猪粪好氧堆肥技术研究进展

<正>现在畜牧业规模化的养殖模式导致了大量的畜禽废弃物的产生。20世纪80年代末期,随着经济的飞速发展,我国加大了农业调整力度,养殖业迅速发展,其中猪、鸡、牛的养殖发展最为突出,与此同时产生了大量畜禽粪便得不到及时处理,污染环境,成为新的污染源(边文骅等,2004)。畜     

高温好氧堆肥对猪粪除臭技术研究

采用物理化学、物理生物、生物化学、物理生物化学处理,通过室外堆肥及室内模拟堆肥进行除臭保氮试验,测定室外堆肥第22天氨气挥发量、总氮含量,室内试验30d氨气累计挥发量.     

猪粪堆肥

猪粪堆肥处理是发展生猪产业不可缺少的一个环节,也是改良土壤,发展有机农业的有力措施之一.     

猪粪堆肥微生物及其对堆制腐熟的影响

通过两次室外中型堆肥试验，研究在相同水分条件（68.8%），不同调理剂，碳氮比（C/N），通气方式以及添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中微生物变化的影响，结果表明：在堆肥过程中，猪粪堆肥初期细菌，放线菌，真菌总数分别达到了10^10,10^8,10^8的数量级，且细菌在整个堆肥过程始终占优势地位。但随着堆肥时间延长，细菌优势被逐步削弱，放线菌对堆肥基质的分解作用逐步增强，细菌/放线由堆肥初期的30：1下降至堆肥结束时的1.5：1。而添加EM菌剂并未表现出效果，原因是菌剂的纯度不够高，量不够多，未能起到应有的作用。     

猪粪与玉米秸秆好氧堆肥处理及其安全性评价

【目的】探讨以不同比例的猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行好氧堆肥对堆肥质量的影响,并对堆肥产品进行安全评价,为猪粪与秸秆的资源化利用研究提供参考。【方法】以猪粪和玉米秸秆为材料,分别按猪粪和玉米秸秆体积比4：6（A组）、6：4（B组）和8：2（C组）混合堆肥。堆肥期共55 d,每天记录堆体和环境温度,在第0、5、15、25、35、45、55天采集堆体样品,并测定样品的含水量、pH和种子发芽指数,以及第0和55天养分含量（全磷、全钾、总氮）、有机质含量、重金属含量（总砷、总汞、总铅、总镉、总铬）、粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率。【结果】试验A、B和C组堆肥温度随着堆肥时间的增加均呈先上升后下降趋势,各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）;含水量随堆肥时间增加均不断减少,各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）;pH均在7.5~9.1之间波动,变化趋势基本一致,各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。试验A、B和C组堆肥结束时样品总养分含量分别为6.94%、7.36%和6.95%,有机质含量分别为48%、45%和39%,均达到NY/T 525-2021标准的要求;3组种子发芽指数在堆肥结束时都在80%以上,表明腐熟完全,其中A和B组在35 d后均超过100%;A、B和C组堆肥结束时样品重金属含量、粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率的检测结果均低于有机肥标准的限值,其中A和B组的粪大肠菌群数<3个/g,蛔虫卵死亡率均为100%。【结论】猪粪和玉米秸秆按体积比4：6配比更有利于堆肥腐熟,可缩短堆肥周期,并达到了粪便无害化和有机肥料的标准要求。     

猪粪堆肥微生物及其对堆制腐熟的影响

通过两次室外中型堆肥试验,研究在相同水分条件(68.8%),不同调理剂、碳氮比(C/N)、通气方式以及添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中微生物变化的影响.结果表明在堆肥过程中,猪粪堆肥初期细菌、放线菌、真菌总数分别达到了 1010、108、108的数量级,且细菌在整个堆肥过程始终占优势地位.但随着堆肥时间延长,细菌优势被逐步削弱,放线菌对堆肥基质的分解作用逐步增强,细菌/放线菌由堆肥初期的30∶1下降至堆肥结束时的1.5∶1.而添加EM菌剂并未表现出效果,原因是菌剂的纯度不够高,量不够多,未能起到应有的作用.     

