Oxalate degradation by intestinal lactic acid bacteria in dogs and cats

This study evaluated the ability of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) component of canine and feline feces to degrade oxalate in vitro. Oxalate degradation by individual canine-origin LAB was also evaluated. The effects of various prebiotics on in vitro oxalate degradation by selected oxalate-degrading canine LAB was also evaluated. Canine fecal samples reduced oxalate levels by 78 +/- 12.2% (mean +/- S.D.; range: 44-97%, median: 81%). Feline results were similar, with oxalate reduction of 69.7 +/- 16.7% (mean +/- S.D.; range: 40-96%, median: 73%). Thirty-seven lactic acid bacteria were isolated from canine fecal samples. Mean oxalate degradation was 17.7 +/- 16.6% (mean +/- S.D.; range: 0-65%, median: 13%). No oxalate degradation was detected for four (11%) isolates, and 10/37 (27%) degraded less than 10% of oxalate. The effects of lactitol, arabinogalactan, guar gum, gum Arabic, inulin, maltodextrin or a commercial fructooligosaccharide (FOS) product on in vitro oxalate degradation by five canine LAB isolates were highly variable, even within the same bacterial species. Overall, in vitro degradation was significantly greater with guar gum compared to arabinogalactan (P < 0.05), gum Arabic (P < 0.05), and lactitol (P < 0.01). This study suggests that manipulation of the LAB component of the canine and feline gastrointestinal microflora may decrease intestinal oxalate, and correspondingly intestinal oxalate absorption and renal excretion, thus potentially reducing oxalate urolithiasis.     

玉米秸秆与废弃白菜的混贮品质及乳酸菌多样性研究

为研究玉米秸秆和废弃白菜混合青贮可行性,考查二者在不同质量比时的混贮品质,设计了6个不同的混贮比例,分别为29∶19,27∶21,25∶23,23∶25,21∶27和19∶29。混合青贮30 d后对其化学组分和发酵品质进行分析,筛选品质最佳的混贮比例,并进一步研究了品质最佳混贮组的乳酸菌多样性。结果表明,质量比为21∶27的混贮5(ME₅)组的pH和氨态氮/总氮显著低于其余混贮组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著高于其余混贮组(P<0.05)。ME₅组的干物质和能源组分综纤维素含量较高,而酸性洗涤木质素含量较低,综合判定该组的混贮品质优于其他5组。乳酸菌多样性结果显示,从ME₅组中共分离出10株乳酸菌,分属于3个属,4个种。3个属分别是乳杆菌属、肠球菌属和明串珠菌属。4个种分别是2株短乳杆菌、1株屎肠球菌、5株肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种和2株植物乳杆菌,其中同型发酵乳酸菌乳杆菌属和肠球菌属为该青贮体系的关键乳酸菌。     

山竹岩黄芪青贮中优质乳酸菌的分离和鉴定

从山竹岩黄芪(Hedysarum fruticosum Pall.)青贮饲料中分离到3株乳酸菌(HF84,HF69,HF49)。经传统鉴定方法及16SrRNA序列分析,菌株HF84为蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtii),菌株HF69为乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp.Lactis),菌株HF49为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。3株乳酸菌均为同型发酵乳酸菌,蒙氏肠球菌在pH 3.0条件下不能生长,乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种在pH 3.0、温度5℃时及6.5%NaCl溶液中不能生长,植物乳杆菌均可在试验设定条件下生长。通过测定3株乳酸菌的生长曲线和产酸速率,菌株HF49生长速度快、产酸性能好,可作为制备乳酸菌青贮饲料添加剂的优良菌株。     

云南传统乳产品中乳酸菌的菌群分析

对采集于云南传统乳制品中乳酸菌的种类及优势菌群的分布情况进行了研究.从采集的8份样品中共分离获得73株乳酸菌,分属于5个属的13个种.对乳酸菌优势菌群分析,发现肠球菌、乳球菌和同型发酵乳杆菌为主要菌群,分别占乳酸菌总数的20%、27%和20%.     

发酵时间对苜蓿青贮品质和微生物群落的影响

以紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)为原料,于初花期刈割,分别在发酵2d、3d、5d、7d、15d和30d开袋取样,研究苜蓿青贮营养品质、发酵品质及微生物多样性.结果表明,在青贮第1? 7d,随着青贮时间的延长,其干物质耗损的速率较快.在发酵前期,乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和肠球菌属(Enteroc...     

