生长延缓剂在早实核桃生长结实中的应用分析

于7月上旬,对五年生早实核桃品种香玲摘心短截2周后土施多效唑处理。结果表明,株施2.0~6.0 g多效唑可有效抑制树体营养生长,使短截摘心后的新梢能安全越冬。4.0 g/株多效唑处理的新梢长度、新梢粗度、节间长度分别比对照平均降低54.4%、36.4%、25.9%,而单果数、单果重和单株产量分别比对照平均增加了45.24%、3.83%、56.26%。     

多效唑施用量对椒苗期生长的影响

以辣椒幼苗为试验材料,设置3个浓度梯度,验证不同浓度的多效唑浸根处理对植株生长的影响。结果表明:随多效唑浓度提高,辣椒幼苗株高和各部分干重降低,茎粗和根冠比先上升后下降,浓度为100 mg/kg时,壮苗指数最高;200 mg/kg浓度处理辣椒叶绿素a含量最高,表现出了很好的壮苗效果。因此,应选择200 mg/kg浓度多效唑处理辣幼苗。     

施肥对幼龄腰果植株生长和结果的影响

采用L9(34)正交设计,探讨氮、磷、钾肥配施对幼龄腰果植株生长和结果的影响.试验结果表明,对于2龄腰果植株,最佳施肥组合为N1P1K1,年施氮(N)150 g/株、磷(P2O5) 50 g/株和钾(K2O) 50 g/株处理,可以促进植株生长;对于3龄腰果植株,年施氮250～450 g/株处理,植株的冠幅、株高增量随着氮施用量增加而增大,磷、钾影响不显著;现蕾期和初花期,P2O5 90 g/株和K2O 200 g/株处理的植株现蕾、开花枝梢比例最高,施氮影响不显著;盛花坐果期,施N 350 g/株、P2O5 150 g/株和K2O 150 g/株处理的植株现蕾开花枝梢比例最高.氮和钾对3龄植株结果影响较大,年施N 250～450 g/株处理,平均株产量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,最佳施肥组合为N3P1K2,施N 450 g/株、P2O5 90 g/株和K2O 150 g/株处理,可以促进3龄腰果植株结果.3龄植株腰果产量与初花期叶片钾(K)含量(0.43%～0.47%)和盛花坐果期叶片N含量(1.89%～2.20%)呈直线显著正相关.     

多效唑浸种对黄秋葵种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用多效唑(PP333)对‘川秋葵1号’种子进行浸种,以研究多效唑对川秋葵1号种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。试验结果表明,用25 mg/L、50 mg/L、75 mg/L、100 mg/L的多效唑浸种,对黄秋葵种子的发芽势、发芽率、出苗率影响不大,没有明显抑制作用;用125 mg/L、150 mg/L多效唑处理,会在一定程度上降低种子的发芽势、发芽率、出苗率。多效唑能提高种子的简易活力指数,有效矮化红秋葵幼苗,增加幼苗的茎秆粗度,优化幼苗的株型。综合比较多效唑各处理在形态及发芽各项指标的影响结果,以浓度100 mg/L的多效唑浸种处理的效果最佳。     

氮肥与多效唑配合对稻麦两熟区机插水稻秧苗生长的影响

采用常规方法测定秧苗素质和产量,弹簧秤法测定秧块盘结力,参照GB/T 6243-2003 评价栽插质量等,研究了氮肥与多效唑配合对稻麦两熟区机插水稻秧苗生长的影响,并评价其栽插质量和产量。结果表明,在机插秧苗的超秧龄特别是严重超秧龄阶段,秧苗素质迅速变劣,表现为株高急剧增加,百株干重和根系活力迅速下降,叶片丙二醛含量呈线性上升。一叶一心期追施适宜的氮肥并配以二次化控措施,可使超秧龄机插秧苗保持较好的移栽状态和栽插质量,保证其高产。在一叶一心期追施氮肥N 6 g/m2并配以100 mg/L多效唑浸种,并在二叶一心期喷施250 mg/L多效唑能保持相对较好的秧苗素质;关键栽插质量指标—漏插率可降低至8.5%,并能获得9.95 t/hm2的较高产量。     

