棉籽粉流变特性的研究

用毛细管流变仪研究了棉籽粉的流变特性。实验结果表明：棉籽粉呈现很强的非牛顿性，剪切速率、温度和含水率对表观粘度影响显著；表观粘度随剪切速率的增大而减小，随温度的升高而减小，随含水率的增大而减小。文中还提出了棉籽粉的粘度模型和半经验公式。     

硼矿粉直接施用的研究

研究了３种高品位硼矿粉在油菜上直接施用的效果。就油菜品质而言，３种硼矿粉的效果与硼砂相当；对产量的影响，２号和３号硼矿粉的效果较好，与硼砂的作用没有差别，但１号硼矿粉的效果较差。     

复配型糕团品质改良剂的试验研究

该试验旨在以变性淀粉、乳化剂、食用胶为原料，研制一种能有效延缓糯米糕团老化回生的品质改良剂。通过测定添加不同品质改良剂后糕团的硬度，确定了品质改良剂的组成成分为3型变性淀粉、单甘酯和瓜尔多胶。经过正交试验优化后得到三者的最佳配比为3型变性淀粉∶单甘酯∶瓜尔多胶=25∶2∶1。试验结果表明：该品质改良剂不仅能够显著延缓糕团的老化回生，延长糕团的货架期，而且能够改善糕团的组织结构和口感。     

新疆奎屯123团土壤砷污染研究

土壤砷污染是一种十分严重的环境问题。80年代初,新疆奎屯垦区发现了中国大陆第一个地方性砷中毒病区。本文主要以奎屯123团为研究区域,通过对该地区土壤中砷含量的测定,分析该地区土壤中砷的污染状况,砷的主要来源,探讨砷在土壤中的分布特征。结果表明奎屯123团0~20 cm土壤中砷的含量范围在8.36~39.63mg kg-1,算术平均值为16.67mg kg-1,高于全国的平均水平。土壤中砷的来源主要受自然因素的影响,同时也受到高砷地下水灌溉以及含砷农药、化肥等诸多人为因素的影响,砷在该地区土壤中的垂直变化没有呈现出统一的规律。     

蛋清粉辐照杀菌研究

本文研究了60 Co-γ射线辐照蛋清粉的杀菌效果、对蛋清粉的主要营养成分及感官品质的影响.结果表明,经4kGy辐照的蛋清粉样品中微生物指标达到食品卫生国家标准,8kGy辐照杀菌率达到95％以上.与对照相比,剂量为4～10kGy的辐照对蛋清粉中蛋白质、粗纤维、氨基酸含量的影响不明显,6kGy以下剂量辐照对蛋清粉色泽、气味等感官品质无明显改变.综合试验结果,确定了蛋清粉辐照杀菌的适宜工艺剂量范围为4 ～6kGy.     

甘薯淀粉糊与绿豆淀粉糊流变行为的共性与区别

淀粉糊在粉丝加工中作为黏结剂，它的流变特性是粉团搅拌、形成、漏粉和定型的关键因素。本研究通过对甘薯淀粉糊和绿豆淀粉糊在不同浓度、温度、剪切速率和升温扫描过程中的流变行为的考察和分析比较，表明两种淀粉糊有触变共性，在流变曲线图上都呈现出不同滞后面积大小的开口型滞后回路，用Cross方程拟合精度比幂律方程高；用Arrhenius方程描述两者都具有温度敏感性。两者的区别在于：甘薯淀粉糊在各条件下的滞后面积比绿豆淀粉糊小，说明在粉团形成中甘薯淀粉糊的持续增黏效果高于绿豆淀粉糊；虽然绿豆淀粉糊的零剪切黏度值比甘薯淀粉糊要低，但在浓度较低(≤8%)时，两者差别不大，因此用甘薯淀粉糊替代绿豆淀粉糊是可行的。     

微胶囊核桃粉加工工艺的研究

核桃油脂含量在50%～70%,其中90%以上是不饱和脂肪酸,因此被中医学认为有降低胆固醇、防止动脉硬化、补气养血、美容和抗衰老等作用.但是,核桃仁中大量的不饱和脂肪酸极易氧化,使其储存时间有限.本研究采用喷雾干燥微胶囊造粒法对核桃粉的加工工艺进行了研究,利用明胶、大豆分离蛋白、糊精等水溶性壁材包裹核桃仁中的油脂,再经喷雾干燥脱去壁材中的水分使之成为O/W型微胶囊,从而防止油脂与外界氧的接触,得到了油脂含量高达35.3%、包埋率 85.7%、预测保质期12个月的核桃粉产品.     