籽粒苋与青贮玉米混贮品质及微生物特性研究

以籽粒苋和全株玉米为原料,按不同比例10∶0(T₁)、7∶3(T₂)、5∶5(T₃)、3∶7(T₄)、0∶10(T₅)混合青贮, 60 d后,检测青贮材料的发酵品质以及青贮前、后营养成分、微生物种类、数量变化,并分析乳酸菌多样性,以明确添加玉米对改善籽粒苋青贮发酵品质和微生物特性的作用,为籽粒苋青贮饲料的开发利用提供有效途径。结果表明,籽粒苋单独青贮品质不佳,通过添加玉米可显著降低青贮材料pH和氨态氮/总氮的值,提高干物质和总有机酸含量,当玉米添加比例超过50%时,青贮品质良好。在青贮发酵乳酸菌群演替过程中优势菌群的种类和数量决定青贮饲料的乳酸/乙酸,是影响发酵品质的主要因素之一。乳酸球菌中的肠球菌、乳球菌和类肠膜明串珠菌产酸能力强,是青贮发酵的启动菌株,乳杆菌则是青贮稳定期的主要菌群。     

我国18个省份猪源肠球菌耐药调查及分析

为研究我国猪源肠球菌的耐药情况,本研究采集18个省市猪养殖场的粪便样品836份进行了肠球菌的分离鉴定,并通过琼脂稀释法测定11种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度.结果 显示:从836份样品中共分离出225株肠球菌,其中屎肠球菌106株,粪肠球菌56株,小肠肠球菌34株,鹑鸡肠球菌17株,铅黄肠球菌7株,坚忍肠球菌4株,Enter...     

青贮料中肠球菌的分离与筛选

本试验从青贮料中分离肠球菌并对分离菌株进行初步鉴定与筛选,通过正交试验设计研究不同温度、初始pH和瘤胃液含量对3株分离菌生长的影响,筛选出适合作为奶牛饲用微生物的菌株。结果表明,3株分离菌的最佳培养条件相同为：培养基含葡萄糖2%、蛋白胨1%、瘤胃液20%、初始pH为5.8,接种量为3%,装液量为40 ml, 36℃培养24 h。 在该条件下,3株分离菌的生物量分别为1.9907、1.2963和1.2752。选择生物量最高的1号菌送中科院微生物所鉴定,结果为屎肠球菌。     

巴拉圭地区传统发酵乳制品中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

为获得更加丰富的乳酸菌资源，系统研究巴拉圭地区传统乳制品中乳酸菌的生物多样性，采用传统纯培养方法结合16S rRNA基因序列分析技术和系统发育进化关系分析技术对巴拉圭地区传统乳制品中乳酸菌进行分离纯化和种属鉴定。结果表明，来自巴拉圭地区的8 份传统乳制品中共分离得到79 株乳酸菌，分属于4 个属、7 个种，其中乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）为巴拉圭地区传统发酵乳中的优势菌种，占总分离菌株的68.35%。     

副干酪乳杆菌6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(gutF)基因的克隆和超表达

为研究6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶基因在乳酸菌中超表达的影响,本试验根据副干酪乳杆菌的基因序列设计引物,用PCR的方法扩增6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(gutF)基因,将其连接到乳酸菌表达载体pMG36e,并将重组质粒转化到副干酪乳杆菌及乳酸乳球菌中获得重组菌株;对重组菌株表达产物进行蛋白质水平的电泳检测,检测出表达了大约28kD的蛋白;使用山梨醇替代培养基中的葡萄糖,以未转化基因菌株做阴性对照,进行生长曲线的测定,结果表明,转化菌株能够利用在以山梨醇作为碳源的条件下,重组菌株的生长速度和最终菌浓度均优越于对照菌株。本研究通过超表达6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶蛋白,对于进一步研究乳酸菌的耐受性具有十分重要的理论基础。     

