天然蒙古栎群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

蒙古栎 (ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａＦｉｓｃｈ)为壳斗科、栎属植物 ,主要分布区包括中国的华北、东北、内蒙古东部 ,朝鲜半岛 ,俄罗斯远东和蒙古的连续分布区及日本桦太、北海道的间断分布区 (吴晓春 ,1 993)。蒙古栎是我国东北的典型植被类型———红松阔叶林的主要伴生树种之一 ,同时在红松林被干扰破坏后是形成次生阔叶林面积较大的主要树种 ,也是分布区超过北纬 45°的唯一栎属植物。近年来 ,蒙古栎的分布区和群体数量呈扩张趋势 ,其原因除人为干扰外 ,可能涉及气候变化、物种特性、种内遗传多样性、种间互作等等。对蒙古栎群体…     

大花黄牡丹遗传多样性的SRAP分析

应用SRAP标记对西藏特有植物大花黄牡丹的遗传多样性进行研究。用16对引物从5个自然居群79个单株中共检测到396个有效位点,其中多态性位点357个。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率(Ppl)为90.15%,Shannon表型多样性指数(Ηsp)平均为0.2521;居群水平上的Ppl为31.82%,Shannon表型多样性指数(Ho)为0.0694～0.3428,平均值(Ηpop)为0.1307。上述遗传参数表明,大花黄牡丹具有丰富的物种遗传多样性,5个居群中自然居群C的遗传多样性最高(Ppl=82.32%,Ho=0.3428)。据AMOVA分析结果,总的变异中有41.58%的变异存在于居群间,58.42%的变异存在于居群内,居群分化较显著(ΦST=0.4158,P<0.001),由POPGENE1.32得到的居群间遗传分化系数GST(0.4309)和Shannon表型多样性指数计算的居群间遗传多样性所占比例(0.4816)也表明了类似的遗传结构。Mantel检测表明地理距离和Nei’s遗传距离间相关不显著(P>0.05)。利用NTSYSPC(2.1)软件构建大花黄牡丹5个居群79个个体的UPGMA聚类图,遗传相似系数变幅在0.47～0.99,大多数居群内的个体表现出较为密切的亲缘关系(如居群B,D,E),但也有一些居群的个体未聚在一起(如居群C)。依据大花黄牡丹居群遗传变异特点,初步探讨其保护和利用策略。     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用8种等位酶对白皮松4个天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究.在4个群体中共检测到10个基因位点,15个等位基因,其中6个位点为多态位点;群体总体水平多态位点比率P=60%,平均有效基因数A=1.92,平均期望杂合度He=0.106,种群平均遗传距离为0.006 8.南漳白皮松群落平均等位基因数A=1.9,平均有...     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的EST-SSR分析

为探讨白皮松群体间遗传变异规律,使用7对EST-SSR引物对分布区内21个白皮松天然群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化水平进行了研究。结果表明:7对引物在21个白皮松天然群体的663个单株中共检测到14个多态性位点。各群体间有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s期望杂合度(Nei’s)分别为1.156 5 1.601 9、0.133 5 0.492 5、0.138 4 0.397 3、0.0860 0.342 8、0.084 6 0.337 4。白皮松群体间遗传分化系数(Fst)平均为0.215 2,基因流(Nm)值平均为0.911 9,群体间基因交流总体较少,遗传分化较大。白皮松多样性水平在分布区内呈规律性变化,多样性分布的中心区域主要在西部、南部,具有从西向东,从南向北依次减少的趋势。     

天然马尾松群体遗传结构的研究

醇溶蛋白是种子的贮藏蛋白 ,在对麦类植物的醇溶蛋白研究中 ,发现醇溶蛋白的电泳谱带的带纹多少及组合方式完全受基因型所控制 ,几乎不受环境的影响 ,可以构成品种的指纹 (Ｄｒａｐａｒ,1 987;Ｚｉｌｌｍａｎｅｔａｌ.,1 979) .因而几年来 ,国内外已将醇溶蛋白电泳分析应用到遗传育种、种子鉴定、资源保存利用以及物种起源、演化分类研究等方面 (颜启传等 ,1 992 ;傅宾孝等 ,1 993;吴若菁等 ,1 997;2 0 0 0 ;杨瑞武等 ,2 0 0 0 ;王志容等 ,2 0 0 0 ;李名旺等 ,2 0 0 0 )。马尾松 (Ｐｉｎｕｓｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ)广泛分布于我国南方 ,是主…     

