北方绿色稻米品质特性的相关分析

依据绿色稻米的环境要求,探讨稻米蒸煮食味品质和理化特性品种间的差异以及稻米蒸煮食味品质特性的相关分析,指出食味值品种间存在差异,通过育种途径可以解决。稻米蒸煮食味品质特性间相关分析表明:直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量与食味值呈负相关,而胶稠度与食味呈正相关。     

水稻Wx基因的等位变异及育种利用研究进展

胚乳中直链淀粉含量是决定稻米蒸煮与食味品质的最重要指标,其在不同品种间变异范围较大。蜡质基因(Waxy,Wx)控制着稻米中直链淀粉的合成,是影响稻米蒸煮与食味品质的最重要基因。目前,在栽培稻中已鉴定了Wx基因的多个复等位变异,包括Wxa、Wxb、wx、Wxop、Wxin、Wxmq、Wxmp、Wxhp等,这些等位变异是造成稻米品质差异的主要原因。综述了目前已发现的Wx基因的主要等位变异类型及变异所产生的效应,简要回顾了各Wx等位基因在育种上的利用,展望了今后Wx基因的主要研究方向。     

Wx^mp基因背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对水稻蒸煮食味品质的影响

【目的】分析在同一主效基因(Wx^mp)背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响,以期为水稻品质遗传改良提供依据。【方法】选择在SSⅡa和PUL存在多态性而其他淀粉合成酶相关基因没有多态性的半糯品系宁0145和粳稻品种武运粳21进行杂交,获得F2群体与F3株系。利用分子标记,选择含有Wx^mp基因的F2单株与F3株系,将这些F2单株与F3株系分成SSⅡa^nPUL^n、SSⅡa^nPUL^w、SSⅡa^wPUL^n和SSⅡa^wPUL^w4种基因型(n和w分别表示该基因来源于宁0145和武运粳21),分析不同基因型蒸煮食味品质性状的差异,探讨同一Wxmp基因背景下不同SSⅡa和PUL等位基因对蒸煮食味品质性状的影响。【结果】不同基因型间蒸煮食味品质性状均存在显著差异,来源于武运粳21的SSⅡa^w基因和PUL^w基因分别使直链淀粉含量增加0.29%~1.00%和0.62%~1.18%,且PUL的效应大于SSⅡa,两者间存在互作效应。SSⅡa^w基因和PUL^w基因降低胶稠度和崩解值,提高了热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值和回复值,对糊化温度、峰值黏度和峰值时间的作用较小。【结论】明确了Wx^mp背景下SSⅡa和PUL基因对稻米蒸煮食味品质的遗传效应,该研究结果为SSⅡa和PUL基因的分子标记辅助选择改良稻米品质提供了理论依据。     

Wx~(mp)基因背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对水稻蒸煮食味品质的影响

【目的】分析在同一主效基因(Wx~(mp))背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响,以期为水稻品质遗传改良提供依据。【方法】选择在SSⅡa和PUL存在多态性而其他淀粉合成酶相关基因没有多态性的半糯品系宁0145和粳稻品种武运粳21进行杂交,获得F_2群体与F_3株系。利用分子标记,选择含有Wx~(mp)基因的F_2单株与F_3株系,将这些F_2单株与F_3株系分成SSⅡa~nPUL~n、SSⅡa~nPUL~w、SSⅡa~wPUL~n和SSⅡa~wPUL~w4种基因型(~n和~w分别表示该基因来源于宁0145和武运粳21),分析不同基因型蒸煮食味品质性状的差异,探讨同一Wx~(mp)基因背景下不同SSⅡa和PUL等位基因对蒸煮食味品质性状的影响。【结果】不同基因型间蒸煮食味品质性状均存在显著差异,来源于武运粳21的SSⅡa~w基因和PUL~w基因分别使直链淀粉含量增加0.29%～1.00%和0.62%～1.18%,且PUL的效应大于SSⅡa,两者间存在互作效应。SSⅡa~w基因和PUL~w基因降低胶稠度和崩解值,提高了热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值和回复值,对糊化温度、峰值黏度和峰值时间的作用较小。【结论】明确了Wx~(mp)背景下SSⅡa和PUL基因对稻米蒸煮食味品质的遗传效应,该研究结果为SSⅡa和PUL基因的分子标记辅助选择改良稻米品质提供了理论依据。     