粉枝莓资源开发利用研究

粉枝莓资源开发利用研究李维林（陕西省宝鸡峡管理局，陕西咸阳７１２６００）蒋振军，蒋续银（陕西省凤县河口镇）粉枝莓（Ｒ．ｂｉｆｌｏｒｕｓＢｕｃｈ．－Ｈａｍ．ｅｘＪ．Ｅ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ）是蔷薇科悬钩子属植物中的一种落叶性野生果木。它是一种重要的资源植物，具有...     

莲藕粉糊的流变特性实验研究

为了研究莲藕粉糊的流变特性参数，以开发莲藕方便食品，采用一套同心圆筒旋转粘度仪测绘了不同浓度、粒度、pH值条件下莲藕粉糊的流变特性曲线，并对浓度、粒度、pH值和温度对莲藕粉糊流变学行为的影响进行了分析研究。结果表明，浓度从2%增至10%时，稠度系数从0.434增至20.302。建立了表观粘度随浓度的变化规律的回归方程，其相关系数高达0.9931。     

中粉质壤土泥浆排水固结规律研究

泥浆的排水固结变化对水坠坝筑坝过程中坝体排水系统的合理布设具有重要的指导作用。将中粉质壤土以1∶1,1.5∶1和2∶1的土水比制成泥浆,并将制得泥浆分别填充在高度为50,100,150和200cm的聚乙烯波纹管中,对其排水量、上析水量、下渗水量和固结沉陷量等指标进行测定。结果表明,同一土水比的泥浆,上述指标随着泥浆填充高度的增加而增大;同一泥浆填充高度,上述指标随着土水比的增大而减小。泥浆的排水量、固结沉陷量主要集中于前24h,排水量最大可占总排水量的89.48%,固结沉陷量最大可占总固结沉陷量的93.24%。因此,在实际筑坝过程中土水比较小时,应注重坝体泥浆的前期排水,并加强表层排水;土水比较大,充填高度较小时,可考虑不布设坝体泥浆表层排水措施,而要加强下渗水的排水措施。     

Starch Participation in Durum Dough Linear Viscoelastic Properties

The contribution of starch to dough rheological properties has been largely overshadowed by the role of gluten, receiving much less attention in comparison. The influence of starch granule surface properties on durum wheat dough linear viscoelasticity was investigated, and surface interactions between starch granules and gluten were assessed using a model system. Proportions of starch were substituted in dough on a volume basis with an inert filler (glass powder) with a similar particle size range. The doughs were subjected to dynamic and creep measurements. Dough linear viscoelastic properties were weakened on substitution of starch with glass powder at ≤50% substitution, inferring a reduction in adhesion at the matrix‐filler (starch and glass powder) interface with declining proportions of starch granules. Surface modification of starch granules or glass powder altered dough rheological properties, confirming the importance of starch granule surface characteristics and the nature of protein‐starch bonding on durum dough linear viscoelastic behavior.     

Probing the Properties of Dough with Low‐Intensity Ultrasound

Ultrasonic assessments of the properties of dough have been used over the past 15–20 years to complement studies of dough properties that use other physical testing techniques. After the principles and techniques of low‐intensity ultrasound are introduced, its use as a tool for investigating the rheology and structure of dough is reviewed. One important outcome from ultrasonic assessments of dough properties is an understanding of how bubbles alter dough rheology.     

