棘孢木霉菌Tr266B微胶囊剂的研制

本研究通过利用喷雾干燥技术,制备一种木霉菌微胶囊剂。采用单因素和正交试验,优化了喷雾干燥工艺和微胶囊剂配方的技术参数,进风和出风的温度（T-in,T-out）分别为（92±2）℃和（55±2）℃;微胶囊剂配方为：棘孢木霉菌（Trichoderma asperellum,Tr266B）发酵浓缩液含固量为20%,黄腐酸（YHA）与麦芽糊精的含量各为15%,阿拉伯胶和甘油的含量各为2%;喷雾干燥后的微胶囊含水量为7.5%~8.5%。同时,还研究了喷雾干燥温度、贮藏温度和微胶囊的含水量对孢子萌发率的影响。结果表明,在喷雾干燥过程中,T-in和T-out对孢子的萌发率有显著的影响。当T-in和T-out分别高于（95±2）℃和（65±2）℃时,孢子萌发率会下降10%~40%;当贮存温度4℃,微胶囊的含水量在7.5%~8.5%时,贮存6个月后,孢子的萌发率没有发生明显变化;当微胶囊的含水量低于6.5%时,随着贮存时间的延长,孢子的萌发率缓慢下降;当贮存在25℃条件下,6个月后孢子的萌发率不到10%。本研究确定了所开发的微胶囊壁材为黄腐酸、麦芽糊精和阿拉伯胶,保湿剂为甘油,这些材料与棘孢木霉菌Tr266B有良好的生物相容性,为产业化生产和贮存木霉菌微胶囊剂提供了依据。     

压力喷雾干燥系统在速溶茶粉生产中的应用及注意事项

速溶茶粉主要应用于茶饮品、食品当中。其主要生产工艺为：原料的处理→浸提→净化→浓缩→喷雾干燥→包装等工序。茶叶浸提浓度很低,仅含锄一3％的固形物。稀浸提液再经过净化处理、经过浓缩,以把固形物提高到30％左右进行喷雾干燥。目前国内用于速溶茶粉生产的喷雾干燥系统不尽相同,效果也各异。出现的一些问题主要是：跑粉、加热温度低、生产效率低、     

苏云金杆菌可溶性增效物质的增效活性

浓缩上清液分别与发酵液，菌浆混配可获得毒力为8000IU／μl和1600IU／μl的悬浮剂。增效粉同原粉按不同比例混配，对甜菜夜蛾增效倍数最可达11．14倍。当MP－342原粉和增效粉以质量分数1：2－4的比例混合时，可生产32000IU／mg和64000IU／mg的粉剂产品。增效粉经过54℃处理3d后增效作用维持在初始增效活性的70％左右，不再继续下降。贮存13个月的液剂上清液增效倍数较起始增效倍数下降50％，增效物质粉态的稳定性好于液态的稳定性。     

用离子交换吸附法回收Bt发酵液上清中的增效物质

采用阳离子交换树脂进行了回收Bt发酵废弃上清液中增效物质的初步研究 ,确定了最适的离子交换树脂。其最适回收条件为pH5,流速 1 .5倍v/h ,废弃上清液中增效物质的回收效率可达 83%。回收的浓缩上清液与去上清菌浆比例为 1 6∶1时对棉铃虫毒杀作用最强 ,表现出最好的增效作用。     

生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84干悬浮剂加工及田间评价

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84菌株对水稻真菌病害具有良好的防治效果。本研究通过喷雾干燥技术，开发一种生防菌新剂型杀菌剂。采用Plackett-Burman试验及Box-Behnken试验，对解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84干悬浮剂喷雾干燥工艺进行了优化。结合生产实际确定干悬浮剂制备条件分别为：进风温度118.9℃，进样速率25.7 r/min（约为680 mL/h），热风流量28.56 M³/h，压力0.2 MPa，出风温度80℃，喷头口径0.7 mm。经喷雾干燥试验验证该理论预测值与实际值无显著差异。田间药效试验表明：水稻破口期喷施解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84干悬浮剂75 g/667 m²，对水稻穗颈瘟的防治效果为79.3%，防治效果与三环唑相当，能够有效防治稻瘟病。     

五种喷雾助剂对240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和15%哒螨灵乳油防治木瓜秀粉蚧的增效作用

