Effects of soybean genotype and growing location on oil and fatty acids in tofu

Soyfood products like tofu are becoming popular among American consumers due to health benefits. In order to increase production to meet consumer demands, it is imperative that factors that effect quantity and quality of tofu be characterized. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of soybean genotypes and growing locations on contents of oil and fatty acids in tofu which was prepared from twelve soybean genotypes (BARC-8, BARC-9, Enrei, Hutcheson, MD86-5788, Nakasennari, S90-1056, Suzuyutaka, V71-370, V81-1603, Ware, and York) grown at three southern U.S. locations (Huntsville, Alabama; Princess Anne, Maryland; and Petersburg, Virginia) during 1995. The results showed that tofu quality was determined by the soybean genotype. The tofu made from seeds of high seed-protein and low seed-oil genotypes (BARC-8 and BARC-9) resulted in tofu with low contents of oil (15.8 and 11.3 g/100g, respectively) and total saturated fatty acids (2.59 and 160 g/100g, respectively). Tofu made from seeds of conventional grain type genotypes, such as Hutcheson, resulted in higher oil (24.0 g/100g) and total saturated fatty acids (3.80 g/100g) contents in tofu. Effects of growing environment on contents of oil were not significant but tofu made from seeds grown in Alabama had significantly higher content of total saturated fatty acids (3.50 g/100g) as compared to that made from seeds grown in Maryland (2.88 g/100g) or Virginia (2.96 g/100g). Tofu made from seeds of large and medium-seeded genotypes had higher contents of total monounsaturated fatty acids in tofu as compared to that made from small-seeded genotypes. Highly positive correlation existed between contents of oil, 18:1, 18:2, total saturated, and total unsaturated fatty acids in the seeds and their contents in the tofu (+0.80, +0.75, +0.79, +0.62, +0.68, respectively). These results indicated that tofu quality is governed by soybean genotype, seed size and growing location.     

菜用大豆与普通大豆产量及品质的比较

研究比较了10个日本菜用大豆和8个辽宁省育成的普通大豆品种的产量和品质.结果表明:日本菜用大豆品种的株高显著矮于辽宁省育成的普通大豆,且抗倒能力也显著强于普通大豆,而且以有限结荚习性居多,籽粒较大,百粒重显著大于普通大豆品种.虽然日本菜用大豆的产量要明显低于辽宁普通大豆的产量,但品质要显著好于辽宁普通大豆,尤其是蛋白质含量,有些品种高达50%.结果还表明:多数菜用大豆的油酸含量较高,平均含量为245 mg·g~(-1),而普通大豆平均含量为238 mg·g~(-1).     

东北三省大豆种质品质性状鉴评与综合分析

根据目标性状有的放矢的选配杂交亲本是提高优异品质组成品种的选择效率的基本前提。本研究对东北三省102份大豆种质资源的蛋白、氨基酸组分、油份及脂肪酸组分进行测定,通过遗传多样性、主成分和聚类分析,对其进行表型鉴定及基因型分类以综合评价种质品质特性。结果表明:东北三省大豆种质油份及脂肪酸组分变异较丰富,遗传多样性程度较高。根据主成分分析筛选到9个主成分进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析将供试种质资源分为5类。第I类群蛋白含量较高、油份含量偏低,第II类群蛋白、油份含量均居中,第III类群油份含量较高、蛋白含量偏低,第IV类群高油,第V类群高蛋白,类群间的氨基酸、脂肪酸组分各有差异。需根据育种目标在群体间选配亲本,以提高品质育种的效率。     

大豆主要农艺性状的遗传解析

利用亲本冀豆12(高蛋白)和冀nf58(高油)及其175份F_(9∶11)重组自交系(RIL)材料,对大豆12个主要农艺性状进行了相关性和遗传分析,以期初步解析影响产量的主要因素。结果显示:亲本在株高、主茎节数、分枝数、百粒重、油分含量、蛋白含量和单株粒重7个性状上具有显著差异。在RIL群体中,12个农艺性状均表现为典型的数量性状特征,且具有相对较高的遗传率。其中,株高的遗传率最高(0.98),茎干重最低(0.63)。除3个性状(油分、蛋白含量和百粒重)外,其它9个性状之间呈现极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.30~0.90;蛋白含量与6个性状显著负相关,但与百粒重显著正相关。各性状与单株粒重相关性依次为:单株粒数单株荚数叶干重株高分枝数叶片数茎干重、主茎节数百粒重蛋白含量油分含量。选取19个单产最高的家系材料进一步分析表明,所测试的9个农艺性状主要遗传于母本冀豆12,而株高和主茎节数受到父本冀nf58的改良,说明通过聚合不同品种优异性状仍有提高品种产量的潜力。本研究结果可为培育高产优质大豆品种提供理论基础。     

