水稻早衰突变体lst的生理分析与基因定位

本研究报道了一个来自EMS诱变优良恢复系浙恢7954的新水稻早衰突变体lst(Leaf senescence at tillering stage),其最主要的表型特点是叶片上出现锈色衰老斑,通过荧光共聚焦倒置显微镜观察和透射电子显微镜镜观察表明lst的叶绿素荧光减弱,叶绿体结构异常。生理生化分析发现lst突变体剑叶在早衰性状出现时,与野生型相比,其叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低;O2-、H2O2、MDA含量升高,保护酶系统SOD和CAT活性降低。遗传分析表明,该突变体受1对隐性核基因控制,利用200株日本晴/lst的F2隐性定位群体,最终将LST基因定位在第3染色体SSR标记RM3646和InDel标记IAC120537-1,2之间,共171kb,含两个BAC,30个基因,这为基因的克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。     

水稻叶早衰突变体es33的鉴定和基因定位

利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)化学诱变单季常规晚粳稻浙粳99,获得叶早衰突变体es33。为揭示es33突变体早衰的分子调控机制,以野生型浙粳99为对照,对突变体进行表型鉴定,统计农艺性状和测定光合性能,并对早衰基因ES33进行定位。结果表明,突变体es33幼苗在播种后第10天,第2和第3叶的叶尖出现明显干枯早衰现象,与野生型相比,分蘖盛期叶片光合色素含量降低、叶绿体结构疏松、光合作用减弱、部分酶活性降低,成熟期植株矮小、分蘖少、衰老严重。遗传分析结果表明,突变体es33早衰性状受一对隐性核基因控制,利用基因定位和重测序技术,将控制该性状的基因定位在水稻第3号染色体上的SSR标记STS-15和G24之间,物理距离为977.8 kb,经测序确定LOC_Os03g31550为候选基因;ES33基因第11个外显子发生4个碱基的缺失,造成移码突变,导致蛋白(黄嘌呤脱氢酶)翻译提前终止;通过系统发育树分析和氨基酸序列比对得知,ES33蛋白在禾本科作物中高度保守。本研究结果为进一步探究早衰基因ES33的功能奠定了基础。     

水稻橙红色突变体的遗传分析与基因定位

从水稻材料H9808航天诱变的后代中筛选出1株与色素相关的突变体,该突变植株在幼穗分化期新出幼叶的叶脉为橙红色,到拔节后期植株节间及下部约1/3的茎秆均呈现橙红色,在茎杆节底部中心有一橙红色的原点,抽穗时颖壳为橙红色,并保持到种子成熟,遗传分析表明突变体受1对隐性基因控制。在突变体与9311杂交的F2代隐性群体中,利用SSR标记将橙红色基因定位在2号染色体RM5350和RM12601标记之间,遗传距离分别为0.55cM和1.38cM。再利用新设计的InDel标记,进一步将该基因定位在S1和S2之间,遗传距离分别为0.41和0.25,为克隆水稻橙红色基因奠定了基础。     

功能叶早衰突变体水稻后期自然衰老的生理特性研究

生育后期功能叶早衰已成为限制杂交水稻产量和品质发挥的重要因素。为探究生育后期功能叶早衰生理特性的变化,以生育后期功能叶早衰的突变体(ospls2)和野生型水稻浙恢7954为材料,对其生育后期上部3片功能叶的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光、活性氧(ROS)、抗氧化保护酶系统和可溶性糖进行比较分析。结果表明,突变体ospls2功能叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b值和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均随着生育后期叶片的衰老明显降低,且明显低于相同叶位的野生型,初始荧光(F₀)表现则相反;在水稻生育后期,突变体ospls2功能叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均明显低于野生型,且随着叶片的衰老明显降低。其中,CAT活性的降低时间晚于APX,表明在水稻生育后期叶片自然衰老过程中,突变体ospls2功能叶H₂O₂含量早期上升主要与APX活性降低有关,而后期的升高则与CAT活性的降低有关。POD活性在水稻叶片自然衰老过程中可能与ROS合成有关,而并未起到抗氧化保护酶的功能。本研究为水稻生育后期耐早衰品种的选育提供了理论依据。     

水稻矮杆突变体del1的生理特性及遗传分析

利用60Coγ射线辐照粳稻品种Kitaake,获得一个性状稳定遗传的水稻矮杆突变体del1,本研究对其形态学、矮化性状遗传、叶片超微结构及生理特性进行了分析。结果表明该突变体田间表现为植株矮化,叶片直立,叶色浓绿和不结实;矮化突变性状由单隐性基因控制;突变体的叶肉细胞超微结构正常,但体积明显小于野生型;突变体幼苗株高对...     