模拟酸雨对盆栽马尾松叶片光合特性的影响

采用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定仪,对缙云山马尾松在不同强度酸雨(pH 5.6,pH 5.0,pH 4.0,pH3.5,pH 3.0,pH 2.5和pH 2.0)下的光合特性进行测定。结果表明:pH 3.5～5.6的酸雨处理条件下,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度受酸雨影响不明显,从pH 3.0或pH 2.5开始出现明显的降低趋势,且pH2.0出现不同于前几种处理的日变化趋势;从水分利用效率分析,酸雨胁迫对其影响不明显;pH 4.0～5.6的酸雨处理条件下,最大净光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点变化不明显,从pH 3.5开始出现显著降低的趋势,且在pH 2.0时受酸雨影响已经非常明显,无法模拟出最大净光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点;总体分析,酸雨对马尾松叶片光合特性的影响临界范围为pH 3.5～4.0,酸雨对马尾松幼苗致命的影响临界范围为pH 2.0～2.5。     

文心兰矿质营养特性的初步研究

为了探明文心兰的矿质营养特性,以文心兰(Oncidium Gower Ramsey‘Gold 3’)为试材,通过2009～2011年定期对各生育阶段兰株进行跟踪取样调查,初步研究了植株不同器官干物质积累及其对矿质元素吸收、分配特性。结果表明,兰株总干物质量为苗期2.42 g/株,初花期15.04 g/株,盛花期50.57 g/株,叶片所占比例最大。其中,兰株对钾的需求量较大,各时期叶片K的分配率最高,N、Ca主要分配在叶片,P、Mg和S主要分配在叶片与假鳞茎。苗期N、P、K比例为:1∶0.41∶1.57,初花期N、P、K比例为:1∶0.27∶1.45,盛花期N、P、K比例为:1∶0.31∶1.62。生产一枝花平均需要干物质4.18 g,养分N 89.76、P 10.91、K 70.44、Ca 8.33、Mg 7.43、S 7.31 mg。     

钙对水培青蒜苗生长、光合特性及品质的影响

在水培条件下,研究不同钙水平对青蒜苗钙含量、生长、光合特性及品质的影响。供试Ca2+ 浓度分别为0、 1.0、 2.0、 3.0、 4.0、 5.0 mmol/L。结果表明,青蒜苗的钙含量随钙浓度的升高而升高,在5.0 mmol/L钙处理下达最大值;钙浓度在0～3.0 mmol/L范围内时,青蒜苗的生长量、色素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）及气孔导度（Gs）均随钙浓度的升高而增大,钙浓度高于3.0 mmol/L时则随之减小;同时,假茎和叶片中大蒜素、可溶性糖、维生素C（Vc）、游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白的含量也先随钙浓度的升高而升高,然后随之下降,在3.0 mmol/L钙浓度时达到最高,分别比不施钙处理最大提高50.3%、84.7%、92.7%、53.5%、69.4% 和66.1%、113.1%、105.8%、66.1%、60.1%。因此,钙能有效促进青蒜苗生长,增加叶片色素含量,改善光合特性,并明显提高假茎和叶片中大蒜素、可溶性糖、Vc、 游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白的含量,且Ca2+ 浓度在3.0 mmol/L 时效果最佳。     

植物延缓剂对盐碱胁迫下羊柴幼苗根系形态的影响

应用盆栽控盐方法,通过模拟毛乌素沙地实际盐碱状况,研究不同质量浓度(0,150,300,450,600mg/L)植物延缓剂(以多效唑为例)对盐碱处理(全盐量0.94g/kg,处理时间3个月)下羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)根系形态特征的影响。结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫会抑制羊柴根长的生长,降低根系与土壤结合面积及分支强度。其中,分叉数和交叉数所受的抑制作用最明显,分别较对照降低了77.54%,87.70%。(2)多效唑处理会促进羊柴根的生长,600mg/L多效唑处理后羊柴根长、根尖数、分叉数、交叉数、根表面积、根体积分别较单独施盐处理增加了87.66%,116.62%,136.11%,302.25%,57.50%,31.33%,说明多效唑可以缓解羊柴的盐害作用。(3)综合考虑6项根系形态指标,质量浓度为600mg/L的多效唑对提高羊柴耐盐性的效果最佳。     

