澳洲坚果引种栽培研究

[目的]引进适宜贵州气候特点的澳洲坚果优良品种。[方法]2007年从中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所引进4个澳洲坚果优良品种在贵州望谟县和贞丰县试种,2010年4个品种零星开花结果,分析各品种的品种特性。[结果]从综合性状看,在贵州南亚热区表现最好的品种是Own Choice（O.C）,4年生树株高329 cm,茎围23 cm,树冠315 cm,单株产量平均1.52 kg;其次是Pahala（788）,4年生树株高363 cm,茎围24.8 cm,树冠328 cm,单株产量平均0.53 kg。[结论]研究结果为澳洲坚果的引种栽培提供了参考。     

Weibull分布函数和Rayleigh密度函数在组建褐飞虱种群预测模型中的应用

 本文研究应用 Weibull 分布函数Y=100×[1-exp(-X/b)^c]描述褐飞虱雌虫产卵量的时间序列分布、若虫进龄百分率和卵的累计孵化率,用 Rayleigh 密度函数Y=A·X·exp(-X²/2H²)描述各龄若虫存活率。然后将这些参数组建成褐飞虱田间种群数量预测模型,经用历史资料验证,结果模拟值与实查值基本一致。     

马铃薯优化再生系统的建立

本试验研究了六种培养基系统对马铃薯东农３０３，Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ和极早三个品种来源的不同外植体的愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的影响，筛选出了适合植株再生的最佳外植体、最佳外植体大小及最佳培养基系统。适合植株再生的最佳外植体为叶片；最佳外植体大小为叶片０．５ｃｍ２、茎０．５ｃｍ、块茎０．２５ｃｍ２×０．３ｃｍ，适合于茎、块茎及叶的有效培养基系统分别为：①ＭＳ＋３ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＢＡ＋０．０１ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＮＡＡ（ｐｈ５．６）４周ＭＳ＋０．３ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＧＡ３（ｏＨ５．６）；②ＭＳ＋１．７５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＺＴ＋０．８７ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＩＡＡ（ｐＨ５．８）；③ＭＳ＋２．２５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＢＡ＋０．１８６ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＮＡＡ（ｐＨ５．８）２周ＭＳ＋５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＧＡ３＋２．２５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＢＡ（ｐｈ５．８）。     

双亚10号亚麻新品种的选育

双亚10号是以(78-97×奥尔沙)×(85-1832×FR2)复合杂交育成的,具有高纤、优质、抗旱、抗倒伏和抗病优点.区域试验每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为6068.7kg、975.1kg和741.9kg,分别比对照品种黑亚7号增产6.6%、24.5%和18.4%.生产试验每公顷原茎、长纤维和种子产量分别为5326.1kg、861.0kg和449.1kg,分别比对照品种黑亚11号增产8.5%、23.7%和10.9%.长麻率20.6%、全麻率29.9%,纤维强度26.7kg.     

多环芳烃的吸收累积对茶叶化学成分的影响

通过水培试验,研究分析了两种多环芳烃(PAHs)物质(菲和芘)在茶树体内的吸收、累积和转移,以及对茶叶体内几种有效化学成分的影响。结果表明,当营养液中菲和芘处理浓度为1.00mg/L和0.10mg/L时,茶树须根中菲和芘浓度最高,为2.21×10-1mg/g干重(DW)和1.07×10-1mg/gDW;菲在茶树茎中最高含量7.00×10-3mg/gDW,叶片中含量为3.10×10-4mg/g鲜重(FW),芘在茎和叶中则均未检测到。菲和芘对茶树乌牛早品种叶片内化学成分影响显著,菲和芘单独处理后,茶树叶片内儿茶素总量最高分别上升35.13%和46.56%;菲和芘的混合处理中儿茶素总量最高增加48.23%,多酚和咖啡碱含量也有明显升高。然而,菲和芘处理后茶树叶片内氨基酸含量下降。     

珍稀果树——黄皮

黄皮[Clausena lansium(lour.)Sk-eels],又名黄弹,系芸香科黄皮属常绿小乔木果树.原产我国华南,现亚洲热带地区有栽培.我国华南地区的广东、广西栽培面积较大,品种多而优,被称为“岭南佳果”之一.我省闽南地区有零星栽植,闽南人誉为珍稀果树.我所于七十年代,先后从广东、广西引入酸黄皮和甜黄皮等两个品种进行试种,至今已近十年.试种结果表明,黄皮果树适应性较强,生长和开花结果正常.八龄果树高达4米,冠幅3.5×3.8米,围茎粗度50厘米.实生树3至4年开花结果,嫁接树2至3年就可投产,单株可收获果实3.5—6公斤,6年生单株产果达15公斤.     

HPLC法测定菌株S15发酵液中Zygosporin D的含量

用HPLC法测定菌株S 15发酵液中Zygosporin D(乙酰基细胞松弛素D)的含量。色谱条件为：Kromasil -C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 m)，柱温25 ℃，流动相乙腈-水(体积比40:60)，流速(1.0 mL/min)，检测波长(216 nm)。标准曲线回归方程：Y＝0.409 03X＋1.547 7，r＝0.999 8，Zygosporin D回收率为100.5%。实验证明该方法稳定可靠，精密度高，重现性好，简单可行，适用于Zygosporin D的分析检测。     

不同种植模式对巴西香蕉生长及产量的影响

比较不同种植模式对巴西香蕉生长及产量的影响。结果表明：在不同种植模式下,茎高、茎围、叶长、叶宽的生长规律相似;各处理的茎围、叶宽、青叶数、果指数、抽蕾率、果穗轴尾部直径之间无显著差异;茎高、叶长、吸芽数、果指长度与果指围度、果穗轴头部直径之间除了D2(矩形单行植,株行距为2.0 m×3.0 m,种植密度为1 666株/hm2)与D3[矩形宽窄行植,株行距为1.5 m×(3.0＋1.0)m,种植密度为3 333株/hm2]有显著差异外,其他无显著差异,而且茎围、青叶数、吸芽数、果指数、果指长度与果指围度、果穗轴头部与尾部直径均随种植密度的增加而减少;现蕾期与果生育期随种植密度的增加而有所延长且收获期较分散;单果重、单株产量随种植密度的增加而减少,单位面积产量则随种植密度的增加而增加,差异极显著。     

马铃薯同薯23号的品种特征与高效栽培技术

马铃薯品种同薯23号选育自8029-[S2-26-13-(3)]×NS 78-4。该品种中晚熟,具有高产稳产,抗X、Y病毒病,抗晚疫病,结薯集中,薯形好等特征。本文介绍了其在实践当中的高效栽培技术,包括整地、合理施肥、种薯处理、切薯处理、播种方法、田间管理、病虫害防治、适时收获等内容,为该品种的大面积推广起到了技术指导作用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.