安树无性系抗青枯病性能的测选初报

用WFT接种技术对47个桉树无性系进行了对青枯病的抗性测定，通过青枯病株率计算和逐步聚类分析，认为31个无性系是抗病品系，10个无性系是感病品系，6个无性系是高感品系。在31个无性系抗病品系中，经生产实践证明，其中MLA、ZU6、W5、LHl、LH2、LH3、SHl、M1等8个无性系显示出很强的抗病性，至今未发生青枯病株。大面积推广应用优良抗病无性系造林，防治桉树青枯病的大面积发生，目前已取得初步成效。     

桉树品系对青枯病抗性及其稳定性的研究

通过剪顶包扎菌液接种、伤根淋灌菌液接种、 WFT培养接种测定结果与桉树当年新造林分青枯病自然发生率调查结果对比 ,青枯病菌对桉苗的致病力因接种方法不同而异 ,经模糊聚类分析表明 ,WFT接菌培养技术测出的结果更接近自然实际发病情况。试验表明 ,桉树不同品种、同一品种的不同种源、不同无性系 ,对青枯病菌的抗性不同。课题组通过 8年研究 ,在生产单位提供的 10 1个桉树品系中 ,已筛选出高抗品系 12个、抗病品系 14个、低感品系 2 6个。自 1994年起在粤、桂、琼三省区 ,生产上大面积推广这些高抗和抗病品 (种 )系 ,已直接造林 2万多 hm2 ,扩散面积更大 ,造林效果跟踪检查表明 ,这些林分的青枯病株率均在 1‰以下 ,受到生产者和经营者欢迎。试验和应用中发现部分抗病无性系随着在林木组培苗工厂连续繁殖使用年份增加其抗病性逐年出现下降 ,有些抗病无性系使用 3年以后 ,其抗病性就明显下降 ,值得引起重视     

桉树抗青枯病的鉴定技术

采用菌液浸泡法、顶尖接种法对不同的桉树无性系盆栽苗和生根组培苗进行抗青枯病性能测定,并结合林间调查筛选桉树抗青枯病树种和无性系,并从根系分泌物和组织研磨液的角度研究其对桉树青枯病菌生长的抑制作用,探索不同抗性桉树无性系抗病性强弱与其根系分泌物和组织研磨液之间的关系。结果表明:供试的18个桉树无性系中,bd1、bd2、赤桉和南宁巨尾桉为抗病无性系;U6、南宁尾叶桉、雷9、钦32-29为中抗无性系;DH32-27、钦9、南宁广9、钦8、邓恩桉、钦32-22、雷2、巨桉、尾叶桉和钦广9为感病无性系。不同抗性桉树无性系根系分泌物和组织研磨液对青枯菌没有直接拮抗作用,但随着接种时间的延长,青枯病菌在抗病性强的无性系的根系分泌物及组织液中的增殖显著低于感病无性系,验证通过茎段浸泡接种筛选出的桉树无性系的准确性,同时表明根系分泌物和组织研磨液可以反映桉树不同无性系的抗病性强弱。     

