小麦秸秆及其生物炭添加对黄绵土表面电化学性质的影响

土壤表面电化学性质是土壤具有肥力的重要基础,研究小麦秸秆及其生物炭添加对黄绵土表面电化学性质的影响,可为黄绵土耕地质量的提升及可持续利用、减少土壤侵蚀提供重要的理论及实践依据.通过室内恒温培养试验,设置对照(CK)、1％秸秆(儿)、3％秸秆(J3)、5％秸秆(J5)、7％秸秆(J7)、10％秸秆(J10)和1％生物炭(...     

添加不同外源氮对长期秸秆还田土壤中氮素转化的影响

【目的】秸秆还田能够改变土壤中各活性氮库的含量与比例,进而影响土壤氮素供应能力。本文研究了长期秸秆还田条件下添加不同外源氮对土壤中不同形态氮素的影响,旨在明确长期秸秆还田土壤活性氮库的含量差异。【方法】长期定位施肥试验点位于湖南省望城县(112°80′N、28°37′E,海拔高度100 m)。试验开始于1981年,供试土壤为第四纪红色黏土发育的水稻土,轮作制度为稻—稻—冬闲。2014年晚稻收获后,采集单施化肥和长期秸秆还田配施化肥两个处理的耕层土壤样品,开展室内培养试验。每个土壤样品设置灭菌和不灭菌两组主处理,在主处理下设:对照(CK)、添加尿素(N 150 kg/hm^2,U)、添加秸秆(N 150 kg/hm^2,S)和添加尿素和秸秆(N 300 kg/hm^2,U+S)四个副处理,4次重复。在25℃下恒温培养5、10、20、30、50、90、130天时,分析土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物氮和可溶性有机氮含量。【结果】1) U、S和U+S处理均显著提高土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,高低顺序为U> U+S> S> CK。非灭菌条件下,U处理的土壤铵态氮含量较其他处理高出90.8%~288%。2)灭菌后土壤铵态氮长期维持在较高水平,其向硝态氮转化过程受阻。在培养90天内,土壤硝态氮、微生物氮和可溶性有机氮含量均处于较低水平。3)而不灭菌条件下,各处理土壤硝态氮均在培养50天后迅速增加,至培养结束土壤硝态氮达最大值(117.43~243.17 mg/kg)。4)土壤微生物氮和可溶性有机氮分别于培养20天(106.72~244.01 mg/kg)和30天(95.76~140.63 mg/kg)时达到最大值。5)至培养结束,灭菌条件下长期NPKS土壤中U+S处理可溶性有机氮显著高于其他处理,较U和S处理分别提高51.55%和29.96%。【结论】添加不同外源氮有利于提高长期秸秆还田土壤中活性有机氮的含量,尤其是添加秸秆和尿素处理,能够显著提高土壤氮素的供应能力。     

花生秸秆生物炭输入对棕壤中铜形态转化及其有效性的影响

人工模拟铜污染棕壤,通过添加不同裂解温度(350℃、500℃和650℃)和不同施用量(2%和4%)的花生秸秆生物炭,探究生物炭输入对土壤pH和铜形态(Tessier连续提取法)的影响,分析生物炭输入对棕壤铜生物有效性的影响机制。结果表明:随着制备温度的升高,生物炭产率、平均孔径减小,pH、灰分、阳离子交换量(CEC)和比表面积增大;施加生物炭提高了土壤pH,土壤pH与交换态铜含量成负相关,且随生物炭裂解温度和添加量的增加而升高;施炭量一定条件下,随着输入生物炭裂解温度的升高,土壤交换态铜、铁锰氧化物结合态铜含量显著减少(P0.05),有机化合态铜含量显著增加(P0.05),残渣态含量增多,其中650℃裂解温度生物炭处理对降低土壤铜有效性效果最好;在相同的裂解温度下,随着施炭量增加,土壤交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜含量减少,有机化合态铜和残渣态铜含量增多,其中以4%施炭量处理对降低土壤有效态铜的效果最优。研究结果表明,生物炭裂解温度和添加量是影响棕壤pH和铜生物有效性的因子,其中SP4-650处理最有利于降低棕壤中铜生物有效性。     