籽粒植酸含量降低率作为磷高效大豆品种辅助筛选指标的可行性研究

为了明确籽粒植酸含量降低率作为磷高效大豆品种筛选指标的可行性,本试验以26个大豆品种为材料,采用沙培盆栽法,测定正常磷和低磷水平下各品种产量、农艺性状、生理指标和植酸含量并分析各指标间的相关性。根据产量损失率将26个品种聚类成A^G共7个类型,A类品种产量损失率均小于10%,G类品种产量损失率大于60%;B^F各类品种产量损失率介于A、G中间。产量、植酸含量与株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、地上及地下部含磷量均呈正相关关系,其中与茎粗和净光合速率呈显著正相关。在正常磷及低磷条件下,A^G各类型品种籽粒植酸含量变化无明显规律,但A类大豆品种籽粒植酸含量降低率小于30%,G类则大于80%。田间种植试验进一步证实植酸含量降低率低于30%的品种耐低磷指数大于1.0,属于强磷高效类型;G类品种耐低磷指数小于0.6,属于弱磷高效类型;B^F各类品种介于A、G中间。综上所述,正常磷与低磷水平下大豆籽粒植酸含量降低率可以作为又一个关键指标,与产量及部分农艺性状协同筛选磷高效大豆品种。     

大豆脂肪酸与主要农艺性状和品质性状的相关分析

以２５个高产大豆品系为材料，同时在８个生态地点进行试验，分别估算了各地点脂肪酸性状间以及其在蛋白质、脂肪以及二者总量的遗传相关；同时估算了其与主要农艺性状的遗传相关 ，结果表明，亚麻酸、亚油酸及油酸之间的相关关系较稳定，在不同生态条件下表现较一致，都是亚麻酸与亚油酸呈极显著正确相关，而油酸与二者都 极显著负相关。在各点亚麻酸与生育期性状基本呈极显著正相关，而油酸与二者都呈极显著负相关。在各点亚麻酸     

黑龙江省大豆主栽品种主要性状灰色关联度分析

为了寻求对黑龙江省三江平原地区大豆产量影响较大的主要农艺性状,从而为龙江地区大豆育种工作提供理论依据.应用灰色关联度分析方法,分析黑龙江省大豆品种主要性状对其产量的影响.结果表明:产量与主要性状的关联度大小依次为单株粒数＞单株荚数＞结荚层数＞有效分枝＞株高＞主茎节数＞百粒重＞单株粒重＞底荚高度,对黑龙江省大豆产量影响最大的是单株粒数,影响较大的是单株荚数、结荚层数,影响中等的是有效分枝＞株高＞主茎节数＞百粒重,影响较小的是单株粒重和底荚高度.     

Effects of an insect–nematode–fungus pest complex on grain yield and composition of specialty low linolenic acid soybean

Linolenic acid is a precursor to components in plant defense responses to pests and pathogens. Soybean cultivars with altered seed linolenic acid contents have been developed for improved oil qualities, specifically reduced fatty acid content with increased stability. We examined how three common soybean pests, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines), brown stem rot (BSR) caused by Cadophora gregata and the soybean aphid (SBA; Aphis glycines), affect yield and seed linolenic acid percentage of low linolenic acid cultivars. In a micro-plot field experiment, soybean cultivars with varying concentrations of linolenic acid in the seed (ultra-low or low) and resistance to SCN (susceptible or resistant) were grown at a central Iowa research farm. Plots were kept free of pests (control) or artificially infested with a single pest (SCN, BSR or SBA) or the combination of all three pests (multiple pest). The use of resistant cultivars (SCN and BSR) or an insecticide at an economic threshold (SBA) was analyzed to determine the efficacy of current management recommendations for low linolenic acid soybean production. Seed was collected at the end of the season to measure yield and grain composition. All three pests alone or in combination were capable of reducing yield, but only the three pests in combination were capable of affecting seed linolenic acid percentages, increasing linolenic acid percentages by 11.7% in SCN-susceptible cultivars. For all three pests, current management recommendations (resistant cultivars or economic thresholds) provided protection of both yield and grain composition, indicating no changes in management are necessary for altered linolenic acid soybean cultivars.     

