Fate and Transformation of Nitrogen from 15N-Labelled Rice Straw After Feeding Goat

Three goats were fed with ^15N-labelled rice straw to study the characteristics of digestion,assimilation,transformation and excretion of C and N compounds from rice straw.It was shown that the amount of ^15N transformed into the bodies of the two slaughtered goats accounted for 38.5 and 23.6% of the total amount of ^15N deposition of the experimental diet taken by each goat.The ^15N excreted through the feces and urine for the three goats accounted for 34.8,33.2 and 33.9% of the total amount of ^15N deposition in the feed of the 3 goats.The recovery of total ^15N for the two slaughtered goats were 73.3 and 57.5%,with the corresponding rates of ^15N loss 26.7 and 42.5% respectively.The digestibilities of total amino acids for Goats 1 and 3 were 68.7 and 54.0%,and the digestibilties of carbohydrates for the two goats were 74.8 and 67.7% respectively.     

作为颗粒运移的示踪剂的土壤7Be, 137Cs, 226Ra和228Ra的地球化学种类

A brunisolic soil collected from an erosive forest land(HF-1-1) and a yellow soil from and accumulative shallow basin(HF-6-1) in the watershed of Lake Hongfeng (HF) were used for activity measurements of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and ^228Ra in different geochemical speciation.More than 85% of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and 228Ra in the soils were bound to organic Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxide and residual fractions.They could move with soil particlesw and be used as tracers for the erosion and /or accumulation of soil particles.^7Be gohemical specition in the soils agreed with its trace for seasonal particle transport.^137Cs geohemial speciaiton was suitable for tracing soil particle accumulation and for sediment aating.^226Ra and ^228Ra were ombined in crystalline skeleton of clay minerals and mainly remained as residues in the soils and little was bound to the soluble,exchangeable and carbonate fractions.The differentiation of ^226 Ra/^228Ra activity ratios in different geoheical fractions in the soils could be used as a parameter to trace accumulation and /or erosion of soil particles.     

固态13C和15N核磁共振法研究15N标记土壤的腐殖质组分

Five humic fractions were obtained from a uniformly ^15N-labelled soil by extraction with 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7,0.1mol L^-1 NaOH ,and HF/HCl-0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH,consecutively,and analyzed by ^13C and ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross polarization and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonace).Compared with those of native soils humic fractions studied as a whole contained more alkyls ,methoxyls and O-alkyls,being 27%-36%,17%-21%and 36%-40%,respectively,but fewer aromatics and carboxyls(bein 14%-20% and 13%-90%,respectively),Among those humic fractions ,the humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA) extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7 contained slightly more carboxyls than corresponding humic fractions extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH ,and the HA extacted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH after treatment with HF/HCl contained the least aromatics and carboxyls.The distribution of nitrogen functional groups of soil humic fractions studied was quite similar to each other and also quite similar to that of humic fraction from native soils.More than 75% of total N in each fraction was in amide from,with 9%-13% present as aromatic and /or aliphatic amines and the remainder as heerocyclic N.     

农耕地土壤137Cs与210Pbex深度分布过程对比研究

探讨了137Cs与210Pb_ex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。基于137Cs与210Pb_ex的不同沉降过程,考虑到核素由犁耕层向犁底层的扩散,对农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pb_ex的深度分布过程进行了理论推导,并以杨凌符家庄麦田剖面的实测数据予以验证,同时讨论了实测符家庄麦田剖面137Cs、210Pb_ex深度分布的规律特征及其原因,以此阐明了137Cs与210Pb_ex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。137Cs源于大气核试爆,没有持续沉降补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤137Cs深度分布一直处于随时间变化的非稳定态;而210Pb_ex是天然核素,存在大气沉降的持续补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤210Pb_ex深度分布最终呈稳定态。农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pb_ex深度分布的实测值曲线与理论值曲线的差异,尤其210Pb_ex,可能与耕作深度的变化历史或土地利用(覆被)变化有关。     

Natural Abundance of 15N in Main N-Containing Chemical Fertilizers of China

As early as the 1950s, there had already been reports on the δ 15N value of some chemical fertilizers (Hoering, 1955). Since Kohl and his co-workers (1971) published the report that attempt was made to distinguish the respective contribution of soil nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen to the source of nitrates in surface water according to the different.     