生物黑炭对黑土根际土壤氮素转化强度及无机氮的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了生物黑炭对大豆根际土壤氮素转化强度及无机氮的影响。结果表明:固氮作用强度在结荚期达到最大值,此后逐渐呈现出降低的趋势。氨化作用强度在开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期有显著差异,5%生物黑炭处理的氨化作用强度均显著高于CK处理。硝化作用强度在苗期、开花期和结荚期,N_2Y_5和N_1Y_5处理下的根际土壤硝化作用强度与CK处理均存在显著性差异;在鼓粒期和成熟期,只有N_2Y_5处理与CK处理存在显著性差异,分别比CK处理提高了58.87%,84.49%。生物黑炭的适量施用提高了根际土壤铵态氮的含量。苗期、花期、结荚期和鼓粒期不同处理之间铵态氮含量存在显著差异,成熟期差异不显著。合理的生物黑炭施用量对硝态氮利用起着关键性的作用,在苗期、花期、结荚期、鼓粒期,5%生物黑炭的处理均显著高于CK处理,在成熟期,N_1Y_5,N_1Y_(10)和N_2Y_(10)处理下的根际土壤硝态氮含量比CK处理显著降低了20.73%,21.04%,22.85%。     

玉米秸秆炭还田对黑土土壤肥力特性和氮素农学效应的影响

【目的】探索玉米秸秆炭对东北黑土土壤肥力特性和氮素农学效应的影响,可为东北玉米集约化生产区秸秆资源利用和培肥土壤提供理论和实际应用基础。【方法】本研究以东北典型黑土区春玉米种植体系为研究对象,通过连续两年的田间原位试验,研究了添加500℃厌氧条件热解的玉米秸秆炭对土壤养分含量、 微生物和酶活性的影响及玉米秸秆炭对作物产量和氮素农学效应的影响。试验设三个处理: 1)PK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田(CK); 2)NPK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田; 3)NPK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田+2 t/hm2秸秆生产秸秆碳,在玉米成熟期取020 cm土壤样品和植株样品,采用常规方法进行相关项目的测定。【结果】 1)土壤养分分析结果。与秸秆还田相比,秸秆炭处理在2013和2014年土壤碱解氮含量(AN)分别提高了10.1%和9.7%,均达到显著水平(P0.05); 土壤速效磷含量(AP)分别提高了13.7%和27.3%,在2014年达到显著水平(P0.05); 土壤微生物量碳含量(SMBC)分别提高了13.5%和26.9%,土壤脲酶活性(URE)分别提高了22.3%和31.8%,2014年SMBC和URE升高均达显著(P0.05)。秸秆炭对土壤有机质(OM)、 全氮(TN)、 速效钾(AK)、 土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)和蔗糖酶活性(SUC)的提升效果在两年试验中均没有达到显著水平, 2)氮素农学效应影响结果。与处理2相比,处理3肥料氮偏因子生产力(PFPN)分别提高了3.3%和9.6%,肥料氮经济效益(EBN)分别提高了12.9%和27.5%,均在2014年表现出显著提高(P0.05); 而两年间处理3的玉米产量分别提高3.3%和9.5%、 肥料氮利用率(UEN)分别提高了3.9%和14.0%、 肥料氮农学效率(AEN)分别提高了11.6%和23.9%,但均未达显著水平。【结论】2年试验初步表明施用玉米秸秆炭可以提高土壤微生物活性和土壤酶活性,调节土壤与作物之间的养分供需,改善土壤养分状况,对提升氮素农学效应有作用。因此,玉米秸秆炭可作为秸秆资源高效利用的有效形式,其长期效果还需进一步试验。     

生物炭和秸秆添加对海南热带水稻土氮素淋溶的影响

通过室内土柱模拟淋洗试验,研究不同水分条件下添加秸秆和生物炭对海南热带水稻土氮淋失的影响.物料添加设对照(CK)、添加生物炭(B)、生物炭+水稻秸秆(BCS)、水稻秸秆(CS)4个处理,培养水分设75％田间持水量(WHC,模拟旱作土壤)和淹水(模拟水田)2个水平.结果表明,生物炭和秸秆添加均可以提高土壤pH,增加土壤有...     