基于多效唑减量和川麦冬优质高产的施肥量研究

【目的】川麦冬生产上存在多效唑滥用现象,长期过量施用多效唑会造成土壤酸化、有效养分淋湿,降低川麦冬产量及品质,不利于川麦冬出口。本研究旨在找到合理的氮、磷、钾肥配比,以期减少多效唑的施用量。【方法】田间试验采用4因素5水平 (2、1、0、–1、–2水平) 二次正交旋转组合设计,氮肥5个水平分别为3200、2500、1800、1100、400 kg/hm2;磷肥5个水平4100、3100、2100、1100、100 kg/hm2;钾肥5个水平分别为1760、1333、907、480、53 kg/hm2;多效唑用量分别为150、112.5、75、37.5、0 kg/hm2共36个处理。于收获期调查了川麦冬根、茎、叶生长状况,块根产量及折干率、根冠比。【结果】试验因素对块根鲜重、块根干重、叶鲜重、叶干重、叶长、根冠比有显著影响,对叶片数、叶宽、分蘖数、须根数、须根长、块根数及折干率无显著影响。随氮肥施用水平的增加,叶长、叶鲜重、叶干重、块根鲜重、块根干重均降低。随磷肥施用水平的增加,叶干重先增加后降低、根冠比先降低后升高。随钾肥施用水平的增加,叶鲜重、叶干重增加,块根鲜重先降低后增加,根冠比 (干) 降低。随多效唑施用水平的增加,叶长、叶鲜重、叶干重、块根鲜重、块根干重均降低。在影响地上部生长的因素中,多效唑贡献率最高,在影响产量的因素中,氮肥贡献率最高。【结论】通过肥料的合理配施,可保证川麦冬产量,多效唑的施用量较川麦冬生产中用量降低41%。川麦冬产量大于3100 kg/hm2的肥料用量为尿素799～1051 kg/hm2、过磷酸钙1904～2296 kg/hm2、硫酸钾823.31～900.69 kg/hm2,其多效唑用量为44.25～58.88 kg/hm2。     

Response of ‘Jonagold’ Apple Trees in the First Three Years after Planting to Mono-Ammonium Phosphate Fertilization Under Replant Problem Conditions

Abstract

The objective of the experiment was to examine response of immature apple trees to application of mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer on replant problem soil. The study was carried out during 2001–2003 under a greenhouse on ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.9 EMLA planted singly in 50 L polyethylene containers filled with a sandy loam soil with low status of both organic matter and phosphorus (P) in soil solution. This soil originated from an apple orchard unfertilized with P for 23 years. The biological test showed the presence of specific replant disease in the soil. Immediately before apple tree planting, the soil was mixed with MAP at rates of 1, 2, and 3 g L^{? 1}. Trees grown in the soil untreated with MAP served as a control. Each year apple trees were drip-irrigated and supplied with nitrogen (N) at differentiated rates to achieve a level of 50 g N per plant. The results showed that MAP application increased soil solution P status. Simultaneously, MAP supply at rates of 2 and 3 g L^{? 1} caused a drop in soil pH value in the last two years of the experiment. MAP treatments increased both dry weight and length of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter), vigor of trees, the number of flower clusters per tree, flower intensity, the number of fruits per tree, and P concentrations in leaf and fruit tissues. Fruits from MAP-supplied trees were firmer than those of the control trees. Mean fruit weight, titratable acidity, and soluble solids concentration of ‘Jonagold’ apples at harvest were not influenced by MAP treatment. Fruits from MAP-supplied apple trees had increased calcium concentration only in one year. It is concluded that pre-plant application of MAP at a rate of 1g L^{? 1}can be recommended on coarse-textured soils with low P status in soil solution to increase precocity of apple trees. However, MAP-supplied apple trees have to be watered to avoid the risk of osmotic stress.     

The effect of paclobutrazol on mineral nutrition of apple seedlings 1

Greenhouse grown ‘Golden Delicious’ apple seedlings were treated with soil drenches of paclobutrazol (PP333) at rates equivalent to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 kg of active ingredient (a.i.) ha.^‐1 Eleven weeks after treatment initiation, seedlings were harvested, divided into leaves, stems, and roots, weighed and analyzed for the content of macro‐and microelements. Shoot growth rate, leaf area, and total dry weight showed a decreasing trend with increasing rates of PP333. In contrast, specific leaf weight increased in response to growth regulator treatments. The total amount of N, Zn, and Cu absorbed by seedlings was not affected and that of K, Ca, Mg, and Mn was decreased by PP333 treatments. Concentration of Ca and Mn in leaves, N in roots, and N, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu in stems increased in response to PP333 treatments. The magnitude of these increases were dependent on the rate of growth regulator applied. Potassium was the only element which declined in concentration in leaves and stems; this was true, however, only at the two highest rates of PP333 (0.8 and 1.6 kg ha^‐1) Root K concentration was not affected by PP333 treatments.     