Study on Variation in 15N Natural Abundance. Ⅰ. Characteristics of Variation in 25N Natural Abundance of Forest Soils

INTRODUCTION A lot 0fwork has been done on the variation of natural ¹⁵N abundance in soils andtheir N components （Chen et al., 1964）. However, these reports mostly concerned thegeochemical mean of natural ¹⁵N abundance, and only a little work has been done on thecharacteristics of variation of the natural ¹⁵N abundance in different ecosystems and itsrelationship with the properties and conditions of soil.     

用137Cs和210Pbex进行中国东北地区土壤侵蚀的评估

Evaluation of soil erosion in agricultural fields is valuable to develop conservation practices for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Soil erosion rates were quantified using the fallout radionuclide tracer technique in Mojiagou Basin located on the outskirts of Changchun in Northeast China.The calculated soil erosion rates in the study area were 1.99 and 1.85 mm year-1 using 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex)measurements,respectively.Both fallout radionuclides showed a similar tendency at downslope sites.All measured sites have experienced net erosion during the past 50 to 100 years.137Cs and 210Pbex measurements were useful to quantify soil erosion rates on field and small basin scales.At this rate of erosion,the current fertile topsoil layer would be entirely removed within 70 years.     

有机酸对液培玉米吸收137Cs和90Sr的影响

利用液培方法研究胡敏酸钠等有机酸盐作用下玉米幼苗对放射性核元素137Cs和90Sr的吸收速率。研究结果表明:利用有机酸盐可以降低玉米幼苗对放射性核元素的吸收速率。1低活度放射性核素水平下,对照(不加有机酸盐)的玉米幼苗中发现了97%放射性核元素137Cs,而高活度放射性核素水平中为61%;有机酸盐不同程度地降低了玉米幼苗中放射性核元素137Cs的量。在低活度水平中四苯硼钠降低137Cs的量最多, 玉米仅吸收12%,而酒石酸钾钠处理中玉米吸收量最高,为45.5%。对137Cs的吸收率,在胡敏酸钠处理中为23.9%, EDTA-Na处理中为41.3%;在高活度放射性核素水平中吸收率的顺序为四苯硼钠11%,胡敏酸钠26%,酒石酸钾钠28.7%,EDTA-Na 37%。2低活度水平下,对照中放射性核元素90Sr的56%被玉米幼苗吸收,而高活度水平中达61%。有机酸盐在低活度水平中降低放射性核元素90Sr的顺序为胡敏酸钠 23.9%,EDTA-Na 26%,酒石酸钾钠28%和四苯硼钠36%;在高活度水平中为四苯硼钠11%,EDTA-Na 24%,胡敏酸钠26%,酒石酸钾钠 31%。3低活度和高活度水平中,四苯硼钠和胡敏酸钠降低玉米幼苗体内的放射性核元素性质为最佳。4所有有机酸盐处理与对照之间的差异都达到极显著水平。     

强度耕作对137Cs、210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道.我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性.我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照.在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30 cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减.0～30 cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30 cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征.与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45 cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100 cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%.坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48 Bq/kg降低到0.29 Bq/kg, 坡中部从2.53 Bq/kg减少到0.33 Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48 Bq/kg提高到2.81 Bq/kg.210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71 Bq/kg下降到6.15 Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46 Bq/kg和25.53 Bq/kg降低到1.57 Bq/kg和19.40 Bq/kg.137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91.实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和 210Pbex在黄土高原陡坡地遵照同一物理运移机理,可直接应用于定量评价耕作侵蚀与土壤质量的关系.     

宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex 坡面分布特征的地统计学分析

为更加深入地揭示核素示踪土壤侵蚀的内在机理,在Arcgis Geostatistics模块的支持下,运用地统计学方法研究了宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)核素所特有的理化性质决定了137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布格局的与众不同。137Cs与210Pbex较大的块金值说明了土壤侵蚀及耕作活动等随机性因素对其空间分布的决定性影响,这正是它们能够示踪土壤侵蚀的原因所在。(2)137Cs属中等程度的空间自相关,其坡面分布格局能够较好地反映出地形这一结构性因素在其中所施加的影响,示踪土壤侵蚀的结果也应更为全面、合理,并具有宏观性。210Pbex的空间相关性很弱,说明其对随机性因素的影响有着更为敏感的响应,在揭示坡面侵蚀的细部特征方面应能做得更好。(3)137Cs与210Pbex坡面分布格局存在较大的差异,这一方面说明两者在初始沉降布局、部分理化性质,以及对各种变异影响因素的响应等诸多方面还存在着不小的差异;另一方面也在提示,两者示踪土壤侵蚀进程的结果很难通过数学模型的调整而达成一致。     

过筛粒径大小对HPGeγ谱仪测定137Cs和210Pb的影响

2.00mm通常被作为实验室测定土壤中环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pb比活度时土壤样品过筛粒径,但有关不同过筛粒径对测量准确性的影响评价鲜有报道。本研究选择了褐土、栗钙土和紫色土等3种代表性土壤,经4种过筛粒径2.00、1.00、0.50和0.25mm处理后,利用HPGeγ谱仪测定了处理土样中的137Cs和210Pb比活度。137Cs测量结果显示,相比2.00mm的粒径,0.25mm粒径能减少样品中137Cs分析精度达到可接受值的时间,同时对比活度测量值具有积极影响;对210Pb而言,过筛粒径的减小会造成分析精度达到可接受值时间的延长,但对比活度的测量值影响并不显著。研究结果在提高利用HPGeγ谱仪准确测定环境样品中的137Cs和210Pb比活度方面具有重要意义。     

应用15N对中低产区冬小麦 施氮推荐体系的研究①

应用     

测定土壤有机物质中12C及14C分解速率的密闭培养法

将五六十年代提出了的测定土壤有机碳矿化速率的密闭培养法用于测定土壤有机物质中＾１２Ｃ及＾１４Ｃ分解速率，为此，专门设计了一种吸收容量瓶，从而简化了实验室操作步骤，减少了＾１４Ｃ的污染。     

浑善达克沙地东南缘坡地风蚀速率变化的137Cs与210Pb复合示踪研究

【目的】坡地是人为活动频繁而生态较脆弱的地区，土壤侵蚀是造成丘陵区坡地土地流失的主要方式，因此探究丘陵区坡地不同位置和不同时间尺度风蚀速率的变化具有重要意义。【方法】以位于浑善达克沙地东南缘农牧交错带、生态环境脆弱、易受到土壤风蚀影响的内蒙古多伦县为研究区，选择一个植被类型为沙化草地的典型坡地，通过测量其坡顶、坡肩、背坡、坡麓等不同位置剖面的¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb比活度，探讨坡地不同位置的剖面¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb含量及分布特征，计算坡地不同位置的土壤侵蚀速率。【结果】坡地¹³⁷Cs分布较深，²¹⁰Pb含量随深度增加呈负指数递减，¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb平均活度值较低，受长期风蚀的影响，样品中砂含量高。【结论】除坡麓处于沉积状态外，坡地不同位置均受到轻度或微度风蚀作用的影响，风蚀速率相对大小为：坡肩>坡顶>背坡>坡麓。20世纪60年代以来土壤侵蚀速率显著降低，生态环境质量总体向好。     

测定土壤和植物物质中12C和14C的简易湿烧法

1979年Dalal提出了一种能同时测定土壤或植物物质中全碳及放射性活度的简易湿烧法,后经Amato改进,克服了粘粒含量高的土壤氧化不完全的缺点,提高了结果的可靠性。     

15N-绿肥和15N-硫铵对土壤有机无机复合体中碳氮的影响

应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了硫铵和绿肥对土壤碳、氮的影响。结果表明,它们能增加土壤重组碳、氮和紧结态碳、氮,重组中的¹⁵N集中于紧结态腐殖质中,碳、氮的累积量都是施绿肥比施硫铵的为多。各施肥处理的松结态碳、氮在稻季累积,麦季释放,紧结态氮有一部分释放。氮素的下降幅度是松结态氮大于紧结态氮,绿肥处理大于硫铵处理,¹⁵N量大于全氮量。