乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘人工绿洲地下水动态研究

通过对人工绿洲内及荒漠对照区不同时期地下水位、水质的监测分析,结果表明,绿洲因受灌溉水下渗的影响,与荒漠区相比,地下水位有较大的升高,１５年间地下水位上升了２．４ｍ,年平均升高１６ｃｍ;绿洲地下水位的升高在绿洲开发初期与后期变化较大,前期上升幅度较大（年升高２５ｃｍ）,后期上升幅度较小（年升高１０ｃｍ）;因受灌溉季节的影响,地下水埋深在一年中变化较大,丰水季与枯水季水位相差２ｍ左右,且某些地段超过潜水蒸发临界埋深;随绿洲开发年限的增加,绿洲内地下水质趋于变差,特别是在地势较低地域及灌渠两侧,地下水矿化度较高,某些地段出现卤水（矿化度高达９．２９ｇ／ｌ）;地下水水质变差及埋深变浅,均可引起土地次生盐渍化。     

太行山前平原动水条件下地下调蓄功能实验研究——以滹沱河冲洪积平原为例

实验研究表明 ,在河道过水动水条件下 ,太行山前冲洪积平原地下调蓄功能不仅与总过水量、过水时间有关 ,而且还与河道过水流量的大小有关 ;平均每增加 1个流量 ,引起距河道 95m处地下水位上升 0 .0 31～ 0 .0 36m。距河道不同距离的地下水 ,获取河道渗漏补给的初始时间和强度存在一个随着距离增长而逐步衰减的过程 ;但是地下水位对河道渗漏补给的响应规律是一致的 ,初期为补给强度快速增大过程 ,达到极限后 ,转变为缓慢衰减过程。最有利地下水获取河道渗漏补给的地下水位埋深为 2 .0～ 2 .5m ,入渗速率大小与河道地层岩性有关。一般规律是 ,颗粒愈粗 ,入渗率愈大 ;当地下水埋深小于 2 .0m时 ,受支持毛细水顶托作用影响 ,亚沙土比粉沙的入渗率大。总之 ,山前冲洪积平原具有较强的地下调蓄能力 ,但不恒量 ,是随着各种因素改变而不断变化。     

黑河中游甘州区地下水埋深变化的时空分异

根据黑河中游甘州区地下水位埋深时间变化的相似性和差异性,选择了4个典型站点,分析其地下水埋深随时间的变化趋势及产生的原因。继而基于测井埋深时间序列变化的相似性、测井位置的临近性以及地下水补给的一致性,将整个研究区分成了4个分区。第Ⅰ分区地下水总体呈下降趋势,但波动性很大,且2001年以后地下水出现上升的迹象;第Ⅱ分区地下水位呈持续下降趋势;第Ⅲ分区地下水位在分水措施实施前缓慢下降,分水后地下水位显著下降;第Ⅳ分区地下水位呈先上升后下降的趋势。并对每个分区地下水位的变化从地下水的补给和利用等方面进行了阐述。     

长时间尺度的京津冀平原区地下水动态模拟及演变特征

地下水资源是京津冀平原的主要供水水源,自上世纪60年代以来,平原区地下水资源和地质环境显著地受到了人类活动和气候变化的影响,而地下水位动态是对人类和自然等影响的直接响应。针对于多因素作用下的平原区地下水位动态,文中基于水文地质条件分析和观测孔水位数据分析,综合利用数值模拟方法重现了平原区长时间尺度的不同空间尺度(全区、典型地段)下地下水位演变过程,揭示了平原区地下水水位动态机制。结果表明:近50年,全区平均地下水位持续下降,下降速率为0.36m/a;大面积浅层降落漏斗形成,石家庄漏斗中心水位下降速率最快,为1.1m/a;2001~2010年地下水平均补给速率(154.97mm/a)比1961~1970年减少6.2%,地下水更新能力明显减弱。地下水开采强度常年多于补给资源,导致了不同空间尺度上地下水位的下降,开采是影响地下水动态的主导因素,降水是限制地下水补给更新的主要因素。在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,平原区未来供水安全仍会面临挑战。     

黑河干流中游地区季平均地下水位变化分析

黑河流域水 -生态 -经济矛盾极为突出 ,干流中游荒漠绿洲农业与下游生态用水分配问题是诸多矛盾的焦点。国务院黑河分水方案实施两年多来 ,下游生态环境恶化得到了初步的遏制 ,相应中游地区的可用水资源量减少。本文应用 53个长期地下水观测井资料 ,对中游地区近 2 0 a来各季节地下水埋深变化趋势进行了分析 ,并计算了分水实施前后地下水位的变化幅度。结果表明 ,近 2 0 a来张掖甘州区地下水位降低趋势最明显 ,其次是临泽县和高台县 ;分水后以甘州区地下水降幅最大 ,其次是高台县 ,临泽县地下水降幅最小。分水后以夏秋季节变化最大 ,冬春季节相对较小。     

