New biopolymer nanocomposites based on epoxidized soybean oil plasticized poly(lactic acid)/fatty nitrogen compounds modified clay: Preparation and characterization

Biodegradable polymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community recently due to a rapid growth of intensive interest in the global environment for alternatives to petroleum-based polymeric materials. Fatty nitrogen compounds (FNCs), fatty amides (FA), fatty hydroxamic acids (FHA), and carbonyl difatty amides (CDFA), which were synthesized from vegetable oils, were used as one of organic compounds to modify natural clay (sodium montmorillonite). The clay modification was carried out by stirring the clay particles in an aqueous solution of FA, FHA, and CDFA, by which the clay layer thickness increased from 1.23 to 2.61, 2.84 and 3.19 nm, respectively. The modified clay was then used in the preparation of the PLA/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) blend nanocomposites. They were prepared by incorporating 2% of CDFA-MMT and 3% of both FA-MMT and FHA-MMT. The interaction of the modifier in the clay layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Elemental analysis was used to estimate the presence of FNCs in the clay. The nanocomposites were synthesized by solution casting of the modified clay and a PLA/ESO blend at the weight ratio of 80/20, which has the highest elongation at break. The XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. PLA/ESO modified clay nanocomposites show higher thermal stability and significant improvement of mechanical properties in comparison with those of the PLA/ESO blend. The novelty of this study is use of FNCs which reduces the dependence on petroleum-based surfactants.     

Optimization of germination conditions to enhance hydroxyl radical inhibition by water-soluble protein from stress millet

This study aimed to further increase the yield of the hydroxyl radical inhibitory water-soluble protein from stress germinated millet. For this, the effects of the sprouting conditions (temperature, time and pH of stress medium) on the hydroxyl radical inhibition were investigated carefully by single-factor experiments and statistical experimental designs, which included a fractional factorial design, steepest ascent experiments, a central composite experimental design and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were identified as temperature 28 °C, culture time 54 h and stress medium pH 7.5. Under the optimum conditions, the highest inhibition (60.38%) was achieved.     

两个微胚乳超高油玉米群体粒重和含油率对混合选择的选择响应

利用合成的黄粒和白粒两个微胚乳超高油玉米原始群体(C0),经过两年四轮回的混合选择改良,通过测定各轮回群体的5粒重、含油率和5粒油重三个性状,研究其选择响应.结果表明:黄、白两个群体,5粒重、含油率及5粒油重三个性状的原始群体及各轮回群体间都存在极显著差异.在第四轮混合选择(C4)后的5粒重最高,黄色群体C4y的5粒重...     

Preparation and nutritional quality of high protein food extracts from immature corn,whole soybean and dry whole milk

Five foods have been prepared from water extracts of immature corn (IC), immature corn-milk (CM) and immature corn-whole soybean (CS). The method of preparation followed either the common practice used for the immature corn drink or with certain modifications to increase yield. The protein quality of the three foods (IC, CM and CS) were evaluated and compared with that of casein. They had same digestibility (87–88%) but differed in protein quality. Two other foods, CS-1 and CS-2 were prepared using mechanical pressing of solubles. The corn-soy foods, CS-1 and CS-2, had almost the same digestibility as that of casein. An analysis of costs of materials indicated that the production of corn-soy food will be cheaper than the corn-milk food.     

棕榈油制备生物柴油的研究

以精制棕榈油、无水乙醇为原料,NaOH为催化剂,制备得到一种新型生物柴油。采用正交试验研究了反应物配比、催化剂用量、温度、反应时间等因素对产物产率的影响,得出了最佳合成条件,并运用气相色谱质谱技术分析了产物的结构和组成,结果表明,该生物柴油符合GB/T 20828-2007《柴油机燃料调和用生物柴油》,接近美国和德国的生物柴油标准,基本符合GB 252-2000《轻柴油》。可以替代柴油在柴油发动机中使用,满足普通柴油机的要求。     

Effect of high molecular weight glutenins and rye translocations on soft wheat flour cookie quality