生物黑炭对玉米苗期根际土壤氮素形态及相关微生物的影响

生物黑炭被作为土壤改良剂应用逐渐被认可,但其应用机制特别是生物黑炭对氮素形态和根际微生物的影响机理尚不明确,影响其推广。本文采用盆栽试验,研究了玉米和水稻秸秆烧制的生物黑炭按不同量施入土壤后,对玉米苗期株高、生物量和根际土壤氮素形态及相关微生物的影响。结果表明,施入60 g·kg-1玉米黑炭和40~60 g·kg-1水稻黑炭均对玉米苗期株高有显著(P0.05)降低作用,其中水稻黑炭的降低效果更为明显;分别施入60 g·kg-1玉米黑炭和20~60 g·kg-1水稻黑炭后,玉米植株地上部生物量均显著降低。施入60 g·kg-1玉米黑炭后根际土壤含水量和微生物量氮显著提高。随两种生物黑炭施入量的不断增加,玉米苗期根际土壤全氮、硝态氮含量以及固氮作用强度也显著增加,且均在60 g·kg-1施用量下达最大值。施用40 g·kg-1玉米黑炭可显著提高玉米苗期根际土壤氨态氮含量。同时,施用两种生物黑炭后,均不同程度地抑制了玉米根际土壤中细菌总体数量,促进了固氮菌和纤维素降解菌的生长,其中施入60 g·kg-1玉米黑炭的效果最为明显。综上,玉米和水稻秸秆生物黑炭的适量施用,可以促进玉米根际土壤氮素的循环转化,影响相关微生物的群落结构,且与水稻秸秆相比,玉米秸秆生物黑炭的施用效果更加明显。本文针对作物生长、土壤氮素形态及相关微生物数量3个方面研究生物黑炭施入土壤对氮有效性的影响,能够更全面、更准确地将生物黑炭如何影响土壤氮素转化展现出来,促进生物黑炭的深入开发利用,对黑土肥力保护具有一定意义。     

秸秆和生物质炭添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤氮素矿化的影响

通过采集2014年设置于甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同碳源配施氮素田间定位试验土壤进行120天的室内培养试验,利用Stanford间歇淋洗培养法研究了无碳素和氮素添加(N0)、只施氮素(N100)、秸秆配施氮素(SN100)和生物质炭配施氮素(BN100)4种施肥方式对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤氮素矿化的影响.结果表明:秸秆...     

不同形态氮素配比对添加玉米秸秆白浆土腐殖质组成的影响

微生物对铵态氮(NH4+)和硝态氮(NO3-)具有不同的生物偏好性,两者电荷恰好相反致使两类离子具有各异的生物化学特征,两者间丰度的比例变化势必会影响土壤腐殖化的方向。论文以添加玉米秸秆的白浆土作为供试对象,通过添加相同氮素数量、不同形态氮素配比(NH4+∶NO3-为4∶1、NH4+∶NO3-为1∶1和NH4+∶NO3-为1∶4),试图揭示其对腐殖质组成变化的差异影响,结果表明:(1)无论外源氮素以何种形态为主,秸秆-白浆土混料中的微生物活性均可获得提升,其对混料中较易利用的水溶性有机碳(CWSS)、可提取腐殖酸(CHE)及胡敏酸(CHA)等组分皆可产生矿化分解作用,相比之下,铵硝等比例供应对CWSS及惰性的胡敏素组分(CHu)均可产生较为强烈的分解转化,在其驱动下,微生物对混料CHA的降解程度最高,使之结构趋于简单的程度最大,但CHA组分在此过程有"再合成"的可能;(2)受到硝态氮占优的供氮影响下,微生物可消耗混料CHE并使之降解片段进入CHu组分,不利于腐殖质活性的增加;(3)微生物利用外源以铵态氮为主的氮素形态更有利于其对CHA中较为简单有机分子片段的降解并使之向富里酸(CFA)转化,有利于腐殖质活性提升。     

