游猎于地面的蜘蛛。这类蜘蛛一般不爬到棉株上。不结网。这类蜘蛛活动范围广,主要捕食地下害虫。主要包括狼蛛科和平腹蛛科,共39种。约占棉田蜘蛛种类总数的19.02%。有…     

稻田蜘蛛的种类及其消长分析

在1984年对稻田蜘蛛调查研究的基础上,1986年对其种类和数量消长进行了系统观察。早稻田蜘蛛的优势种是草间小黑蛛、类水狼蛛和拟水狼蛛;双季晚稻田蜘蛛的优势种是卵腹肖蛸、鳞纹肖蛸和拟环纹狼蛛。水稻生育后期郁闭度大、湿度大,蜘蛛数量增加。双季晚稻田蜘蛛优势种发生时期和飞虱、叶蝉发生时期相吻合,蜘蛛数量随飞虱、叶蝉的数量增加而增加。施用化学农药能直接毒死蜘蛛或将其驱出稻田使数量锐减。田埂种豆稻田蛛蛛类群数量大。蜘蛛的天敌有寄生蜂、鸟类、蛙类、捕食性昆虫等。蜘蛛的互相残杀也影响蜘蛛数量的消长。     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

中国的沙暴、尘暴及其防治

沙尘暴在进入 90年代以来有进一步加剧趋势 ,其原因在于此期我国西北地区气候干暖化态势明显 ,人类超负荷开发资源加剧 ,从而导致沙尘暴的频繁发生 ,但总体上仍属于正常的灾害现象。我国沙暴只能发生于干旱半干旱区 ,尘暴则可波及半湿润与湿润区 ,由此而论 ,北京的沙尘暴属于尘暴范畴 ,北京不会形成沙漠区。防治沙尘暴必须采取水、土、植被综合防治措施 ,基本对策是 :1 .搞好流域为单元的水土资源合理利用规划 ,进行水土保持综合防治 ;2 .增加地表植被复盖 ,搞好防护林体系建设 ;3 .减轻土地利用强度 ,恢复提高土地抗蚀能力 ;4.加强管理体系建设 ,依法建设生态环境。建议国家设立水土保持为主要职能的生态环境建设委员会 ,统一协调布署我国的生态环境建设工作。     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

2017年与2014年西安极端高温天气及其环流特征对比分析

借助观测资料与FNL全球分析资料,对比研究2017年与2014年西安高温天气基本特征与有利环流形势,结果表明：① 2 a西安均发生了40 ℃以上的长时间持续高温天气,其中2014年属于常规高温年份,而2017年西安高温则提前1个月发生,高温的提前发生主要是因为南亚高压强于正常年份同期强度;② 不同于我国南方地区的闷湿高温,西安高温属于干性高温,且昼夜温差较小,由此造成24 h对人体的不适;③ 详细描述了西安高温发生的典型环流特征,即南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）同时增强,并在对流层中高层相互贯通;④ 南亚高压是影响我国西北地区的主要热源基地,在较大经向度的有利环流背景下,强风速可将热气团向南向东深度输送至下游地区（即西安）;⑤ 在“上辐合、下辐散”的散度场配置下,西安500 hPa以下高空维持明显的下沉气流,加之有利的局部要素相配合,最终造成该地区高温天气的发生。     

Trends and expectations for research and technology in weed science in Thailand

There are many possible ways to improve the economic crisis in Thailand, and it is agreed that development of agricultural production is ideal for improving the economic situation in an agricultural country such as Thailand. A strategic plan for agricultural and agro‐industry research is included in the national research agenda and can be classified into nine groups covering different research areas. Most research is based on the agricultural production of four main product groups: (i) crops; (ii) aquatic animals/plants and fisheries products; (iii) poultry, livestock and animal products; and (iv) forest resources. Trends in research and development in weed management for crop production will continue to support the food demands and the development of efficient production of quality products.     

Pesticide residues in soil and foodstuff I. Chlorinated pesticides in cattle feed and milk produced in orchard and non-orchard areas

Milk, hay and silage produced in orchard and non-orchard areas have been analysed for their content of chlorinated pesticides. The residue levels in milk produced in orchard areas were about double those in milk produced in non-orchard areas. The levels in hay were much higher (30% up to sevenfold) in the hay produced in orchard areas and the levels in silage from the two areas showed small differences. Milk collected after cattle had been grazing in an orchard for 3 to 4 days contained 10% more pp′-DDT and 2-, 3-, 7- and 15-fold morepp′-DDE, pp′-TDE and heptachlor epoxide, gamma-BHC and pp′-TDE olefin [1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], respectively, than did the samples collected one day before the cattle grazed in the orchard.     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.