昌马水库运行后疏勒河流域盆地地下水补给资源及其水位变化分析

通过对昌马水库运行前后不同时期疏勒河流域各盆地地下水补给量与地下水水位动态变化分析表明:流域地下水资源呈减少趋势,地下水位表现为较强的区域性下降。昌马水库运行后,中游玉门踏实盆地地下水补给量大幅减少,比上世纪60年代、90年代末分别减少了3.11亿m3、2.95亿m3,下游安西敦煌、花海盆地地下水补给量小幅增加,中游昌马洪积扇前缘泉水量与60年代比削减了53.2%。各盆地水量补给减少区水位下降,增加区水位上升,下降(上升)幅度随补给量减少(增加)而增大。     

黄土高原白草塬土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响

为研究黄土高原土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响,在甘肃会宁县白草塬采集农地、杏林地、杏林‖柠条地和杏林‖苜蓿地4种土地利用方式0~10 m剖面土样,通过制定表征土壤水分亏缺的指标和氯离子质量平衡法,从土壤水分含量、储水量、干燥化和深层渗漏量等角度分析了土地利用变化对地下水补给的可能影响。结果表明：不同土地利用方式对土壤水分作用强度和深度不同。0~10 m剖面的平均土壤含水量表现为农地＞杏林地＞杏林‖柠条地＞杏林‖苜蓿地。0~5 m包含杏树的两种间作地平均土壤含水量已达到或接近萎蔫湿度,土壤达到中度甚至重度干燥化;5~10 m各利用方式干燥化程度有所减轻。4种样地土壤水分深层渗漏量为8.8~13.6 mm·a^-1,占多年平均降雨量的4.0%。由于土地利用类型转换时间不到10年,尽管土地利用变化对土壤水分有较大影响,但对地下水补给的影响尚不显著。     

民勤绿洲地下水环境动态研究

根据民勤绿洲1999～2008年51眼地下水位观测井资料和2010年采集的30个地下水水样资料,利用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法对该地区新时期地下水位时空变化动态和地下水化学特性进行了研究。结果表明:民勤绿洲地下水位近10年来总体呈逐年下降的趋势,年均降幅达0.52m;在引黄民调工程、石羊河流域分水方案等政策措施的影响下,2005、2007和2008年地下水位降幅均呈现减小趋势,并在2007年首次出现0.01m的回升;坝区和泉山区地下水位年均降幅较湖区分别高0.23m和0.52m,下降速度明显快于湖区;整个绿洲区地下水平均矿化度为3.34g/L,沿地下水流动方向,地下水化学类型变化较大,由坝区和泉山区南部的SO42--HCO-3-Na+或SO42--HCO-3-Ca2+型淡水-微咸水逐渐变为湖区的SO2-4-C1--Na+-Mg2+咸水-苦咸水。     

额济纳三角洲地下水位年内动态变化特征分类分析

选取额济纳三角洲14口自动观测井日尺度的地下水位埋深观测值(2010.4-2011.4)作为数据基础,运用SPSS 18.0软件中的描述性分析,趋势分析和K-means聚类分析模块,对额济纳三角洲地下水位年内动态变化特征进行了分类分析。结果表明:研究区地下水位年内动态变化空间上存在着较大的差异性,其地下水位动态可分为四种波动类型。其中,类型Ⅰ主要分布在远离河道的荒漠地带,地下水位动态变化较为稳定;类型Ⅱ的观测井靠近东西河,地下水与河水不断的发生交换,多次的抬升下降是该类型地下水位动态变化的典型特征。类型Ⅲ主要分布于东河下游绿洲区,地下水位动态变化主要受人为调控的地表径流影响,地下水位剧升后缓慢下降是该波动类型的典型特征;类型Ⅳ分布在远离河道的绿洲区周边地带,其地下水位动态变化呈显著的下降趋势,地下水位缓慢下降是此波动类型的典型特征,这与地下水不断以蒸散发形式排泄,且得不到补给有关。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲近10年地下水位及水质时空变化特征

利用渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲30个观测井近10a的统计资料,分析了该三角洲地下水位和水质的时空变化特征及其成因。结果显示:(1)地下水埋深的基本规律是西部灌区、渭干河古河带和冲积扇上部地下水位较深,东部灌区、农牧交错带和冲积扇下部地下水位较浅;研究区地下水海拔高程自南向北升高;地下水埋深受制于局部地形和土地利用方式,与区域地势关系不大。(2)近10 a来,研究区地下水位下降了1.00 m,西部灌区下降了1.34 m,农牧交错带下降了0.41 m;矿化度平均降低了0.54 g/L,农牧交错带降低了1.36 g/L,渭干河古河带矿化度升高了0.43 g/L。(3)研究区年内最高地下水位和最低水位平均相差0.84 m,冲积扇中部相差1.04 m,冲积扇上部相差0.73 m,2月出现最低水位,4月出现最高水位;地下水质年内最高和最低矿化度季节相差0.21 g/L,冲积扇下部0.51 g/L,中部为0.17 g/L。(4)人类农业生产活动和蒸发作用是地下水埋深及水质时空变化的主要原因;研究区骨干排水沟渠的开通运行,降低了相应地域的地下水位和矿化度。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.