添加玉米秸秆对黑土团聚体碳氮分布的影响

通过室内模拟实验,研究了黑土添加玉米秸秆对团聚体组成、有机碳、氮及净积累有机碳、氮在不同粒径团聚体中的分布和碳、氮贮量的影响,探讨不同粒径团聚体对土壤固碳和肥力的贡献份额.研究结果表明:未添加玉米秸秆黑土,0.25～0.053 mm微团聚体含量最多,>2 mm大团聚体最少;土壤有机碳、氮主要分布在>2 mm和2～0.25 mm团聚体中;2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中土壤有机碳、氮贮量最高.黑土添加玉米秸秆360 d期间,促进了土壤的团聚作用,>2 mm大团聚体成为优势粒级;土壤有机碳和净积累有机碳主要分布在>2 mm团聚体中,0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中分布最少;全氯和净积累氮主要分布在>2 mm和<0.053 mm团聚体中;土壤有机碳、氮贮量随着团聚体粒径的增大而增加.     

生物质炭与有机物料配施的土壤培肥效果及对玉米生长的影响

生物质炭作为一种多功能的土壤培肥材料被广泛应用,但其与传统有机物料的对比及配施研究还比较少。通过盆栽试验,研究了生物质炭与秸秆、发酵鸡粪单施及配施对壤质潮土和砂土养分含量、酶活性及玉米生长的影响,并采用主成分分析方法对3种有机物料的培肥效果进行综合评价。试验设6个处理,分别为不添加有机物料(CK)、添加生物质炭(BC)、小麦秸秆(WS)、发酵鸡粪(CM)、秸秆和生物质炭(WS+BC)、鸡粪和生物质炭(CM+BC)。研究结果表明,各处理均增加了砂土玉米生物量和株高,3种有机物料的提升幅度排序为:鸡粪生物质炭秸秆,鸡粪还可增加壤质潮土玉米生物量和株高。添加生物质炭和有机物料还可提高土壤有机质含量,其中生物质炭的提升幅度最大。此外,3种有机物料对土壤养分和酶活性的影响各异,单施鸡粪分别增加壤质潮土和砂土的碱解氮22.08%和26.67%,速效磷91.92%和53.65%,脲酶活性40.54%和36.94%;单施生物质炭分别增加壤质潮土和砂土速效磷83.52%和89.91%,速效钾79.38%和127.02%,过氧化氢酶活性3.41%和11.22%,却降低了土壤碱解氮含量,且与鸡粪配施后会抑制鸡粪中氮的有效性;单施秸秆分别增加壤质潮土和砂土速效钾49.48%和63.02%,β-葡糖苷酶活性51.86%和59.09%;生物质炭与鸡粪或秸秆配施可以更均衡地提升土壤肥力。通过主成分分析和相关分析发现,玉米生物量和株高与土壤氮、磷供应正变化的第2主成分(PC2)得分呈极显著正相关关系。因此,3种有机物料中,鸡粪对土壤氮、磷含量及相关酶活性影响最大;秸秆对土壤钾以及纤维素分解相关酶影响较大,而生物质炭对土壤肥力的提升作用更均衡,且土壤肥力综合得分最高。秸秆或鸡粪配施生物质炭可以更全面地提高土壤肥力。     

Effects of urease and nitrification inhibitors added to urea on nitrous oxide emissions from a loess soil