河南省某地区健康人源及动物源肠球菌种属分布及耐药性差异研究

为了解河南省某地区社区健康人源及动物(鸡、猪)源肠球菌种属分布及对多种抗菌药物的耐受情况,以及研究不同来源肠球菌的流行分布和抗菌药物耐药表型特点,本试验应用肠球菌选择性培养基对220份人源及动物源粪便样本进行肠球菌的分离培养,并对分离菌株采用16S rDNA序列分析结合API生化板条进行种属鉴定,纸片扩散法对分离肠球菌进行9种抗菌药物的敏感性检测.肠球菌分离及鉴定结果显示肠球菌总分离率、粪肠球菌分离率及屎肠球菌分离率在人源、鸡源、猪源3种来源间均差异显著(P<0.05):肠球菌总分离率为70.91%(156/220),猪源肠球菌分离率最高(86.00%),人源肠球菌分离率最低(62.63%),且人源与猪源肠球菌分离率差异显著(P<0.018);人源粪便样本中分离率最高的为屎肠球菌(31.36%),鸡源、猪源肠球菌中粪肠球菌分离率最高,分别为28.17%和32.00%.抗菌药物敏感性结果显示肠球菌对多种药物的耐药率在人源、鸡源、猪源3种来源间差异显著(P<0.05),且3种来源肠球菌的多药耐药率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).人源肠球菌对红霉素(69.35%)、环丙沙星(37.10%)、氨苄西林(19.35%)等抗菌药物耐药率较其他来源的肠球菌要高;鸡源肠球菌对四环素(88.24%)、氟苯尼考(11.76%)、氯霉素(21.57%)等抗菌药物耐药率较其他来源的肠球菌要高;猪源肠球菌对抗菌药物耐药率总体较低,且其多药耐药率(7.84%)也低于人源(35.48%)及鸡源肠球菌(30.19%).提示,健康人及动物粪便样本中肠球菌种属分布不同及对抗菌药物耐药率有差别,并对多种常见抗菌药物耐药率较高,有关部门应加强社区人群及动物等非临床来源肠球菌耐药检查、监测,进而更好的了解中国耐药肠球菌的流行现状,更有效的控制耐药肠球菌的传播.     

Fertility traits in spring-calving Aberdeen Angus cattle. 1. Model development and genetic parameters

Calving records (n = 6,763) obtained from first, second, and third parities of 3,442 spring-calving, Uruguayan Aberdeen Angus cows were used to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations for the linear trait calving day (CD) and the binary trait calving success (CS), using models that considered CD and CS at 3 calving opportunities as separate traits. Three approaches were defined to handle the CD observations on animals that failed to calve: 1) the cows were assigned a penalty value of 21 d beyond the last observed CD record within contemporary group (PEN); 2) the censored CD values were randomly obtained from a truncated normal distribution (CEN); and 3) the CD records were treated as missing, and the parameters were estimated in a joint threshold-linear analysis including CS traits (TLMISS). The models included the effects of contemporary group (herd x year of calving x mating management), age at calving (3 levels), physiological status at mating (nonlactating or lactating), animal additive genetic effects, and residual. Estimates of heritability for CD traits in the PEN and CEN data sets ranged from 0.20 to 0.31, with greater values in the first calving opportunity. Genetic correlations were positive and medium to high in magnitude, 0.57 to 0.59 in the PEN data set and 0.38 to 0.91 in the CEN data set. In the TLMISS data set, heritabilities ranged from 0.19 to 0.23 for CD and 0.37 to 0.42 for CS. Genetic correlations between CD traits varied between 0.82 and 0.88; between CS traits, genetic correlations varied between 0.56 and 0.80. Negative (genetically favorable), medium to high genetic correlations (-0.54 to -0.91) were estimated between CD and CS traits, suggesting that CD could be used as an indicator trait for CS. Data recording must improve in quality for practical applications in genetic evaluation for fertility traits.     

Occurrence and characteristics of CS31A antigen-producing Escherichia coli in calves with diarrhoea and septicaemia in Argentina

CS31A is a K88-related non-fimbrial adhesin first described on Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and septicaemic calves. In this report, CS31A antigen was screened by immunological methods and confirmed by PCR among bovine E. coli isolates. In addition, CS31A-producing strains were characterized with respect to different fimbrial antigens, O-serogroup and other properties related to virulence. Faecal or tissue specimens of 100 diarrhoeic or septicaemic calves and 27 older cattle with different pathologies from 71 outbreaks or individual cases that occurred in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, were examined. CS31A + E. coli strains were isolated from 21 (21.0%) calves from 16 outbreaks or individual cases. No CS31A + E. coli was detected in samples from cattle more than 1 year old. Fimbriae F5, F41, F17a and F17b were not detected among the CS31A-producing strains. Three (14.3%) of the CS31A+ E. coli strains expressed the F17c fimbria. All of the 21 isolates exhibited at least one property of septicaemic strains (resistance to serum, production of aerobactin or colicins) but none of them demonstrated heat-stable enterotoxigenic activity. CS31A + E. coli isolates belonged to 10 serogroups, more commonly O8, O7, O17 and O21. The results obtained here confirm the worldwide distribution of CS31A antigen in bovine E. coli strains. However, CS31A + or CS31A + /F17c + E. coli were less frequently isolated than they were in North hemisphere countries.     