桉树青枯病发生规律与控制技术

桉树青枯病的病原为世界范围内广泛分布的茄拉氏菌[Ralstonia Solanacearum(Smith)Yabuuchi etal.],主要以生理小种1号、生化变种3菌系侵染为害。近10多年来由于桉树造林以无性系为主,在具备发病条件时,感病无性系的发病率可达30%~90%以上。由于茄拉氏菌生理小种1号为高温型菌系,在高温高湿和大风气候条件下易爆发成灾;桉树青枯病是单年流行病,有一定数量病原,气候因素有利于发病,桉树青枯病就大发生;易感病的树种1~3年生期间,青枯病可连年流行,随树龄增大病害流行逐渐缓慢,其中以1年生林发病率最高,4年生后基本不发病。桉树青枯病发生危害的程度具有明显区域差异,根据区域气候特点可以将桉树栽培区划分为高风险发生区、中风险发生区和低风险发生区。桉树青枯病的初侵染源为带菌土壤、带菌苗木和农家肥。在桉树青枯病高风险发生区,感病品系在沙土、壤土和粘土造林地均可严重发病,但在前作为易感农作物或以农家肥为基肥时,抗病品系也可严重发病;在中风险发生区,感病品系主要在坡下低洼积水处发病,在前作为易感农作物、以农家肥为基肥或以带病苗木造林的林地严重发病;在低风险发生区,感病品系主要在前作为易感农作物、以农家肥为基肥或以带病苗木造林的林地发生。目前,国内外对桉树青枯病仍没有有效的防治措施。根据桉树青枯病发生与流行规律,提出桉树青枯病可持续控制策略:实行植物检疫,培育无病苗木,减少病原菌初侵染源;采取科学营林技术,减少病原菌的种群数量,降低发病率;合理布局桉树品种(系),充分利用桉树良种资源;培育多类型抗病品种(系),以多品系混合造林减缓病原菌进化,形成专化型新菌系。并提出具体技术措施。     

我国桉树青枯病研究进展

桉树青枯病害是危害桉树生产的主要病害,近年来桉树青枯病的流行和发生对我国南方桉树产业造成很大经济损失.本文对当今主要桉树青枯病病害特点,青枯病的发生和流行因素,青枯假单胞杆菌对寄主桉树的致病机制及对抗病的差异和抗病机理等研究成果和现状作一概述,并就存在的问题提出相应的建议.     

桉树青枯病研究的发现和创新

报导我国1991年后,桉树青枯病研究的发现和创新.即,桉树青枯病的流行是寄主为主导的流行病;病菌生理小种、生物型组成复什;病菌在病株残体和土壤中可存活3年以上,除从根部侵入外,还可从根茎部侵入;筛选出一批抗青枯病树种和无性系,并在生产中推广应用;研制成桉树青枯病流行测报模型;开创应用桉愈伤组织筛选抗病树种和无性系获得成功;应用基因工程技术培育桉树转基因抗病苗;应用外生菌根防治桉树青枯病取得一定效果.     

木麻黄青枯病菌的分离及强致病菌株的筛选

[目的]筛选出强致病菌株用于木麻黄抗病育种研究工作。[方法]在广东沿海木麻黄青枯病发病区采集病根,开展病原菌两种不同分离方法的比较研究,对分离出的31个病株进行16s rRNA测序鉴定及致病性测定。[结果]采用稀释分离法及根系溢出法在TTC培养基上共分离出了31个病原菌株,根系溢出法操作简便,杂菌含量低,分离率在60%左右,可作为常规稀释分离法的补充。31个菌株进行分子鉴定,只有22个菌株扩增出了特异性条带,经测序比对确定这22个菌株为青枯菌。青枯菌株致病性测定结果显示菌株致病性在无性系间、菌株间及菌株与无性系间的交互作用均具有极显著差异(P0.01),不同接种方法间菌株致病性相关系数值较小,介于0.496 6~0.731 0之间,即室内水培接种与小苗盆栽接种不存在密切的直线相关关系。[结论]综合选择在不同无性系及不同接种方法中均具有较强致病性的GL-2、H、M、TC-1、F、Q菌株作为下一步木麻黄种质资源抗性鉴定及抗病育种研究试验菌株。     

青枯菌对桉树及非寄主树木根部吸附和侵入的比较

通过接种青枯菌与非病原的大肠杆菌,对2个桉树无性系和1种非寄主树木的根表吸附菌量及根内含菌量进行测定.结果表明:青枯菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量多于对抗病寄主和非寄主根表的吸附量,对感病寄主根部的侵入量多于对抗病寄主但少于对非寄主根部的侵入量;病原菌较非病原菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量大,但二者对感病寄主根部的侵入量则依据根部伤口的有无而互有高低.青枯菌接种24 h内,感病寄主根表吸附菌量和根内含菌量呈上升趋势,在抗病寄主及非寄主根表的吸附菌量和根内含菌量却呈下降趋势.从统计学上看,青枯菌对寄主根部的吸附和侵入都显示出了一定的选择性,但由于病原细菌能够大量地吸附和侵入抗病寄主和非寄主根部,非病原细菌也能够大量地吸附和侵入桉树根部,因此这种选择性的生物学意义不大,青枯菌对桉树根表没有表现出明显的识别行为.     