The influence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) on wheat breadmaking quality has been extensively studied but the effect of different Glu-1 alleles on cookie quality is still poorly understood. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of HMW-GS composition and wheat-rye translocations on physicochemical flour properties and cookie quality of soft wheat flours. Alleles encoded at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locus had a significant effect over physicochemical flour properties and solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile. The null allele for Glu-A1 locus presented the highest cookie factor observed (CF = 7.10), whereas 1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS rye translocations had a negative influence on CF. The three cultivars that showed the highest CF (19, 44 and 47) had the following combination: Glu-A1 = null, Glu-B1 = 7 + 8, Glu-D1 = 2 + 12 and no secalins. Two prediction equations were developed to estimate soft wheat CF: one using the HMW-GS composition and the other using physicochemical flour parameters, where SRCsuc, SRC carb, water-soluble pentosans, damaged starch and protein turned out to be better CF predictors. This data suggests that grain protein allelic composition and physicochemical flour properties can be useful tools in breeding programs to select soft wheat of good cookie making quality.     

钠基蒙脱石对菜籽油中磷脂的吸附行为研究

为了解钠基蒙脱石（sodium montmorillonite, Na-MMT）在油脂脱胶过程中的吸附行为以及吸附机理,采用钠化方法将钙基蒙脱石制备成Na-MMT,并对其进行X射线衍射和热重分析;利用Na-MMT对菜籽油中的磷脂（phospholipids, PL）进行吸附,探讨PL在Na-MMT上的静态吸附平衡、吸附动力学和吸附热力学。结果表明,Na-MMT对PL的最大理论吸附量为833.3mg/g;Na-MMT对PL的吸附是属于优惠吸附,吸热且自发进行。Freundlich吸附模型能够较好地拟合其静态吸附行为;同时拟二级吸附动力学模型适用于描述Na-MMT吸附PL的动力学特性。 [     

大豆高密度遗传图谱的构建及产量相关性状QTL定位

大豆是重要的粮油作物,而我国大豆主要依靠进口,提高大豆产量对保障国家粮油安全意义重大。为定位大豆产量相关性状,本研究以产量差异显著的东农42和东农50作为杂交亲本,构建了包含168个家系的重组自交系（recombination inbred lines,RILs）群体,对其进行全基因组重测序,构建高密度遗传图谱,并利用R/qtl软件的复合区间作图法（composite interval mapping,CIM）结合两年六点的大豆产量相关性状表型数据,进行QTL定位。结果表明：利用测序获得的660 316个SNP标记构建了一张分布在20个连锁群的包含6227个bin标记的大豆高密度遗传图谱,总图距和平均图距分别为2739.15 cM,0.44 cM。在12个染色体上定位到22个大豆产量相关性状QTL,四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒重和百粒重性状定位到的QTL分别为5、4、5和8个。在3号和19号染色体上各有一段基因组区域在两年间重复定位,涉及6个主效QTL,分别为qNFSP-19-1(22.976%）、qNFSP-19-2(11.977%）、qNFSP-19-3(17.203%）、qHSW-...     

High frequency of abnormal high molecular weight glutenin alleles in Chinese wheat landraces of the Yangtze-River region

A total of 485 common landraces of bread wheat were collected from the Yangtze-River region of China. Their high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition was analyzed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Among all landraces tested, 453 were homogeneous for HMW-GS, 32 were heterogeneous, and 37 contained abnormal subunits. A total of 22 alleles were detected, including 3 at Glu-A1, 13 at Glu-B1 and 6 at Glu-D1, respectively. Higher variations occurred at the Glu-B1 locus compared with Glu-A1 and Glu-D1. Glu-A1c (74.0%), Glu-B1b (40.4%), Glu-D1a (84.9%) appeared to be the most frequent alleles at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1, respectively. Two alleles ("null" and 1) at the Glu-A1 locus, three allele compositions (7 + 8, 7OE + 8, 7 + 9) at the Glu-B1 locus, and two (2 + 12 and 5 + 10) at the Glu-D1 locus appeared to be the common types in the 485 landraces. Sixteen new alleles represented by abnormal subunits were identified at the Glu-B1 and the Glu-D1 locus.     