接种微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥效果的影响

为解决猪粪堆肥时间过长及堆肥过程中的一些环境污染问题,试验研究微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥效果的影响.试验设3个处理组,1个对照组,每组3个重复,每重复20 kg新鲜猪粪,各处理组接种微生物混合菌剂,其中酵母菌、乳酸菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌各30 mL,处理Ⅰ组加枯草芽孢杆菌15 mL,处理Ⅱ组加枯草芽孢杆菌30 mL,处理Ⅲ组加枯草...     

猪粪好氧堆肥技术研究进展

畜牧业规模化的养殖模式导致了大量的畜禽废弃物的产生,好氧堆肥处理是畜禽粪便无害化和资源化的有效途径。本文综述了好氧堆肥的定义、好氧堆肥进程及其影响因素。好氧堆肥是在人工调节下,在合适的条件下微生物的好氧发酵过程,分为中温阶段、高温阶段、腐熟阶段;影响好氧堆肥的因素包括含水率、C/N、温度、p H、有机质、通气量及微生物接种剂。本文最后还指出了猪粪好氧堆肥技术未来的研究方向。     

添加不同比例油菜秸秆对猪粪堆肥腐熟效果的影响

试验以猪粪和油菜秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,通过油菜秸秆的不同添加量调节堆肥中的C/N,利用不同C/N在堆肥过程中的温度、发芽指数、全氮、有机质和pH等参数,探讨了不同C/N对猪粪堆肥腐熟度的影响.结果表明:在添加生物菌剂、翻堆间隔天数和其他条件相同的情况下当C/N为22.72即猪鲜粪:油菜秸秆为6.5:1(质量比)时...     

添加不同比例油菜秸秆对猪粪堆肥腐熟效果的影响

试验以猪粪和油菜秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,通过油菜秸秆的不同添加量调节堆肥中的C/N,利用不同C/N在堆肥过程中的温度、发芽指数、全氮、有机质和pH等参数,探讨了不同C/N对猪粪堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明：在添加生物菌剂、翻堆间隔天数和其他条件相同的情况下当C/N为22.72即猪鲜粪：油菜秸秆为6.5∶1（质量比）时的各项参数均达到较好的水平,取得较好的堆肥效果。     

Factors influencing litter size in swine: parity-one females

The influence of age at conception, number of matings per conception, season of conception, and breed of female on parity-1 litter size was investigated in 4,944 females from 5 commercial swine herds located in North America. The influence of age at conception on reproductive performance of females in subsequent parities also was investigated. As the age at conception increased from 180 to 245 days, litter size increased 0.017 and 0.012 pig per day, respectively, (P less than 0.05) in 2 of the 3 herds that recorded such data. Age at conception did not influence litter size when conception occurred after 245 days of age. Longevity (parity achieved before death or culling) of females was not influenced by age at first conception. Gilts that conceived before 220 days of age had significantly shorter weaning-to-conception intervals in one herd and shorter farrowing-to-conception intervals in another herd throughout subsequent parities. In 1 of 3 herds that recorded such data, live and total litter size increased from 9.46 to 10.46 and 10.16 to 11.50, respectively (P less than 0.05), as number of matings increased from 1 to 3 per conception. No significant influence of number of matings per conception was observed in the other 2 herds. The effect of season of conception was variable among herds. In 2 herds, there was no significant effect of season of conception on subsequent litter size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Factors influencing piglet pre-weaning mortality in 47 commercial swine herds in Thailand