生殖生长期源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响

利用蛋白质，脂肪含量不同的两个大豆品种，在Ｒ１和Ｒ５期，通过去叶或去英，研究源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响，结果表明，Ｒ１期和Ｒ５期去叶１／３对产量和品质影响不大；然而，Ｒ１期全去叶，减少了单株英数，产量降低，但对品质影响不明显；Ｒ５期全去叶，降低了每英粒数和百粒重，有利于蛋白质积累，而不利于脂肪积累，产量降低，Ｒ５期去英１／３增加了单英粒数和百粒重，产量略有提高，脂肪积累增多，蛋白质含量降低     

不同氮源对大豆硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性及蛋白质含量的影响

利用硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4 -N)及混合态氮对4个栽培大豆品种结荚期植株进行诱导处理,研究不同氮源对叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性以及子粒蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,NO3--N增加4个品种NR活性效果最好,其次是混合态氮,而NH4 -N的效果较差.从4个品种叶片的GS活性看,混合态氮和NH4 -N的处理效果好,而NO3--N的效果差;三种氮源处理4个基因型的子粒蛋白质含量都有不同程度的增加,增加的顺序与提高NR活性的顺序相同.说明施用三种氮肥能增加大豆品种子粒的蛋白质含量,而以施用硝酸钾的效果最佳.相关分析表明,大豆叶片NR活性与子粒蛋白质含量之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.663**),可以把结荚期叶片的硝酸还原酶活性作为选择高蛋白大豆材料的参考指标之一.     

栽培大豆和滩涂野大豆及其杂交后代耐盐性、农艺性状与籽粒品质分析

以栽培大豆和滩涂野大豆杂交组合(N23674×BB52)亲本及其经逐代耐盐性筛选获得的4个F4∶5家系为研究对象,对其苗期耐盐性、农艺性状、籽粒品质进行了分析和比较。结果表明:F44个株系的农艺性状都介于两亲本之间。盐胁迫下F5株系幼苗的耐盐系数、干物质积累和相对生长速率高于母本栽培大豆N23674,其中4076株系最为突出。籽粒品质较其父本BB52种群有明显改善,主要表现在籽粒中蛋白质和多数必需氨基酸、含硫氨基酸含量及氨基酸总量高于双亲,粗脂肪含量介于双亲之间,且接近于其母本N23674;4076和4111株系亚油酸含量超过双亲。     

大豆对SMV数量抗性的育种

为证实潜育期长、病情发展缓慢、最终病情轻的数量抗性的利用价值,在接种SMV-Sa株系条件下,比较了同一遗传背景、不同发病时期、不同病情下大豆品种主要农艺性状的变异.研究表明早期感染SMV对大豆产量、褐斑率等的影响显著大于花期感染;病情指数与大豆产量、单株荚数、单株粒数等存在显著负相关,病情指数越高,对产量等危害越大;通过比较SMV对质量抗性、数量抗性和感病3类大豆品种的影响,证实数量抗性品种在株高、单株粒数以及大豆产量等方面受SMV影响显著小于感病品种,与质量抗性品种接近.说明选育数量抗性品种对控制SMV危害有实质性意义.     

果蔗间种菜用大豆的主要性状表现及其相关性分析

在果蔗间种条件下,考察13个菜用大豆的全生育期、株高、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、鲜百粒重、标准荚率、单粒荚率、瘪荚率和单株产量等性状表现,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同菜用大豆农艺性状存在差异,其中95C-10、桂鲜豆1号等5个品种单株产量较好;单株产量与主茎节数、单株荚数、标准荚、多粒荚呈显著正相关。因此,在果蔗间种菜用大豆时,要增加产量,应选主茎节数、单株荚数、标准荚和粒数较多的品种。     

大豆品种品质性状与豆腐凝胶特性的关系

为探讨大豆品种品质特性与豆腐凝胶特性的关系,选用15个来自黑龙江、北京等地的食用大豆品种为试材,测定籽粒百粒重、容重、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,并且研究相同条件下制作GDL豆腐的凝胶体积和质构特性变化,结果表明:不同大豆品种籽粒品质特性和豆腐凝胶特性均存在显著差异.相关性分析表明:豆腐凝胶体积与质构参数中的弹性、内聚性和耐咀嚼性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.7750、0.8410和0.7932),而与硬度和胶粘性呈极显著负相关(r分别为-0.7556和-0.8196);大豆籽粒品质特性与豆腐凝胶特性间的相关性不显著,说明并不能由大豆品种粗蛋白含量、百粒重和容重等简单指标判定豆腐得率与品质.产生这种差异的化学和分子学基础,还有待进一步研究.     