枫香同工酶遗传多样性分析

对取自枫香16个群体的幼嫩叶片样品采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺电泳技术进行了同工酶分析.结果表明:(1)群体间的遗传结构差异显著.在所分析的6个酶系统共6个位点中,各个位点的等位基因频率变化从0～1不等,16个群体中有9个群体存在稀有基因,6个群体存在特有基因,一共发现了4个稀有基因,3个特有基因;(2)枫香群体水平每位点等位基因数总平均为3个,每位点有效等位基因数总平均为1.855 7个,多态位点百分率总平均为100％,观察杂合度总平均为0.582,期望杂合度总平均为0.443,Shannon信息指数总平均为0.711 0.从整体上看,群体内的杂合子超过了哈代-温伯格平衡所要求的比例,杂合子过量.(3) UPGMA聚类分析显示,枫香16个群体中分为2大类,第1大类就是福建建瓯,其他15个群体即为第2大类.在第2大类中遗传距离较远的群体是重庆丰都、安徽黄山,它们与本类群体中其他13个群体的遗传距离较远,而该13个群体间的遗传距离较近,因此可以看出,福建建瓯与其他群体间的遗传距离是最远的,16个群体基本上呈现按地理距离聚类的趋势,与地理分布格局较吻合.     

Performance and genetic diversity of 23 provenances of northern red oak( Quercus rubra L.) after 25 years of growth in South Korea

Growth traits and genetic diversity of 23 provenances of Quercus rubra introduced from North America were analyzed in a provenance trial established with a randomized block design in Hwaseong,Gyeonggi,South Korea in 1993.Growth variables and survival at age 25 were compared with results from early stages.Height,DBH,volume and stem straightness of Q.rubra was better than those of the domestic oak(Quercus accutissima).Growth of the Dunham Island provenance from New York was the best among the 23 provenances that of the Eagle River provenance from Wisconsin was poorest.Survival rate at age25 was on average 52%.The longitude of seed origin and growth of provenance were consistently significantly negatively correlated at all ages.Growth of coastal provenances was superior to that of the inland provenances,which were separated by the Appalachian Mountains.Genetic diversity and genetic distance among the provenances were evaluated using micro satellite markers.The allelic frequencies showed high polymorphism in 10 microsatellite loci,and 292 alleles were found.Of 10 loci,two were commonly found in the 23 provenances.The mean allelic diversity and heterozygosity observed among the provenances were similar to those from the native populations of Q.rubra in North America.Nei's genetic distance among the 23 was estimated and showed that a clear trend between geographic and genetic distances,indicating that some provenances have high genetic diversity with superior growth performance.     

Genetic Variation among 11 Abies concolor Populations Based on Allozyme Analysis

In order to obtain information on the genetic structure of Abies concolor and the genetic variation among 11 popula- tions introduced from America to China, allozyme analysis based on starch gel electrophoresis technology was used. 24 loci of 10 allozyme systems were mensurated, and the genetic structure and genetic diversity of the 11 populations of A. concolor evaluated. The results show that the genetic variation among is significant, and the genetic variation within A. concolor populations is more important. In contrast with other conifers, the variation of A. concolor is above the average level of conifers, and higher than the same level of Abies. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 62.5%, the number of alleles per locus (A) 2.08, the number of ef- fective alleles per locus (Ae) was 1.37, the expected heterozygosity (H) 0.204, and the Shannon information index (I) 0.351 7. There is a short genetic distance (D=0.061) and a low gene flow (Nm=0.839 4) among the 11 introduced populations of A. concolor with high genetic variation. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.229 5, which is higher than that of the mean in Abies or Pinus.     

栎属天然林的遗传结构和遗传多样性研究

利用聚苯酰烯胺凝胶电泳技术检验了栎属6个群体在7个同工酶位点(Got-1、Got-2、Shdh、Aap-1、Aap-2、Pgi、6Pgd)上的遗传变异(多态位点百分率为93.3%,等位基因平均数2.806,平均预期杂合率为0.346)。基因分化系数为0.394,表明居群变异的39.4%出现在居群间,60.6%出现在居群内,各居群间的遗传距离为0.0206～0.6411。初步的研究表明:其丰富的遗传变异可能与其生境的多样性、风媒异交等因素造成的长距离的基因漂变有关。     

思茅松天然群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化

采用凝胶电泳技术,检测了思茅松(Pinuskesiyavar.Langbinaensis)种子胚乳的9种同工酶。通过对9种酶系统编码的16个酶位点的遗传分析,揭示了思茅松三个天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化情况。思茅松天然群体的遗传多样性较高,群体的多态位点比例为0.667;平均每个位点的等位基因数为2.13;期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.288和0.197。群体间的遗传分化程度较低,分化系数仅为0.052,群体间的遗传距离为0.015。表5参15。     

Allozyme Genetic Diversity and Conservation Strategy of Ten Natural Populations of Pinus bungeana Zuuc. ex Endl