Influence of paclobutrazol on photosynthesis rate and dry matter partitioning in the apple tree

Four‐year‐old ‘Aki Fuji’ apple trees in their second leaf of fruiting were used to study the influence of paclobutrazol on photosynthesis rate (Pn) and the partitioning of dry matter in the different parts of the tree. It was found that the Pn of paclobutrazol‐treated trees was significantly higher than the untreated check trees. This is partially accounted for by the higher light intensity in the canopy of the paclobutrazol‐treated trees. Production efficiency of the paclobutrazol‐treated trees was 2.6 times higher than that of the untreated check trees. Paclobutrazol significantly changed the partitioning pattern of dry matter in the different parts of the tree. A much higher percentage of total dry matter was distributed to the fruit. However, a higher percentage of dry matter was found in the root of the paclobutrazol‐treated trees than in the untreated trees, the difference being mainly in the lateral and fibrous roots. Total dry matter accumulated per m² of occupied land of the paclobutrazol‐treated tree was 4% greater than that of the untreated check trees, whereas total dry matter accumulated per kg of leaves was essentially the same in both trees. Whether calculated on the basis of per m² of occupied land or per kg of leaves, the dry matter distributed into the fruit and into the root was considerably greater in the paclobutrazol‐treated trees than the untreated trees.     

多效唑对旱地小麦一些生理、生育特性及产量的影响

采用田间试验研究了两种密度条件下不同时期和不同浓度多效唑以及多效唑+GA3对旱地小麦一些生育、生理特性及产量影响。结果表明,多效唑显著增加了小麦分蘖数,降低了株高和叶面积,降低程度随浓度提高和次数增加而更显著;GA3减轻了多效唑的抑制作用。多效唑对越冬期叶绿素含量无影响,但提高了拔节期的含量;抑制了越冬期硝酸还原酶活性,而对拔节期硝酸还原酶活性、铵、硝态氮含量及总量无效果。三叶期喷施多效唑,同时在拔节期喷施多效唑+GA3增加了收获穗数,减少穗粒数,保持和提高了粒重,增产5.8％。多效唑的效果因喷施时期和密度而不同,可能与水肥条件的差异有关。     

涝渍逆境下化学调节对孕穗期小麦生理特征和产量性状的影响

涝渍逆境下PP333、BR 120、AsA 能增加孕穗期小麦Chl含量, 缓解SOD、CAT 活性及根系活力的降低。减少Pro、MDA 积累, 增强POD活性, 增加主茎绿叶数和次生根数, 增大根冠比。PP333 和BR120 分别增加单株产量12.75% 和9.25% , 达极显著水平, AsA 增加4.29% , 差异不显著。     

Effect of foliar bio-fertilization on growth and biochemical parameters of olive trees at flowering

Growth and biochemical parameters of leaves, flower buds and flowers of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali) treated by foliar biofertilization (T0: untreated trees; T1: rich in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K); T2: rich in calcium (Ca); T3: application of T1 and T2) were analyzed during the flowering stage. The results showed that T1 resulted in higher contents of leaf N, K, and Na. T1 and T3 resulted in an increase of pigment concentration in leaves. All foliar treatments affected negatively the contents of total polyphenols and orthodiphenols in leaves and flower buds. Lower amounts of individual phenolic compounds were detected in the leaves under all foliar bio-fertilizations and in flower buds of olive trees sprayed with T2 and T3. This decrease is explained by the lower enzymatic activity of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. In flowers, T1 exhibits the highest levels of total polyphenols, o-diphenols, and individual phenolic compounds compared to T0.     

Performance of six European plum cultivars on four plum rootstocks growing in a northern climate