测定桉树品（种）系对青枯病菌抗性的技术研究

筛选桉树抗青枯病品系,通常采用剪顶包扎菌液接种,伤根淋菌液接种技术,探索研究出的ＷＦＴ新的接种技术。通过３种中技术的对比试验表明,青枯病菌对桉苗致病力因接方法不同而不同,与桉树林分青枯病病自然发生流行情况调查结果比较。     

桉树青枯病及其防治

今年5月以来,我区大部分地区高温多雨,有利于青枯病的发生。有些地方新造的桉树幼林,部分发病严重,局部成灾。在合浦县乌家、象州县大蒙林场、区直钦廉林场、七坡林场等地,局部发病率高达45％～60％。目前,青枯病在全区仍有发展趋势,严重地影响着生产。桉青枯病(Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith.)是由一种细菌(即茄青枯假单孢杆菌)引起的。此细菌宿存于土壤之中,从植物的根部侵入沿输导组织上升并大量繁殖,最后堵塞维管束,破坏植株输导组织,导致植物整株枯死。桉树从苗木到大树均可感病。病株典型症状是:地上部分枝、叶表现突然失水     

Performance of different rubber tree clones against South American leaf blight (Microcyclus ulei)

This study was aimed to evaluate the behaviour of eighteen clones of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) against South American leaf blight and to study progress of the disease. The experiment was conducted in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim‐ES, where 18 clones were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates; each experimental unit consisted of three plants. Evaluations were performed at 15‐day intervals on 30 leaflets per tree. Disease incidence was quantified and infection classified according to the stages of development and type of damage. Leaf blight occurred during the entire experimental period; however, disease intensity varied with the resistance level of the clones and the time of year. Clones FX 3864, RRIM 725, RRIM 711, IAC 300 and IAN 873 exhibited the highest resistance to leaf blight.     

几个楸树无性系引种造林试验

利用引进的10个楸树无性系,在山东省诸城市进行造林对比试验,观察分析了各参试无性系的造林成活率、物候期、生长特性、分枝特性和适应性,结果表明：10个楸树无性系在试验地点的造林成活率高,生长速度快,抗病虫、抗逆性（干旱、寒冷和风折）强,具有较好的生态适应性,其中豫楸1号表现较突出,6年生平均胸径达13．04cm,平均树高达7．31m,分别超出林分平均胸径和平均树高7．52％,1．5％。     

木麻黄对青枯菌的水平及垂直抗性研究

６个青枯假单胞杆菌菌株对７个木麻黄无性系的交互接种试验表明，病害的相对强度在无性系与菌株间存在着显著性差异，无性系与菌株之间的交互作用也极显著。结果说明在木麻黄－青枯菌病理系统中，同时存在着水平抗性和垂直抗性或水平致病性与垂直致病性；这一交互作用特征的揭示对于木麻黄的抗病育种及防滑战略具有重要意义。     

Susceptibility to Armillaria novae‐zelandiae among clones of Pinus radiata

Options are currently limited for the management of armillaria root disease in plantations of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. One possibility may be to plant genetically resistant clones on infested sites. Studies were undertaken over four consecutive years to examine variation in inherent resistance in P. radiata. Rooted cuttings in pots were treated with wood segment cultures of Armillaria novae‐zelandiae and disease symptoms were monitored during the following summer. Disease was severe among inoculated cuttings in all studies, with an overall mean of 54% plants infected. There were significant differences in both infection and mortality between studies and between four pathogen isolates, but not among 25 radiata pine clones. The rate at which symptoms first appeared also did not vary significantly between clones. Results suggest that while genetic resistance cannot be ruled out as an option in P. radiata, potential gains may be limited in extent and costly to achieve.     