Urea fertilizer‐induced N₂O emissions from soils might be reduced by the addition of urease and nitrification inhibitors. Here, we investigated the effect of urea granule (2–3 mm) added with a new urease inhibitor, a nitrification inhibitor, and with a combined urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor on N₂O emissions. For comparison, the urea granules supplied with or without inhibitors were also used to prepare corresponding supergranules. The pot experiments without vegetation were conducted with a loess soil at (20 ± 2)°C and 67% water‐filled pore space. Urea was added at a dose of 86 kg N ha^–1 by surface application, by soil mixing of prills (<1 mm) and granules, and by point‐placement of supergranules (10 mm) at 5 cm soil depth. A second experiment was conducted with spring wheat grown for 70 d in a greenhouse. The second experiment included the application of urea prills and granules mixed with soil, the point‐placement of supergranules and the addition of the urease inhibitor, and the combined urease plus nitrification inhibitors at 88 kg N ha^–1. In both experiments, maximum emissions of N₂O appeared within 2 weeks after fertilization. In the pot experiments, N₂O emissions after surface application of urea were less (0.45% to 0.48% of total fertilization) than from the application followed by mixing of the soil (0.54% to 1.14%). The N₂O emissions from the point‐placed‐supergranule treatment amounted to 0.64% of total fertilization. In the pot experiment, the addition of the combined urease plus nitrification inhibitors, nitrification inhibitor, and urease inhibitor reduced N₂O emissions by 79% to 87%, 81% to 83%, and 15% to 46%, respectively, at any size of urea application. Also, the N₂O emissions from the surface application of the urease‐inhibitor treatment exceeded those of the granules mixed with soil and the point‐placed‐supergranule treatments receiving no inhibitors by 32% to 40%. In the wheat growth experiment, the N₂O losses were generally smaller, ranging from 0.16% to 0.27% of the total fertilization, than in the pot experiment, and the application of the urease inhibitor and the combined urease plus nitrification inhibitors decreased N₂O emissions by 23% to 59%. The point‐placed urea supergranule without inhibitors delayed N₂O emissions up to 7 weeks but resulted in slightly higher emissions than application of the urease inhibitor and the urease plus nitrification inhibitors under cropped conditions. Our results imply that the application of urea fertilizer added with the combined urease and nitrification inhibitors can substantially reduce N₂O emissions.     

生物炭对玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了生物炭不同施用量(0、10、20、40、80 t/hm2)对玉米茎秆中的钾含量、茎秆形态特征、茎秆质量性状及产量的影响。结果表明：土壤中施加生物炭能够促进玉米茎秆各节的钾含量,并且生物炭的施入矮化了蜡熟期玉米茎基部3~5节的节间长,增大了玉米茎粗,增强了茎秆弹力和茎秆外皮穿刺力,增加了茎秆干物质积累,使茎秆粗壮、坚韧。随着生物炭施用量增加对玉米茎秆钾含量、茎秆性状及产量的影响均表现出先增大后降低的趋势。施炭量40 t/hm2为最优施用量,产量达13261 kg/hm2,较对照提高了25.99％。当施炭量为80 t/hm2时茎秆中的钾含量、茎秆形态特征、茎秆质量性状及产量的提高幅度略有下降。     

Medium-term effects of corn biochar addition on soil biota activities and functions in a temperate soil cropped to corn

Biochar addition to soil has been generally associated with crop yield increases observed in some soils, and increased nutrient availability is one of the mechanisms proposed. Any impact of biochar on soil organisms can potentially translate to changes in nutrient availability and crop productivity, possibly explaining some of the beneficial and detrimental yield effects reported in literature. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess the medium-term impact of biochar addition on microbial and faunal activities in a temperate soil cropped to corn and the consequences for their main functions, litter decomposition and mineralization. Biochar was added to a corn field at rates of 0, 3, 12, 30 tons ha⁻¹ three years prior to this study, in comparison to an annual application of 1 t ha⁻¹.Biochar application increased microbial abundance, which nearly doubled at the highest addition rate, while mesofauna activity, and litter decomposition facilitated by mesofauna were not increased significantly but were positively influenced by biochar addition when these responses were modeled, and in the last case directly and positively associated to the higher microbial abundance. In addition, in short-term laboratory experiments after the addition of litter, biochar presence increased NO₂ + NO₃ mineralization, and decreased that of SO₄ and Cl. However, those nutrient effects were not shown to be of concern at the field scale, where only some significant increases in SOC, pH, Cl and PO₄ were observed.Therefore, no negative impacts in the soil biota activities and functions assessed were observed for the tested alkaline biochar after three years of the application, although this trend needs to be verified for other soil and biochar types.     