Abstract

The performances of the plum rootstocks Marianna GF 8-1, Pixy, and Wangenheim, compared with St. Julien A as a standard, for the cultivars ‘Avalon’, ‘Edda’, ‘Excalibur’, ‘Jubileum’, ‘Reeves’, and ‘Victoria’ were assessed in a field trial in western Norway at 60° North. Trees were planted in spring 1999; the plant material was one-year-old whips, spaced 2.0×4.5 m and formed with a central leader as free spindles. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size, fruit quality, and yield efficiency were evaluated for the seven subsequent years. Tree size was significantly affected by the rootstocks after seven years' growth. Wangenheim produced the smallest and St. Julien A and Pixy the largest trees as measured by trunk cross-sectional area, on average for the different cultivars. However, Pixy produced significant larger yields per tree for the cultivar ‘Reeves’ than did St. Julien A. ‘Edda’ gave the smallest yield and ‘Avalon the largest. Trees on Pixy were the most yield efficient for all cultivars with the exception of ‘Victoria’. The fruit sizes became little affected by the different rootstocks. ‘Edda’ and ‘Victoria’ produced the smallest fruits and ‘Excalibur’ and ‘Reeves’ the largest. Fruit quality characterized by the content of soluble solids was on average 16.1% and did not differ between trees on the various rootstocks. The cultivar ‘Avalon’ had the highest contents of soluble solids and ‘Reeves’ the lowest. The nutrient levels in the leaves were within the optimum range by the end of the seventh season. Trees on Marianna GF 8-1 had the highest nitrogen and magnesium leaf uptake. In conclusion, St. Julien A and Pixy were the most reliable semi-vigorous rootstocks which induced high yield efficiency and with favourable influences on fruit quality to the six European plum cultivars. Pixy is a good alternative to St. Julien A, with a lower vigour in trees, more precocity, and higher yield efficiency.     

施用硼肥对杏树落花落果的影响

Effect of boron on falling of prunes (Prunus mune,Sieb,et Zucc) was studied by applying 50g borate per tree into soil on december 15,1993(soil-B) and spraying leaves leves evenly twice with 1.5g kg^-1 borate solution on March 1 and 8,1994(spray-B) on the soil with 0.28mg kg^-1 rapidly available B.Compared with no borate treatment (CK),B concentrations of leaves,short branches and flowers were higher and the percentage of flower and fruit drop was lower in the treatments of soil-B and spray-B.B fertilizer increased B concentrations in flowers,leaves and short branches,promoted pollen germination,reduced the percentage of fall of flowers and fruits of prunes,increased the percentage of fertile fruits,and thus increased yields of prunes by 46% and 34.3% in the treatments of soil-B and spray-B,respectively.It could be inferred preliminarily that if B concentration of leaves was lower than 35 mgkg^-1,the prunes should be fertilized with B.The measured leaves should be picked from branches(3-10cm in legnth)germinating from the central section of a tree crown during the last ten days of May to the early days of June.     

化控剂对冬小麦茎秆抗倒性能、植株整齐度及产量的影响

2008/2009、2009/2010年度两个冬小麦生长季分别在田间设置3个化控处理试验,于冬小麦起身期（3月1日前后）进行喷雾处理,处理1喷多效唑（PP333,15%粉剂）、处理2喷矮壮素（CCC,50%水剂）,用量分别为600g·hm-2和1000mL·hm-2,处理3将多效唑和矮壮素浓度减半并复配后进行喷施（P+C）,以喷清水为对照（CK）,于乳熟期对不同处理小麦的株高、重心高度、基部第二节间长度、直径、厚度、充实度和机械强度及小麦基部第二节间的木质素含量、纤维素含量、含氮量和碳氮比（C/N）进行观测,于成熟期调查各小区实际倒伏面积,计算抗倒指数和倒伏率,通过考种分析小麦产量和植株整齐度的关系。结果表明：在控制株高、基部第2节间长度和重心高度以及增加基部第2节间直径、厚度、充实度和机械强度方面,P+C处理最优,其次为PP333和CCC处理。在反映基部第2节间抗倒性能的生化指标如纤维素含量、木质素含量、C/N和含氮量指标方面,也以P+C最优,PP333次之,CCC较差。在抗倒伏方面,P+C处理的抗倒指数最高,田间未出现倒伏现象,其次为PP333处理,田间亦未出现倒伏,CCC抗倒指数最低,2008/2009和2009/2010年度两个小麦生长季田间倒伏率分别达到11.3%和6.7%。在大田长势均匀度方面,P+C处理的作用最强,显著高于CK,其次为PP333,CCC略差。在产量方面看,也表现出同样的规律,而且各处理小麦株高、穗长、每穗小穗数、穗重整齐度与产量间均呈极显著正相关关系。说明多效唑与矮壮素配合施用处理可显著提高大田小麦的长势均匀度并进而提高产量。     

酸雨对木芙蓉幼苗光合作用及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以pH 5.6为对照,采用pH 4.0、pH 3.0、pH 2.0强度的酸雨对2年生木芙蓉进行人工模拟胁迫,研究酸雨胁迫对木芙蓉叶片可见伤害、质膜透性(Membrane Permeability,MP)、叶绿素(Chlorophyll,Chl)含量、抗氧化酶系统及气体交换参数的影响.研究结果表明,pH 2.0和pH 3...