Dough Strain Hardening Properties as Indicators of Baking Performance

Bread loaf volume is an important economic criterion. Breeders, millers, and bakers need measurements allowing them to evaluate dough performance during processing. Strain hardening is an important dough property. It describes the stability of the gas cell walls and the ability of cells to expand further; therefore, the higher the strain hardening index (n), the better the baking performance. Dough exhibits strain hardening during uniaxial extensibility tests. However, obtaining n from an extensibility test is time consuming. The objectives of this study were to identify the extensibility parameters that contribute to n. Three parameters were retained in the model (R² = 0.90): dough strength (R_max), extensional delay (E_Diff), and initial slope of the curve (E_i). R_max was the largest contributor and was proportional to the dough strain hardening properties. E_Diff and E_i had a detrimental effect on n. The appropriateness of the model was validated with two sample sets (19 genotypes, 12 environments). Significant correlations were found between loaf volume and n (r = 0.52–0.64) for 7 of the 12 environments. The strain hardening index was found to be a good predictor for baking performance as judged by loaf volume.     

Effect of l-Ascorbic Acid on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour-Water Dough

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) and its related compounds play an important role as improvers in bread production. Addition of AsA and its related compounds, such as dehydro-L-AsA (DHA) and 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid (DKG), affected the rheological properties of flour-water dough during mixing, especially hardness. Addition of 10 or 100 ppm AsA increased the dough hardness of samples as compared with the control dough. Addition of DHA or DKG to dough only slightly increased hardness. Addition of p-quinone significantly increased the hardness. Both glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form (GSSG) drastically decreased the hardness. Contents of AsA in the treated dough decreased and contents of DHA increased during mixing, suggesting that oxidation occurred. The oxidation rate of AsA was influenced by the concentration of AsA added. The improving effect of AsA on the rheological properties of flour-water dough seemed to be mostly dependent on reactive intermediate oxidation products such as O₂^-, while the contribution of DHA was rather limited.     

Properties of Arabinoxylans in Frozen Dough Enriched with Wheat Fiber

The global market for frozen bread dough is rising; however, its quality could deteriorate during extended storage. Our previous study indicated that undesirable changes caused by freezing could be reduced by adding arabinoxylan‐rich fiber sources. The present study investigated the changes in arabinoxylan properties of yeasted dough during frozen storage. Dough samples made from refined, whole, and fiber‐enriched (15% either wheat aleurone or bran) flours were stored at –18°C for nine weeks, and structural properties of arabinoxylan were probed during storage. Water‐extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) content in dough samples increased by about 19–33% during the first three weeks of storage. Prolonged storage of dough (weeks 6 and 9), however, correlated with a decline in WEAX content. Average molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of WEAX decreased during storage for all frozen dough samples. Arabinose‐to‐xylose ratios also decreased by 11 and 6% for control and composite dough samples, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001) between WEAX content of dough and bread quality throughout the storage period. The results demonstrated that changes in dough quality during frozen storage were related to changes in the content and structure of WEAX that took place during frozen storage.     

Effect of Glycerol and Sorbitol on the Properties of Dough and White Bread

Polyols could prolong shelf life and improve the quality of white bread. But the effect of high contents of polyols on dough properties and bread qualities is not yet clearly known. Thus, the properties of dough and white bread with different addition of polyols were evaluated by means of selected physicochemical properties. Rheology experiment results showed that both glycerol and sorbitol decreased the G′ and G″ of the dough. The results of thermogravimetric analysis revealed that polyols hindered the evaporation of water and that glycerol had a greater capacity for water retention than did sorbitol. In the bread, they caused more water to be absorbed on the surface of the gluten–starch system. They decreased the water activity and mass loss of the bread, but the specific volume of the bread also decreased. We found when glycerol and sorbitol addition was higher than 8%, it could slightly increase the viscidity of dough, enhance the moisture content of bread, and reduce the water activity of bread. But the gluten strength of dough decreased, and shaping and proofing of dough were difficult, which resulted in the deterioration the quality of white bread. We conclude that the addition of glycerol or sorbitol below 8% would be beneficial to the properties of dough and white bread and that sorbitol is a better option than glycerol.     