减氮和施生物炭对华北夏玉米-冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O 排放的影响

2013年6月-2014年6月,在河南省新乡夏玉米-冬小麦试验田设置四种处理即农民常规施肥（F处理,250kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%（LF处理,200kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%+黑炭（LFC）,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对夏玉米-冬小麦生长季土壤CO_²和N_²O排放通量动态进行测定。结果表明：（1）夏玉米-冬小麦田的土壤CO₂排放通量为21.8～1022.7mg·m^-2·h^-1,土壤CO_²排放通量主要受土壤温度和水分的影响,在夏玉米季受土壤水分的影响更为显著,而在冬小麦季则为5cm土层处的温度对其影响更为突出。减施氮肥20%处理和减氮加生物黑炭共同作用使土壤CO_²累积排放量显著降低,小麦生长季的减排作用尤为显著。（2）施肥和灌溉是影响土壤N_²O排放的最主要因素,施肥期间N2O排放量分别占夏玉米季和冬小麦季累积排放量的73.9%～74.5%和40.5%～43.6%;施肥量主要影响排放峰的强度,灌溉主要影响排放峰出现时间的早晚且会影响不同措施的减排效果。在每季作物250kg·hm^-2施氮水平下减施氮肥20%使夏玉米季和冬小麦季的N₂O累积排放量分别降低15.7%～16.8%和18.1%～18.5%,是高产集约化农田减排N₂O的有效措施。在适宜施氮水平（200kg·hm^-2）下施用生物黑炭,短期内对土壤N₂O排放无显著影响。（3）夏玉米-冬小麦田农民常规施肥水平的N₂O排放系数为0.60%,减氮施肥的N₂O排放系数为0.56%。在华北平原高产集约化农田适当减氮施肥不仅能降低农田土壤温室气体排放,且对作物产量无影响,是适宜的温室气体减排措施。     

Volatile monoterpenes in soil atmosphere under birch and conifers: Effects on soil N transformations

The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in particular, volatile monoterpenes, in soil atmosphere under silver birch (Betula pendula L.) and two conifers, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and to determine the effects of the most relevant monoterpenes on transformations of soil N. The study site was a 70-year-old tree species experiment in Kivalo, northern Finland. VOCs were collected using two methods, passive air samplers and a chamber method. In soil atmosphere under spruce and especially under pine, the concentrations of monoterpenes were high, α- and β-pinene, Δ-3-carene and myrcene being the most abundant compounds, whereas concentrations of monoterpenes in soil atmosphere under birch were negligible. Samples of humus layer from the birch stand incubated in vitro and exposed to vapors from monoterpenes typical of coniferous forest soil showed decreased rates of net N mineralization but simultaneously increased rates of C mineralization. The response of soil microbial biomass C and N to different monoterpenes varied, but some monoterpenes considerably decreased soil microbial biomass. Altogether these results suggest that these compounds have negative effects on soil N transformations, but may serve as carbon and energy source for part of soil microbes.     

Effect of Baythroid on nitrogen transformations in soil

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted in soil to study the influence of the insecticide Baythroid on immobilization-remineralization of added inorganic N, mineralization of organic N, and nitrification of added NH _inf4 ^su+ -N. Baythroid was applied at 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 g g^-1 soil (active ingredient basis). The treated soils were incubated at 30°C for different time intervals depending upon the experiment. The immobilization and mineralization of N were significantly increased in the presence of Baythroid, the effect being greater with higher doses of the insecticide. Conversely, nitrification was retarded at lower doses of Baythroid and significantly inhibited at higher doses. The results of these studies suggest that excessive amonts of insecticide residues affect different microbial populations differently, leading to changes in nutrient cycling.