Pinus bungeana is a three-needle pine with typical fragmented distribution in central and northwestern China. Its natural resources are gradually decreasing and need to be conserved. For conserving genetic diversity of P. bungeana, the authors sampled 10 natural populations in its distribution areas and conducted the analysis of isozymes. Thirty one loci with 53 alleles on the basis of 16 enzyme systems were assayed. The parameters of genetic diversity at species and population level are respectively as follows: As= 1.742, Ae[s] = 1.49, Ps= 54.8%, He[s] = 0.162, Ap= 1.39, Ae[p]= 1.30, Pp= 34.85, He[p] = 0.0986. In comparison with other pines, P. bungeana possesses a slightly low amount of genetic variation especially at the population level. By contrast, the level of population genetic differentiation (GST = 0.135) is higher compared to other pines. All ten populations are divided into three groups according to Nei‘s genetic identity (I). There is a slight relation (r = 0.31) between genetic distance and geographical distance.Some populations are obviously deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but the total population is basically accordant with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The correlation analysis between allele frequencies and ecological factors showed that the alleles at loci of Idh and Pgi-2 had gradient variation trends of their frequencies. The sample capturing curves‘ analysis indicated that the captured alleles increased when the number of sampled populations increased and 99% out of whole allele pool of ten populations would be captured when five populations were randomly selected. At last,. the population genetic structure of P. bungeana and its conservation strategy were discussed.     

长阳栓皮栎天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用5种等位酶对长阳栓皮栎天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了研究。共检测到7个基因位点,15个等位基因,其中5个位点为多态位点;群体多态位点比例P=71.4%,平均等位基因数A=3.2000,平均有效等位基因数AE=1.6090,平均期望杂合度HE=0.3563,观测杂合度HO=0.3625。长阳栓皮栎群体的遗传多样性较高,遗传变异水平较高。     

Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Korean Endemic Species: V. Corylopsis coreana (Hamameliaceae)

The allozyme diversity of ten Korean populations of Corylopsis coreana Nakai, a shrub endemic to Korea, were examined. Although Korean populations are isolated, they maintain moderate levels of allozyme variation (average percent of loci polymorphic=22.4%, mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus=3.97, mean expected heterozygosity=0.109) compared to the means of 26 woody endemic species. A high level of heterozygote deficiency was observed in populations of C. coreana (mean F _IS=0.232). Significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies were detected between populations at all polymorphic loci (p<0.001), among-population genetic differentiation accounted for 12.3% of the total variation. Indirect estimates of the number of migrants per generation (Nm) (1.77, calculated from G _ST) indicate that gene flow is moderate among populations of C. coreana. The allozyme diversity and population structure in C. coreana may be attributed to relatively long-distance flight of pollinators in early spring, gravity seed dispersal, restricted distribution, and high density in the standing populations of the species.     

燕山山脉西伯利亚杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构

以西伯利亚杏分布的核心区域燕山山脉地区的17个群体为材料,利用9对微卫星标记进行遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。在533个个体扩增得到203个等位基因,每位点平均等位基因数为22.556个。分析表明燕山山脉西伯利亚杏群体具有较高的遗传多样性,每位点平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为5.714,多态位点百分率(P)为100%,期望杂合度(He)为0.788。根据有效等位基因数(Ne)、期望杂合度(He)和Shannon信息指数(I)3个遗传多样性参数,遗传多样性最高的群体为北京八达岭,其次为平泉榆树林子,而最低的群体为崇礼驿马图。群体间总的遗传分化系数FST为0.065,总的基因流Nm为3.836。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示燕山山脉地区西伯利亚杏群体的遗传变异主要存在于群体内(95.62%)。Mantel检验发现遗传距离与地理距离呈显著相关性(r=0.5894,P<0.0001)。UPGMA聚类结果显示,地理距离接近的群体聚在一起,进一步验证了Mantel检验结果。基于上述分析结果,提出西伯利亚杏的种质收集策略。研究结果为西伯利亚杏可持续利用与保护提供一定的理论依据。     

Genetic diversity of Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

In order to understand the relationship between population succession and its genetic behavior, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Quercu glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest). The results showed that 145 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of Q. glandulifera using 11 primers, among which 120 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.76% with an average of 64.14%. Estimated by the Shannon information index, the total genetic diversity of the three populations was 0.4747, with an average of 0.3642, while it was 0.3234, with an average of 0.2484, judged from the Nei index. Judged from percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon inform at ion index and Nei index, the genetic diversity followed a decreasing order: coniferous forest > broad-leaved mixed forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69.73% of the genetic variance existed within populations and 30.27% of the genetic variance existed among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) was 0.2319 and the gene flow (N _m) was 1.6539. The mean of genetic identity among populations of Q. glandulifera was 0.8501 and the mean of genetic distance was 0.1626. The genetic identity between the Q. glandulifera population in the coniferous forest and that in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was the highest. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that the population in the coniferous forest gathered with that in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest firstly, then with that in the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The genetic structure of Q. glandulifera was not only characteristic of the biological characteristics of this species, but was also influenced by the microenvironment in different communities. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(1): 18–22 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传结构的影响