Wheat Flour Exposed to Ethanol Yields Dough with Unexpected Properties

Exposure of wheat flour to ethanol solutions followed by slow drying of the ethanol in situ alters the subsequent transformation of the flour into dough. Several types of wheat flour were exposed to small amounts of ethanol solutions so as to be “wetted” but without the appearance of a separate liquid phase. The wet sample was then dried in air. Dough was formed from the treated flour, and its rheological parameters were assessed, including time to peak strength (mixograph and farinograph) and gluten index (glutomatic). Untreated and treated flour and the dough prepared therefrom were assayed using 1D SDS‐PAGE (reducing and unreducing conditions), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) applied to 70% leachates with and without sonication, and differential scanning calorimetry. Both gluten index and time to peak increased as a result of the treatment, and the increase was greater for flour or enriched vital gluten with an initially low gluten index than for flour with a relatively high initial index. Endosperm fragmentation following milling of the treated flour was improved by the treatment. Thermal transitions were at lower temperatures following treatment, indicating less structural order and reduced thermal stability. No compositional differences were evident when studied with robust analytical methods. CZE of leached samples (no sonication) revealed lower amounts of accessible or detected proteins following treatment. Conformational changes and new secondary interactions, therefore, appear to cause the effect.     

Effect of Transglutaminase on Properties of Glutenin Macropolymer and Dough Rheology

The effect of transglutaminase (TG) on glutenin macropolymer (GMP) properties could help to understand changes in bread quality. The aim of the present study was to analyze modifications in GMP and dough properties caused by TG addition. Transglutaminase introduced cross‐links to gluten proteins, mainly high molecular weight glutenins. This effect modified the protein structure and markedly increased dough strength. These changes in the structure of glutenins increased SDS solubility and decreased GMP content and GMP storage modulus. However, TG increased GMP particle size, notably at higher doses. TG affected rheological characteristics of dough in that increasing TG doses decreased tan δ, and increased G'. In all the studies conducted, the TG increased GMP polymer size, but contrary to what was expected, this increase did not involve an increase in GMP content. These results confirmed the effect of TG on dough quality and the great differences found with different TG doses.     

Effect of Gaseous Acetic Acid on Dough Rheological and Breadmaking Properties

Breads baked from wheat flours (protein contents 14.1–16.5% at 14.0% mb) that were pretreated with 2–3 mL of gaseous acetic acid per kg of wheat flour, showed maximum bread height and specific volume (cm³/g). Flour-water suspension and the crumb pH values were gradually decreased with increased amounts of acetic acid. Gas generation and dough expansion tests with bread dough showed that the addition of the same amount of acetic acid, which achieved maximum specific volume, also showed the highest rate of gas generation and dough expansion. However, increasing acetic acid decreased these values. Scanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM) observation showed that the bread dough made from the same acetic acid-treated flour indicated continuum and no cracks in the dough matrix. Evaluation of mixograms showed the decrease of mixing stability with increased acetic acid levels. Viscosity and water binding capacity of flour-water suspensions were sharply increased by the addition of acetic acid at pH 5.0–3.5.     

Relationship of Bread Quality to Kernel,Flour, and Dough Properties

This study measured the relationship between bread quality and 49 hard red spring (HRS) or 48 hard red winter (HRW) grain, flour, and dough quality characteristics. The estimated bread quality attributes included loaf volume, bake mix time, bake water absorption, and crumb grain score. The best‐fit models for loaf volume, bake mix time, and water absorption had R² values of 0.78–0.93 with five to eight variables. Crumb grain score was not well estimated, and had R² values ≈0.60. For loaf volume models, grain or flour protein content was the most important parameter included. Bake water absorption was best estimated when using mixograph water absorption, and flour or grain protein content. Bake water absorption models could generally be improved by including farinograph, mixograph, or alveograph measurements. Bake mix time was estimated best when using mixograph mix time, and models could be improved by including glutenin data. When the data set was divided into calibration and prediction sets, the loaf volume and bake mix time models still looked promising for screening samples. When including only variables that could be rapidly measured (protein content, test weight, single kernel moisture content, single kernel diameter, single kernel hardness, bulk moisture content, and dark hard and vitreous kernels), only loaf volume could be predicted with accuracies adequate for screening samples.