Influence of intensive and extensive breeding on lactic acid bacteria isolated from Gallus gallus domesticus ceca

In the present study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the cecum of chickens bred either under intensive (commercial broilers) or extensive (free-range) conditions were isolated, identified and some of their probiotic characteristics determined. The LAB identified by 16S-23S rRNA PCR-ARDRA were mainly of Lactobacillus species and to a lesser extent of Enterococcus spp. for all animals. Free-range chickens showed a higher presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus while Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus johnsonii were more frequently recovered from commercial broilers. Lactobacillus crispatus was found only in commercial broilers, Lactobacillus vaginalis and Lactobacillus agilis only in free-range chickens and Lactobacillus salivarius in both types. Enterococcus isolates from ceca of commercial broilers showed a higher resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Lactobacillus isolates from free-range chickens presented a higher frequency of in vitro antagonistic activity against selected pathogens than from commercial broilers. All LAB isolates had predominantly non-hydrophobic surfaces, but with variations depending on age of the chickens and breeding conditions. Animal breeding caused variation on composition, antimicrobial susceptibility, antagonistic activity and surface hydrophobicity of LAB from chicken cecum. LAB isolates from ceca of free-range chickens have potential as probiotic agents, which may be used in the future as replacing the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters.     

Identification of aesculin-hydrolyzing streptococci, lactococci, aerococci and enterococci from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows

Aesculin-hydrolyzing, catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci isolated from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows were identified to species level using growth characteristics and biochemical activity. The results indicated that the aesculin-hydrolyzing cocci associated with this type of infection are a very heterogenic group. S. uberis strains, including inulin- or beta-glucuronidase-negative isolates, accounted for only about one-third of the collection, and Enterococcus faecalis strains for one-fifth. Other species of some importance included (in descending order of isolation frequency) Aerococcus viridans, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus gallolyticus.     

不同处理方式对籽粒苋青贮品质的影响

试验以籽粒苋为材料,在青贮中分别添加乳酸菌制剂、葡萄糖和甲酸3种添加剂,研究不同的处理方式对籽粒苋青贮动态发酵品质以及营养成分的影响,以明确青贮添加剂对粒苋青贮的作用,为籽粒苋青贮饲料的合理利用提供研究途径。试验设5个处理组:对照组,不加任何添加剂;乳酸菌制剂组,按1kg乳酸菌制剂调制3~4t籽粒苋鲜草装罐;葡萄糖组,添加量为30g/kg;乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖组,添加量与单独添加时一致;甲酸组,添加量为5g/kg。在发酵第1,3,9,30和57天分别开罐取样,检测样品中pH、乳酸、氨态氮、干物质、粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维等指标。结果表明,在籽粒苋青贮同时加入乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖可以快速发酵,产生大量乳酸,迅速降低青贮pH值,显著降低乙酸、中性洗涤纤维含量和氨态氮/总氮(P0.05),并能显著提高干物质和粗蛋白含量(P0.05);加入甲酸可以显著降低乙酸含量(P0.05),对干物质含量没有明显影响(P0.05)。综上所述,籽粒苋通过制作青贮饲料可以保存营养成分,与籽粒苋自然青贮相比,籽粒苋青贮时加入上述青贮添加剂均可不同程度的改善青贮品质,同时加入乳酸菌和葡萄糖对青贮改善效果最佳。     

Antibiotic resistance among indicator bacteria isolated from healthy pigs in New Zealand

AIM: To determine the resistance to antibiotics among the indictor bacteria, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp, isolated from the faeces of healthy pigs on three conventional pig farms and one organic farm in the North Island of New Zealand. METHODS: Faecal samples, collected at intervals between March and October 2001, were plated onto MacConkey agar and Slanetz-Bartley agar and examined after 1-3 days incubation for colonies resembling E. coli and Enterococcus spp, respectively. Typical colonies were subcultured for further identification and storage. The isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance, using disc diffusion, to ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Escherichia coli isolates were also tested for resistance to ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and neomycin. Enterococcus spp isolates were also tested for resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin and virginiamycin. RESULTS: A total of 296 E. coli and 273 Enterococcus spp isolates were obtained from the three conventional farms, and 79 E. coli and 80 Enterococcus spp isolates were obtained from the organic farm. All the E. coli isolates from both the conventional and organic pig farms were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, and all the Enterococcus spp isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin. Isolates of E. coli from conventional pig farms were resistant to gentamicin (0.7%), neomycin (0.7%), ampicillin (2.7%), cotrimoxazole (11%), streptomycin (25%) and tetracycline (60%). Enterococcus spp isolates from the same farms were resistant to erythromycin (68%), tetracycline (66%), streptomycin (54%) and virginiamycin (49%). By contrast, for the organic pig farm 相似文献   