油脂加工视角下新时期提升我国大豆油自给率问题探讨

我国是大豆消费大国和净进口国,大豆和大豆油自给率严重不足,进口来源相对集中。如何降低大豆对外依存度,提高大豆油供给,是当前新时期保障我国食物安全的重要课题。文章依据中国大豆供需现状,在油脂加工视角下对我国大豆作比较优势分析,阐述了大豆油自给率不足的根本原因,并提出开发和推广耐盐碱地种植高产大豆、提升高油大豆的种植面积和出油率、科学合理大豆油消费、其他油料作物替代消费等建议来提升我国大豆油自给率水平。     

Preparation of high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) with high yield by room temperature suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate

To obtain high molecular weight (HMW) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with high conversion, methyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized in suspension using a room temperature initiator, 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN), and the effects of polymerization conditions on the polymerization behavior of MMA and the molecular parameters of PMMA were investigated. On the whole, the experimental results well corresponded to the theoretically predicted tendencies. These effects could be explained by a kinetic order of ADMVN concentration calculated by an initial rate method and an activation energy difference of polymerization obtained from the Arrhenius plot. Suspension polymerization at 25 °C by adopting ADMVN proved to be successful in obtaining PMMA of HMW (number-average degree of polymerization (P_n): 30,900–36,100) and of high yield (ultimate conversion of MMA into PMMA: 83–93 %) with diminishing heat generated during polymerization. The P_n and lightness were higher and polydispersity index was lower with PMMA polymerized at lower temperatures.     

Effect of addition of bovine milk and vegetable milks on thein vitro availability of iron from cereal meals

Studies were carried out on thein vitro availability of iron from a standard cereal meal with and without the addition of bovine milk (BM), groundnut milk (GM) and soybean milk (SM). Further, availability of iron from these milks per se was also investigated. Estimation of the total iron content from BM, GM, and SM revealed that it was highest in case of SM followed by GM and BM. This trend was reversed for percent available iron which was highest for BM followed by GM and SM. Thein vitro availability of iron from the cereal meal was low (3.7%). Addition of BM and GM enhanced the availability of iron from the standard meal whereas SM had no particular enhancing quality. The practical implications of the findings for iron nutrition in humans are discussed.     

The impact of emmer genetic diversity on grain protein content and test weight of hexaploid wheat under high temperature stress

High temperature has a negative impact on wheat grain quality and reduces market value. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), one of the earliest domesticated wheat species, is a source of genetic diversity for the improvement of heat and drought tolerance in modern wheat. However, the potential of emmer wheat for the improvement of grain physical quality under high temperature stress is little studied. A diverse set of 184 emmer-based hexaploid lines was developed by crossing emmer wheat with hexaploid wheat and backcrossing once to hexaploid wheat. These materials, seven hexaploid recurrent parents and seven commercial cultivars, were evaluated at two times of sowing (E1 and E2) in the field, in 2015–2016. The materials were genotyped using a 90 K SNP platform and these data were used to estimate the contribution of emmer wheat to the progeny. Significant phenotypic and genetic variation for grain physical quality traits including protein content and test weight was observed. High temperature significantly increased protein content and decreased test weight. Large scale field phenotyping identified emmer progenies with improved grain characteristic compared to their respective parents and commercial cultivars in both environments. A few families consistently produced higher trait means across environments compared to their recurrent parents. The emmer wheat parent contributed between 1 and 37% of the genome in emmer-based genotypes. Selected emmer derived lines with superior protein content and test weight, tended to have a greater genetic contribution from the emmer parent, ranging from 12 to 37% and 7–37% in E1 and E2, respectively. It was concluded that new genetic variation for seed traits, such as protein content and test weight, can be introduced to hexaploid wheat from emmer wheat. The newly developed emmer derivatives identified with enhanced grain quality under high temperature stress can potentially be used to improve grain quality through breeding.     

Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by enzyme assisted three phase partitioning

Three phase partitioning has been evaluated for extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seeds. This process consisted of simultaneous addition of t-butanol (1:1, v/v) and 30% (w/v) ammonium sulphate to the slurry prepared from Jatropha seed kernels. Combination of sonication and enzyme treatment with a commercial preparation of fungal proteases at pH 9, led to 97% oil yield within 2 h.     