为探索喷雾助剂对药液物理性状的影响及防治木瓜秀粉蚧的增效作用,室内条件下研究了添加5种喷雾助剂[芦荟精油、有机硅助剂silwet408、渗透剂JFC-2、氮酮和增效醚(PBO)]对240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和15%哒螨灵乳油表面张力、扩展直径以及最大持留量的影响,并测定了添加喷雾助剂对2种供试药剂防治木瓜秀粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus的增效作用。结果表明:5种助剂均能显著降低药液的表面张力、增大扩展直径并提高药液持留量;室内毒力测定结果表明,5种助剂对240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和15%哒螨灵乳油的毒力具有不同程度的增效作用,增效比分别达5.1%～26.1%和22.7%～41.8%,其中JFC-2和PBO的增效作用较为明显。田间试验结果表明,JFC-2和PBO可提高2种供试药液对木瓜秀粉蚧的田间防效,尤其对高浓度药液的增效作用更为明显,其中JFC-2对240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂防效的增效比在10.3%～24.6%之间,增效醚对15%哒螨灵乳油防效的增效比在12.1%～28.9%之间。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YB114对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的生防效果及发酵条件优化

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YB114为本研究团队筛选出的一株对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病(Corynespora leaf spot)具有较高活性的生防菌株。为加快其产业化进程，本试验研究了该菌株的生物活性及发酵条件。盆栽试验结果表明，100倍发酵稀释液处理对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的治疗及预防效果分别为85.72%和42.29%,100倍发酵上清稀释液的治疗及预防效果分别达到74.14%和33.25%,菌株发酵液和上清液对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的治疗效果好于预防效果。YB114发酵液对黄瓜植株有促生效果，叶面喷施后黄瓜茎长、根长、叶面积及地上部生物量增加，叶片中叶绿素、生长素和玉米核苷素含量显著增加。发酵最优培养基为10 g/L果糖、17 g/L水溶性花生饼粉、1 g/L磷酸二氢钾。最佳发酵条件为：装液量40 mL/250 mL三角瓶，接种量6%(体积分数)、pH 7.0,转速180 r/min,温度32℃,发酵时间24 h。优化发酵条件后YB114对棒孢叶斑病的防效提升了22.4%。     

拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌T429喷雾干燥工艺研究

本研究前期成功分离获得1株对水稻真菌病害具有较强抑制作用的枯草芽孢杆菌T429,为开发生防菌农药新剂型,利用喷雾干燥法对生防菌 T429发酵液进行处理,以喷雾干燥后产物活菌量为主要指标,采用单因素和正交试验法,对影响喷雾干燥产物指标的主要因素进行优化。结果表明,最佳喷雾干燥条件为进风温度120℃、进样速度720 mL/h、雾化口径1 mm、雾化压力0.1 MPa、热风流量30 M3/h,可获得产物活菌量达8.61×109 cfu/g。该工艺稳定、可控,为以枯草芽孢杆菌为核心的微生物杀菌剂新剂型的研发提供了科学依据。     

正交法优化解淀粉芽孢杆菌B1619水分散粒剂加工工艺

解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens生防菌株B1619对设施蔬菜土传病害有较好的防治效果。为了最大限度降低加工工艺对生物杀菌剂B1619水分散粒剂中含菌量的影响,作者通过单因子水平筛选和正交试验,对B1619水分散粒剂主要助剂配比和颗粒制备条件进行了优化。结果表明:3种主要助剂的最佳配比（质量分数）组合为:硅酸镁铝1.0%、萘磺酸盐甲醛3.0%、硫酸铵4.5%,优化后颗粒含菌量比初始含菌量提高了152.0%;最佳颗粒制备条件为:筛孔粒径1.5 mm、烘干温度65℃、烘干时间20 min,优化后颗粒含菌量比初始含菌量提高了160.0%。验证试验表明,加工工艺优化前B1619水分散粒剂颗粒的含菌量为2.50×108 cfu/g,优化后颗粒的含菌量为1.05×109 cfu/g,优化率为320.0%,优化效果十分显著。     

青枯病植物疫苗生产菌FJAT-1458发酵工艺的优化

为提高防治青枯病的植物疫苗菌FJAT-1458的发酵工艺,本文采用液固双相发酵方式,以活菌体数量为指标,通过单因子和正交设计试验对菌株FJAT-1458液体发酵培养基进行优化,并利用农业副产物——微生物发酵床养猪垫料为发酵培养基主成分进行固体培养工艺优化,为研制植物疫苗菌剂提供基础。结果表明,菌株FJAT-1458液体发酵的最适培养基配方为玉米粉2.5%、鱼骨粉0.5%、蔗糖0.1%、蛋白胨0.15%、K₂HPO₄ 0.05%和MgSO₄ 0.025%,发酵48 h后,发酵液活菌含量可达3.87×10⁹ cfu/mL。该菌固体发酵最佳培养基配方为垫料:黄豆饼粉=7:3（质量比）,最佳发酵条件为温度35℃、含水量45%、接菌量15%、通气量70%时,培养40 h后,固体菌剂活菌量达4.68×10⁸ cfu/g。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.