抑制奶牛乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌的乳酸菌的筛选

为获得抑制奶牛乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)的乳酸菌(LAB),本研究从新疆巴音布鲁克牧区鲜牛乳和哈萨克族乳制品奶疙瘩样品中分离培养LAB,通过传统的分离鉴定与16S rDNA基因序列测序相结合的方法鉴定LAB种类,同时以临床奶牛乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌S. aureus N2为指示菌,采用双层琼脂扩散法检测分离株的抑菌能力。通过测定生长曲线确定分离株的生长稳定期,进而利用硫酸铵沉淀法透析提取稳定期内分离株的细菌素,并检测其细菌素抑菌效价。结果显示:从样品中筛选获得5株能够抑制指示菌生长的LAB,分别为希氏乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、粪肠球菌、戊糖片球菌和乳酸乳球菌亚种。生长规律曲线表明20 h^30 h为5株LAB的稳定期,此期培养液pH值维持在3.8~4.5。从培养20 h的5株LAB上清液中提取到了细菌素,经检测其具有抑菌活性,抑菌效价分别为457 IU/mL、1 023 IU/mL、676 IU/mL、1 862 IU/mL和1 023 IU/mL。本研究结果表明5株LAB通过在生长稳定期内维持较低酸性环境(pH<4.5),代谢产生细菌素对乳房炎源S. aureus发挥抑制生长作用。本研究为S. aureus性奶牛乳房炎的生物防治提供了实验依据。     

添加植物乳杆菌对低水分稻秸青贮微生物组成影响研究

为了明确乳酸菌添加剂对低水分青贮过程中微生物组成及发酵品质的变化影响,探讨微生物与挥发性脂肪酸间存在的相互关系,采用气相色谱法与高通量测序技术对青贮过程中(3、5、7、10、15、30、60 d)挥发性脂肪酸生成量及微生物组成进行测定,并分析两者之间的互作关系。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加植物乳杆菌(5×10⁶ cfu·g^-1 FM)后可以显著降低低水分粳稻青贮的丙酸、正丁酸、异丁酸、正戊酸和异戊酸的生成量(P<0.05),提高乙酸生成量(P<0.05),并降低青贮中微生物多样性(P<0.05),提高厚壁菌门的丰度,抑制变形菌门的丰度,提高乳杆菌属的丰度,降低其他菌属特别是肠杆菌属所占丰度。低水分粳稻青贮过程中,优势菌门分别为变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和蓝菌门,优势菌属分别为肠杆菌属、乳杆菌属、克雷伯氏杆菌属、沙雷氏菌属、乳球菌属、泛菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、拉乌尔菌属、肠球菌属、沙门氏菌属和梭菌属。乳杆菌属与乙酸、戊酸分别呈正、负相关(P<0.05),同时与肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、日沟维肠杆菌属、乳球菌属、魏斯氏菌属等呈负相关(P<0.05)。乳球菌属、厌氧杆菌属、肠球菌属和梭菌属均呈现出与丙酸、正丁酸、异丁酸正相关,戊酸与气球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、梭菌属、肠杆菌属等15属微生物均表现出正相关(P<0.05)。肠杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、勒克氏菌属、日沟维肠杆菌属等5属微生物与乙酸含量负相关(P<0.05),魏斯氏菌属表现出与丙酸、异丁酸正相关(P<0.05)。添加植物乳杆菌可以提高低水分粳稻青贮的发酵品质,抑制多种挥发性脂肪酸的生成,同时降低青贮过程中细菌组成的多样性。     

旋扭山绿豆的营养成分及青贮发酵品质

旋扭山绿豆(Desmodium intortum)是一种优良的多年生热带豆科牧草,本研究分析了其营养成分和乳酸菌、葡萄糖添加对其青贮发酵品质的改善效果。青贮试验设有6个处理,即对照(无添加),添加乳酸菌(LAB)、1%葡萄糖(1%G)、2%葡萄糖(2%G)、乳酸菌+1%葡萄糖(LAB+1%G)和乳酸菌+2%葡萄糖(LAB+2%G)。结果显示:旋扭山绿豆的粗蛋白含量(20.75%)和水溶性碳水化合物含量(7.19%)较高;青贮60 d后,对照处理发酵品质较差,pH在4.7以上;单独添加乳酸菌显著降低了pH和氨态氮含量,增加了乳酸含量(P<0.05);而单独添加葡萄糖的两个处理pH与对照差异均不显著(P>0.05),但均显著降低了氨态氮含量(P<0.05);乳酸菌和葡萄糖混合添加处理均使pH降至4.1以下,乳酸含量超过6%,显著优于其他处理(P<0.05),但两混合添加处理间无显著差异(P>0.05),因此添加乳酸菌和1%葡萄糖是改善旋扭山绿豆青贮发酵品质的有效措施。