Physical and chemical characteristics of refined vegetable oils from rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) and bread-fruit (Artocarpus altilis)

Crude vegetable oil obtained by solvent extraction from rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) were subjected to alkali refining (neutralisation), degumming and bleaching. At each stage of refining, the crude and the refined oil were analysed for their physical and chemical characteristics notably specific gravity, moisture and volatile matter content, saponification, iodine values, peroxide value, unsaponifiable matter, fatty acids and free fatty acids. Results showed an improvement in the quality of the oil after refining. Refining decreased the free fatty acids and peroxide value, which are some of the characteristics that determine stability. There was a very slight decrease in saponification value and unsaponifiables matter after refining. Refining did not have much effect on the fatty acid composition except slight nonconsistent decreases in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. There was no decrease in iodine value.     

新型固体碱催化大豆油制备生物柴油的工艺研究

制备了新型固体碱催化剂KNO3/AlSBA-15,并以此催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油,对其工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:醇油物质的量比为12∶1,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3％,反应温度65C,反应时间4h,生物柴油的产率可达81％以上.该催化剂对酯交换制备生物柴油具有较高的催化活性和良好的重复使用性.     

Effect of nitrogen application rate on content of glutenin macropolymer and high molecular weight glutenin subunits in grains of two winter wheat cultivars

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in grain protein content were selected to study the effect of N application rate on changes in contents of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) during grain filling. Contents of GMP and HMW-GS were much higher in the high GPC cultivar, Xuzhou 26, than those in low GPC cultivar, Ningmai 9. N increased contents of GMP and HMW-GS in Xuzhou 26 with N rate between 0 and 300 kg ha⁻¹, while at the very high N rate of 300 kg ha⁻¹ the contents of GMP and HMW-GS in Ningmai 9 decreased. The high contents of GMP and HMW-GS at maturity were closely related to the rapid increase in contents of GMP and HMW-GS during the initial period of their synthesis. HMW-GS and GMP content were closely correlated. The total HMW-GS content was important in determining GMP content than the content of any HMW-GS pair or any individual HMW-GS present in the selected cultivars. The pattern of response of GMP content to N application rate was closely related to the regulatory effect of N on HMW-GS synthesis.     

Screening of essential oils from wild-growing plants in Tunisia for their yield and toxicity to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

A laboratory experiment was conducted with the poultry red mite Dermanysuss gallinae (De Geer) to assess the toxicity of a range of essential oils obtained from wild-growing plants in Tunisia to this pest. Details of the percentage essential oil yield from these plants were also recorded. For comparison, commercially sourced essential oil from Thymus vulgaris (L.) was also tested against D. gallinae after work elsewhere found this product to be acaricidal. Recently fed adult female D. gallinae were exposed to the essential oils at 0.1 mg oil/cm² in Petri-dishes at 22 °C over a period of 24 h.Results showed that the yield of essential oil varied considerably depending upon the source plant. Whilst maximum yields of 0.5% were achieved, three of the seven wild plants selected provided yields of less than 0.1%. Similar variability was recorded with respect to the toxicity of the essential oils to D. gallinae. Three of the essential oils tested did not cause significant D. gallinae mortality (in comparison to the control). However, all other selected oils provided mortality levels statistically similar to the 90% mortality achieved with commercial T. vulgaris essential oil, with the oil from Pelargonium graveolens (L’Hér.) killing 100% of D. gallinae exposed to it. Essential oil from P. graveolens in particular may be suitable for further development as a D. gallinae acaricide alongside or in place of commercial thyme essential oil.     

Preparation and properties of a white protein fraction recovered at high yield from potato haulms

Summary More than 50% of protein free of chlorophyll has been recovered from potato haulm juice after two successive pH treatments. The white protein coagulum is rich in lysine and in hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids. A low relative proportion of polypeptides of high molecular weight suggests that proteins were partially degraded during fractionation. Protein digestibility and other components of the final preparation were also studied.