稻米蛋白质与蒸煮食味品质的关系研究进展

蛋白质是稻米中含量仅次于淀粉的物质,同时是稻米营养品质的重要指标,对稻米品质有较大影响。本文综述了稻米蛋白质的特点,以及蛋白质与外观品质、加工品质,尤其是蒸煮食味品质之间的关系,同时对蛋白质影响蒸煮食味品质的机理进行了总结,对今后稻米蛋白质的研究提出了一些建议。     

苟当1号在不同海拔生态环境种植的蒸煮食味品质分析

稻米蒸煮食味品质受品种遗传特性、生长环境和栽培条件等因素共同作用,蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和RVA(快速粘度仪)谱特征值是评价稻米食味品质优劣的重要理化指标.为探究不同海拔地区苟当1号蒸煮食味品质的差异,在贵州省从江县242～857 m的海拔范围内选取了5个不同海拔高度的地点种植苟当1号,对影响稻米蒸煮食味品质的主要理...     

我国稻米食味评定方法分析与思考

我国稻米食味评定主要依据蒸煮试验和成分测定。蒸煮试验多数按照GB/T 15682-1999(稻米蒸煮试验品质评定),而成分分析主要为稻米直链淀粉分析。分析了进行品质评定时容易发生的问题,比较了中日两国在稻米食味评价方面的异同,并针对存在的问题提出了改进意见。     

水稻可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和SSⅢa的功能、等位变异及其互作研究进展

水稻淀粉合成对稻米品质的影响研究一直备受关注,是水稻基础科学研究的热点和难点之一。淀粉合成途径受众多酶催化调控,可溶性淀粉合成酶(soluble starch synthase, SSS)是其中较重要的一种,极大地影响稻米食味品质的形成。可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和SSⅢa是控制稻米糊化温度和胚乳支链淀粉生物合成途径中的两个关键基因。本文重点回顾并归纳了国内外关于SSⅡa和SSⅢa基因的功能、等位变异及其互作对稻米蒸煮食味品质影响的最新研究进展,同时对SSⅡa和SSⅢa基因的育种利用前景进行了展望,以期为稻米品质分子改良和育种提供参考依据。     

稻米淀粉影响食味品质机理的研究进展

稻米食味品质是决定消费者选择和市场流通最重要的因素之一。稻米食味品质主要是由淀粉（少量蛋白质和脂肪）在水和温度共同作用下经过一段时间物理和化学变化形成独特的质构和滋味。本文介绍了稻米食味品质评价的发展历程,综述了淀粉组成结构、淀粉与其他成分互作、淀粉生物合成与分解对食味品质的影响,以及利用分子生物学手段对稻米食味品质改良的研究进展,以期为稻米食味品质提升、水稻品质育种提供参考。     

有机水稻生产环境下稻鸭共作对稻米品质影响性研究

试验利用免耕轻耙技术培育有机水稻生产环境,研究稻鸭共作有机水稻与常规有机水稻生产技术对稻米品质影响性研究。结果表明:稻鸭共作有利水稻生产可以提高稻米品质,其中尤以受环境影响较大的稻米加工品质、外观品质方面指标提升显著,表现为整精米率升高、垩白米率、垩白度降低。而对于受遗传影响较多的蒸煮品质指标以及主要以蒸煮品质指标判定的食味品质,稻鸭共作影响较小,其中胶稠度基本不受影响,直链淀粉含量和食味值变幅也较小。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.