黄淮海地区夏大豆农艺性状与产量的多元回归和通径分析

应用多元统计方法,分析了黄淮海地区73份夏大豆农艺性状与产量之间的关系。结果表明:影响夏大豆产量的主要农艺性状因品种结荚习性的不同而有所差异。在亚有限型大豆品种中,每荚粒数、单株荚数、株高和单株粒重对产量的直接作用较大;在有限型大豆品种中,单株粒数、生育期、茎粗和株高对产量的直接作用较大。在品种选育上,对于亚有限大豆品种,应优先选择单株粒重较高的单株,尤其是注重多荚和多粒性状的选择;对于有限型大豆品种,应选择生育期与单株粒重间平衡较好的单株,能充分发挥高产潜力。     

木薯//大豆间距对间作作物农艺性状及品质的影响

木薯间作短期作物是常见的栽培模式之一,本文以木薯南植199和大豆华春8号为试验材料,在不同间距处理下,记录和测定作物的农艺性状和品质,试图了解间作距离对其的影响,为两种作物合理配置获得高产高效提供理论和技术依据。结果显示:间距处理对大豆的有效分枝数、主茎节数和木薯的株高具有显著影响,而对两种作物的其它农艺性状无显著影响。当间作间距为D30时,大豆蛋白质、粗脂肪和3种脂肪酸含量显著提高,木薯淀粉含量高于其它处理,但低于单作木薯。此外,间距处理对木薯的单株产量有影响显著,单作和D50间距处理的木薯单株产量高于其它处理,但对大豆的单株产量无显著影响。结果表明D30的间距间作模式下,木薯和大豆的品质性状具有优势,而D50的间距间作模式下,木薯和大豆的产量性状具有优势。     

Evaluation of seed vigor in soybean germplasms from different eco-regions

Seed vigor plays an essential role in soybean production. Soybean seed is sensitive to environment and easy to get seed deterioration. Generally soybean seed vigor can be maintained for less than one year and have to be multiplied every year. Varieties with good seed vigor are essential for maintaining planting population and stable yield. In this research, 419 germplasms from three eco-regions, South China, Huanghuai region and Northeast China, were evaluated for seed vigor by assessing germination ratio, germination potential and germination index. About 34.8% of tested germplasm had germination ratio equal or more than 85%, suggested by the national soybean seed quality standard of China. Only 9 from 82 tested cultivars met the seed standard. Seed germination ratio distribution had obvious regional feature. Landraces performed better seed vigor than cultivars. Germplasms from South China had stronger seed vigor compared to those from Huanghuai and Northeast regions. Seed vigor has no significant relationship with maturity and 100-seed weight. Totally 21 germplasms with strong seed vigor, favor maturation and seed size were identified and can be used in future breeding program.     

黑龙江省大豆育成品种农艺性状演化趋势

论述黑龙江省大豆品种更替过程中主要农艺性状的遗传改进和演化趋势。总的趋势是株高、百粒重、品质、产量均有不同程度的增长和改善，生育日数略有下降，亚有限结荚习性品种逐渐占据主体。     

播期对花生农艺性状、产量和品质的影响

以普通花生品种（冀花9号、冀花10号、冀花12号）、高油酸花生品种（冀花11号、冀花13号、冀花16号）为材料,通过田间小区试验,设置7个播种时期（4/25、5/6、5/16、5/26、6/6、6/15、6/26）,研究不同播期对花生生长发育、产量指标和品质的影响,以期确定花生最佳播种时期,为集成优质高效栽培技术奠定基础。结果表明,冀花10号、冀花12号、冀花13号、冀花16号的农艺性状表现为主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数多;而冀花9号和冀花11号则表现为主茎矮、侧枝短、分枝少。6个花生品种荚果平均产量为4716.22 kg/hm2,籽仁平均产量为3469.52 kg/hm2。以籽仁产量最高的冀花12号（3541.99 kg/hm2）为对照,普通花生品种冀花9号、冀花10号减产0.35%~1.91%;高油酸花生品种冀花11号、冀花13号、冀花16号减产2.11%~5.54%。随播期的延后,各个播期的花生农艺性状及产量指标基本遵循5/6-5/16 > 4/25 > 5/26-6/26的变化趋势。5/6-5/16播期的平均荚果产量和籽仁产量分别5547.16 kg/hm2、4204.24 kg/hm2,油酸/亚油酸比值平均12.90。4/25播种,荚果和籽仁减产约5.16%,油亚比为14.61;5/26日播种,荚果和籽仁减产约9.05%,油亚比降低35.56%。晚于5/26播种,主茎高变矮7.40%～22.89%、侧枝长变短7.07%～24.89%、单株分枝数减少3.74%～9.70%、单株结果数降低4.59%～21.78%、百果重减少6.59%～27.94%、百仁重减少10.35%～32.33%、荚果减产17.97%～45.78%、籽仁减产21.80%～52.50%、油亚比降低50.57%～73.30%。综合考虑农艺性状、产量指标及品质优劣,河北省中南部地区露地平播花生的最适播期为5/6至5/16之间,最晚不应晚于5/26。