利用简单重复序列间扩增(ISSR)分子标记对分布于我国浙江和山东的8个山茶种群共240个个体进行了遗传结构分析。结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到210条清晰条带,其中184条为多态性条带,多态位点百分率(PPB)为87.62%。经POPGENE1.32软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分率(PPB)为68.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(HE)为0.256 9,Shannon信息指数(H)为0.377 9,种群遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst=0.182 9,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间。地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性(r=0.856 7,P<0.05),岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。UPGMA聚类表明:浙江5个山茶种群间的遗传相似度较高,山东青岛的植物园种群和五四广场种群可能移植自长门岩岛。我国野生山茶资源受人为破坏严重,建议在加强现有岛屿自然种群就地保护力度的同时,建立山茶种质资源库,促进基因交流。     

Intrapopulation and Interpopulation Genetic Variation of Quercus in Denmark

Native Danish oak stands are fragmented and decreasing because of the extensive use of foreign seed sources. Therefore, the population structure of natural Danish oak stands was analysed by means of six polymorphic enzyme loci. A total of 17 stands of Quercus robur L. (including an ''outgroup'' sample from The Netherlands), seven Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl. and two putative hybrid stands were included in the study. The average genetic diversity was similar for the two species as well as for the putative hybrid stands: 0.25 for Q. robur, 0.27 for Q. petraea and 0.26 for the hybrid stands. The genotypic proportions at two (Pgm and Mnr) of the six loci showed many significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, always with an excess of homozygotes, whereas the remaining four loci accorded to Hardy-Weinberg proportions, suggesting a low level of inbreeding. The differentiation of the Q. petraea and Q. robur populations was quantified with Wright's F-statistics. The within-species component was low, 0.022, reflecting the wind-pollinated reproductive mode of the two species. The betweenspecies component was 10-fold higher, 0.235, indicating two separate groups. A phylogenetic tree estimated from allele frequencies also supported the presence of these two groups. Despite the two well-separated groups in the tree, it was not possible to assign all individuals to the species to which they supposedly belonged. In total, 10% of the Q. robur individuals and 14% of the Q. petraea individuals were assigned to the other species, suggesting a limited amount of introgression between the two species.     

撑篙竹遗传变异的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对6个群体30丛撑篙竹个体进行了遗传变异的研究。28个随机引物共检测到173个位点,其中85个是多态位点,平均每个引物提供6．18个RAPD信息量,扩增出的DNA片段大小一般在200～2000bp范围之间;用POPGENE1．31版软件进行遗传多样性分析：平均Nei’s基因多样性为0．2114,Shannon’s信息指数为0．3277,基因分化系数0．1853,表明群体间有一定的分化;各群体平均遗传距离0．0350,表明群体亲缘关系较近;试用UPGMA方法对不同产地的撑篙竹群体作聚类分析,初步可将6个群体聚为3类。     

湘鄂西地区珙桐天然群体遗传结构的研究

以珙桐叶为材料,对湘西和鄂西两天然珙桐群体的60个样品进行RAPD分析.结果表明,9个随机多态引物,获得24个多态标记位点,平均每个引物产生2.67个多态位点;湘西和鄂西两群体之间的遗传多样性差异不明显,Shannon指数分别为0.427 4和0.448 1;种内平均遗传多样性为0.326 9,群体内平均遗传多样性为0.297 6,群体间的遗传多样性为0.029 3,基因分化系数为0.089 6,基因流为5.079 2.两个天然珙桐群体的遗传相似性非常高,达到0.923 3,遗传距离为0.079 8;湘西群体的多态百分位率略高于鄂西.这表明,湘西和鄂西两群体间存在着非常频繁的基因流.     

濒危小灌木长叶红砂种群的遗传多样性

采用RAPD和ISSR2种分子标记对濒危小灌木长叶红砂5个种群的遗传多样性进行检测。18个RAPD引物和14个ISSR引物分别扩增出118和114个位点,多态位点比率(P)分别为88.98%和89.47%。在物种水平上,RAPD标记的结果为:Shannon’s信息多样性指数(I)为0.4656,Nei’s指数(H)为0.3303;ISSR检测的结果:I=0.4688,H=0.3083。2种分子标记均表明濒危小灌木长叶红砂具有较高的遗传多样性水平。Nei基因多样性指数表明,大部分遗传变异存在于种群内。RAPD分析发现86.22%的遗传变异发生在种群内;ISSR分析发现89.29%的遗传变异发生在种群内。种群间遗传变异低的主要原因是种群间存在较强的基因流(Nm)分别为3.0097和4.1787)。长叶红砂较高的遗传多样性水平与物种特性和对高胁迫环境的长期适应有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。