The present study aims to determine the occurrence of piglet pre-weaning mortality in commercial swine herds in Thailand in relation to piglet, sow, and environmental factors. Data were collected from the database of the computerized recording system from 47 commercial swine herds in Thailand. The raw data were carefully scrutinized for accuracy. Litters with a lactation length < 16 days or >28 days were excluded. In total, 199,918 litters from 74,088 sows were included in the analyses. Piglet pre-weaning mortality at the individual sow level was calculated as piglet pre-weaning mortality (%) = (number of littermate pigs ? number of piglets at weaning) / number of littermate pigs. Litters were classified according to sow parity numbers (1, 2–5, and 6–9), average birth weight of the piglets (0.80–1.29, 1.30–1.79, 1.80–2.50 kg), number of littermate pigs (5–7, 8–10, 11–12, and 13–15 piglets), and size of the herd (small, medium, and large). Pearson correlations were conducted to analyze the associations between piglet pre-weaning mortality and reproductive parameters. Additionally, a general linear model procedure was performed to analyze the various factors influencing piglet pre-weaning mortality. On average, piglet pre-weaning mortality was 11.2% (median = 9.1%) and varied among herds from 4.8 to 19.2%. Among all the litters, 62.1, 18.1, and 19.8% of the litters had a piglet pre-weaning mortality rate of 0–10, 11–20, and greater than 20%, respectively. As the number of littermate pigs increased, piglet pre-weaning mortality also increased (r = 0.390, P < 0.001). Litters with 13–16 littermate pigs had a higher piglet pre-weaning mortality than litters with 5–7, 8–10, and 11–12 littermate pigs (20.8, 7.8, 7.2, and 11.2%, respectively; P < 0.001). Piglet pre-weaning mortality in large-sized herds was higher than that in small- and medium-sized herds (13.6, 10.6, and 11.2%, respectively; P < 0.001). Interestingly, in all categories of herd size, piglet pre-weaning mortality was increased almost two times when the number of littermates increased from 11–12 to 13–16 piglets. Furthermore, piglets with birth weights of 0.80–1.29 kg in large-sized herds had a higher risk of mortality than those in small- and medium-sized herds (15.3, 10.9, and 12.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). In conclusion, in commercial swine herds in the tropics, piglet pre-weaning mortality averaged 11.2% and varied among herds from 4.8 to 19.2%. The litters with 13–16 littermate pigs had piglet pre-weaning mortality of up to 20.8%. Piglets with low birth weight (0.80–1.29 kg) had a higher risk of pre-weaning mortality. Management strategies for reducing piglet pre-weaning mortality in tropical climates should be emphasized in litters with a high number of littermate pigs, low piglet birth weights, and large herd sizes.     

猪场看不见的浪费

猪场的浪费现象太多了，如白天着灯是浪费，饲料洒在地上是浪费，长流水是浪费等，这些都是能看见的浪费，我今天谈一些看不见的但却很严重的浪费。     

Factors influencing the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in swine farms: a meta-analysis approach

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to identify study-level variables that could explain the variation in apparent Salmonella spp. prevalence estimates. Electronic and non-electronic literature searches from 1990 until 2005 were carried out to identify all studies related to the prevalence of subclinical Salmonella infection in swine. The searches were restricted to studies published in English, Spanish, and French. Clinical trials or any other study where an intervention was evaluated were excluded from this analysis. A template was designed to retrieve the most relevant variables and data abstraction was performed in duplicate. A total of 98 papers containing 82 animal-level and 156 farm-level studies were used in the analyses. The median farm-level and animal-level prevalences were 59% and 17%, respectively. Meta-regression analyses were carried out on both farm and animal-level data. Diagnostic procedure, sample size, and country where study was conducted were the three most important predictors in explaining the differences in Salmonella prevalences between studies. When compared to a farm with a apparent prevalence of 50% determined by the blood ELISA, prevalences based on culture of fecal samples were 39% lower and prevalences based on cecum and tissue cultures were 16% and 19% lower, respectively. Similar to farm-level models, animal-level models did not show any difference among serological tests and prevalence values based culture procedures were, on average, 9% lower than those from serological tests. Sample size was negatively associated with prevalence estimates. In conclusion, the methodology was useful for identifying and quantifying sources of variation in Salmonella apparent prevalence among studies and for establishing prevalence distributions that could be used as input parameters in risk assessment and decision models. The analysis provides some guidelines when interpreting and comparing apparent Salmonella prevalence results from studies using different study designs.     