水稻早衰快腐突变体ad1衰老特性的研究

本研究前期利用重离子诱变水稻品种科辐粳7号获得受环境响应的水稻早衰快腐突变体ad1(automatic degradation 1)植株,为研究该突变体衰老腐解的发生机制,对其进行生物学特性及遗传分析。结果表明,突变体ad1在抽穗期时遇到高温茎叶会快速腐解,引起整个植株坍塌。衰老发生时,突变体ad1净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率极显著低于野生型(WT),胞间CO₂浓度极显著高于WT。突变体ad1总叶绿素含量及类胡萝卜素含量低于WT。石蜡切片观察发现突变体ad1叶肉细胞受损,排列松散,气孔结构受损;茎秆表皮变薄,厚壁组织细胞排列松散、细胞变少。透射电镜观察发现突变体ad1叶绿体结构异常,淀粉颗粒明显增多,类囊体排列紊乱,片层结构模糊,基粒垛叠松散。组织化学染色表明ad1突变体中死细胞、过氧化氢以及超氧阴离子含量比WT高。与WT相比,突变体ad1叶片中总超氧化物岐化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化力活力(T-AOC)及丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,可溶性蛋白(SP)含量显著降低。遗传分析表明ad1突变表型受一对隐性核基因控制。本研究结果为进一步研究突变体ad1基因定位和基因功能奠定了一定的理论基础。     

水稻白化转绿突变体albg的鉴定和基因精细定位

为丰富水稻白化转绿突变体的基因资源,利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变粳稻品种日本晴,获得一个白化转绿突变体,命名为albg。albg在三叶期前,未完全展开叶片时出现白化现象,待叶片完全展开之后逐渐转绿,三叶期以后新出叶片均无白化现象,至六叶期所有叶片恢复绿色。与野生型植株相比,突变体albg的结实率和株高显著降低,每穗总粒数也有减少,而千粒重和有效分蘖数在野生型和突变体albg之间无显著差异。突变体albg的叶色变化与叶绿素含量和叶绿体发育有关,并受一对隐性基因控制。利用图位克隆技术,将该基因定位于水稻3号染色体上In Del标记3G5和3G3之间,2个标记间相距约163.1 kb,该区间共有28个候选基因,其中Os03g0597200基因编码一个三角五肽(PPR)蛋白。序列分析表明,该基因从ATG开始第1 387位发生了一个碱基G的插入,推测其可能为目的基因。本研究结果为水稻育种提供了应用理论依据。     

水稻脆秆褐穗突变体fb1的鉴定与基因定位

为鉴定新的脆杆突变体,从籼型水稻恢复系缙恢10号的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变体库中鉴定了一个全生育期植株变脆且开花后稻穗呈褐色的突变体,暂命名为脆秆褐穗突变体fb1,对其进行了机械强度、光合色素含量、木质素和纤维素含量等测定,并开展了遗传分析和基因定位等研究。结果表明,与野生型相比,fb1茎秆和叶片的最大载荷分别下降了43.3%和63.1%,茎秆的纤维素和木质素含量分别为野生型的76.5%和66.6%,叶片的纤维素和木质素含量则分别为野生型的91.0%和95.5%,均显著降低。开花前,fb1的穗部性状与野生型相比无变化,开花后颖壳逐渐褐化,成熟后呈灰褐色。fb1的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别为野生型的74.8%、90.5%和85.3%,均呈显著或极显著下降。遗传分析表明,该性状受一对隐性核基因调控,基于西农1A/fb1的F2群体,利用SSR等分子标记最终将调控基因FB1精细定位在第1染色体SSR标记RM1268和RM11669之间42 kb的物理范围内,包含7个注释基因。该研究结果不仅为FB1基因的图位克隆奠定了基础,也为植物细胞壁发育分子机理研究和新能源水稻育种提供了材料。     

一个新的水稻温敏感叶色突变体基因定位分析

粳稻品种嘉花1号种子经60Coγ射线辐照后,筛选得到一个温敏感叶色突变体MR20。该突变体的幼苗叶色在较低温度(20℃)下呈黄白色,并随着温度升高叶色由黄白逐渐转绿,其临界温度约为22.5℃,在低温(20℃)和高温(32℃)条件下叶绿素含量也存在显著差异,表明该突变体为低温导致叶绿素合成受阻的温敏感叶色突变体。遗传分析表明该突变体性状受一对隐性核基因控制,暂命名为tsc(t)。以该突变体与籼稻9311杂交的F2群体作为定位群体,利用SSR分子标记将tsc(t)基因初步定位在水稻第3染色体短臂上的分子标记RM231和RM14407之间,其遗传距离分别为1.5cM和0.5cM。随后,进一步扩大F2群体将该tsc(t)基因定位在分子标记MM0541和RM14407之间的约440kb内。     

水稻脆秆矮生突变体鉴定及基因定位研究

经过氮离子束处理的籼稻品种9311,其M₂代中发现1株茎、叶均较脆且株高偏矮的突变体,暂定名为矮脆(dfr)。该突变体株高74.5cm,而野生型株高为122.9cm;细胞壁成分分析表明,突变体和野生型叶片纤维素含量分别为13.8%和23.8%;半纤维素分别为24.2%和20.6%;突变体和野生型茎秆的纤维素含量分别为22.3%和34.1%;半纤维素分别为30.3%和18.6%;细胞壁其他成分无明显变化。遗传分析表明,该突变体脆性矮生性状受单隐性基因控制;以突变体dfr与02428杂交组合的F₂代群体为基因定位群体,利用SSR分析标记将dfr突变位点定位在2号染色体,位于SSR分子标记的RM5472和RM240之间,遗传距离分别为1.1cM和1.6cM。这些结果为研究脆秆矮生突变体及其基因克隆打下基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.