High dietary copper improves odor characteristics of swine waste

We conducted two experiments to determine the effects of dietary copper concentration and source on odor characteristics of swine waste. In both experiments, 192 weanling gilts and barrows were allotted to 24 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments, consisting of control (10 ppm Cu as cupric sulfate, CuSO4), 66 or 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4, or 33, 66, or 100 ppm Cu as cupric citrate (Cucitrate). An antibiotic was included in the diets for Exp. 1, but not Exp. 2. On d 28, fecal samples were randomly obtained from one pig per pen and stored at -20 degrees C until preparation and evaluation by an odor panel. The odor panel consisted of 10 individuals, and each panelist evaluated the odor intensity, irritation intensity, and odor quality of the samples. In Exp. 1, the odor and irritation intensity of the feces were lower (P < .05) from animals consuming diets containing 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-citrate compared to the control. The odor quality of the waste from animals consuming diets containing 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-citrate was improved (P < .05) compared to the 33 ppm Cu treatment. In Exp. 2, the odor intensity of the feces of pigs receiving diets supplemented with all concentrations of Cu-citrate was lower (P < .05) than that of feces from the control animals. Irritation intensity of the feces was not affected by treatment. Odor quality of waste of pigs supplemented with 225 ppm Cu from CuSO4 and all concentrations of Cu-citrate was improved (P < .05) compared to that of waste of the control pigs. Two gilts and two barrows from each nursery pen in Exp. 1 were continued through the growing-finishing phase on their respective experimental diets. The growing-finishing phase lasted 103 d, and fecal samples were randomly obtained from one pig per pen at the completion of the phase. During the growing-finishing phase, the odor intensity and the irritation intensity of the feces were lower (P < .05) from pigs supplemented with 66 and 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 and 100 ppm Cu from Cu-citrate than from the control pigs. The odor quality of the waste was improved (P < .05) in all animals receiving supplemental Cu. These data indicate an improvement in odor characteristics of swine waste with the supplementation of Cu. In addition, lower concentrations of an organic nonsulfate Cu source resulted in similar odor characteristics of swine waste as 225 ppm CuSO4.     

Feasibility and production costs of composting breeder and pullet litter with eggshell waste

Phosphorus runoff from the land application of poultry litter has become a concern in watersheds in the Ozark Plateau region, prompting local growers to use alternative litter management practices. One option is the export of excess poultry litter from producers in nutrient-surplus watersheds to users located in areas where nutrient loads are not problematic. In 2006, nearly 100,000 tons of broiler and turkey litter was exported by BMPs Inc., a nonprofit corporation providing litter management services. However, breeder hen litter and pullet litter are rarely exported because there are limited outlets for these lower nutrient value litters. Another poultry industry by-product is eggshell waste from egg-breaking operations, most of which is currently landfilled at a cost of $25/ton. Composting was examined as an alternative method to convert litter and eggshell wastes into a marketable soil amendment, making use of the beneficial soil nutrients available in both; 4 blends and 2 production systems were analyzed. Process results indicated that during composting, the observed temperatures of each of the 4 blends were different, but all followed a similar trend throughout the production cycle. Functional group inventory and diversity analysis indicated that all blends fell within optimal ranges of microbial species, except for the ratio of aerobic to anaerobic bacteria; only blend 4 was within the optimal value for this parameter. Diversity values for each blend fell within the moderate diversity range (3 < d < 6.5). Maturity analysis results indicated that no blends were mature at 11 wk (index <50%) and could not safely be used in horticultural applications but could safely be used in field applications. Break-even analyses indicated that compost could be produced at an average cost (across the 4 blends) of $17.48 to $20.09/ton for systems 1 (small-scale) and 2 (large-scale), respectively.     

A new bacteriophage of Corynebacterium glutamicum isolated from swine waste

A bacteriophage for Corynebacterium glutamicum strain LP-6 was isolated from swine waste. It belongs to the Siphoviridae family or Bradley morphologic group B, has a narrow host range, and is sensitive to chloroform and resistant to carbon tetrachloride. The phage is unstable (96% inactivation) in swine waste stored for 4 months at 22 C. The DNA has a molecular weight of approximately 20 Md, cohesive ends, and numerous restriction endonuclease sites. The phage differs from other known C glutamicum phages.     

影响牧草生物量形成的因素

牧草生物量包括草地地上部分生物量和地下部分生物量。影响牧草生物量的因素较多，概括而言，可分为气候因素(光照、水分等)、土壤因素(土壤结构、土壤质地、土壤肥力等)、生物因素(牧草品种、草地杂草、病虫鼠害、化感作用)和管理因素(放牧、灌溉、杂草防除、施肥等)。