Methods of inoculation and evaluation of Erwinia psidii in eucalypt

The dieback and wilting caused by Erwinia psidii are emerging eucalypt diseases that have been observed since 2014 in the south and central‐south regions of Brazil. Field observations have shown variability in disease severity resistance among Eucalyptus spp. clones and species. It is hypothesized that this variability is due to genetic resistance. To confirm this hypothesis, inoculations in genetically distinct eucalypt plants are necessary. However, lack of an inoculation method and disease assessment makes difficult to select resistant genotypes for use in commercial plantations or genetic breeding programmes. Three inoculation methods were tested on eight clones of Eucalyptus spp. Among them, inoculum deposition with bacteria‐impregnated toothpick on the axillary buds was the simplest and most effective, capable to reproduce the disease symptoms observed under conditions of natural infection. We also developed a rating scale for disease assessment. Among eight clones tested, only Clone 1 (Eucalyptus saligna) and Clone 2 (Eucalyptus urophylla) were resistant.     

Evaluation of the resistance of 36 Hevea clones to Microcyclus ulei and relation to their capacity to accumulate scopoletin and lignins

Thirty-six Hevea clones were inoculated with conidia of Microcyclus ulei, the causal agent of South American Leaf Blight in an air-conditioned chamber. Components of disease resistance such as latent period, infectious period, lesion size, percentage of damaged leaf area, number of lesions, spore production and stromatic generation period were studied during a single infection cycle. The clones were easily separated on the basis of these characters that were evaluated under controlled conditions. The main components that were highly correlated were the spore production, lesion size and number of lesions with the percentage of damaged leaf area. Others, such the stromatic generation period, were slightly correlated with all other components; latent period and infectious period was slightly correlated with the lesion size; and lesion size was slightly correlated with lesion density. For screening of varieties, damaged leaf area and spore production were the two components that should be considered the most important. Furthermore, the clones were tested for their capacity to produce scopoletin, a phytoalexin of Hevea, and to produce lignins in their infection sites. A strong correlation was observed between scopoletin accumulation and clone resistance. Moreover, strong lignin accumulation was often associated with a longer stromatic generation period. These two physiological reactions could interfere by limiting fungal development in several clones. However, neither scopoletin nor lignin accumulation could individually explain the behaviour of all clones.     

桉树无性系抗旱及抗病能力的调查初报

通过对桉树16个无性系抗旱性和抗病性的调查分析,结果表明:Z13品系抗旱性和抗病害能力都表现最强,Z4、Z11和Z15品系也比较强,可以结合林业生产实践进行推广应用。     

马尾松抗松材线虫病候选无性系的抗病性测定

为筛选抗松材线虫病强的马尾松无性系,以前期筛选获得的抗松材线虫病强的马尾松实生苗为接穗,使用湿地松作为砧木培育嫁接苗,开展无性系2次接种松材线虫抗病性测定。结果表明:使用湿地松作为砧木培育马尾松抗性无性系苗木,经过对马尾松无性系嫁接苗2次接种松材线虫测定,获得健全率较火炬松高的无性系。抗病性第1次、第2次测定的健全率超过火炬松的合格无性系分别为77.7%、66.2%,平均健全率分别为81.4%、94.5%,对照树种火炬松平均健全率分别为61.3%和82.1%,获得的无性系抗病性显著提高。为了减小误差,应该选用嫁接成活苗数量相对多的无性系间进行抗病性强弱次序评价。采用了10株以上无性系间抗病性强弱次序评价进行对照,减少了抗性强弱无性系两极分化,抗性能力中等的无性系相应增多,在选拔植株营建抗性种子园过程中应给予重视,尽量选择接种测定数量较多的高抗无性系。     

Genetic resistance to Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus limits fungal growth and symptom occurrence in Fraxinus excelsior

The European common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is currently threatened by a pathogenic fungus, Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, which seems to enter the trees through the leaves. Continuous assessments of 39 clones in Danish field trials have shown that there are significant differences in the susceptibility of clones to the new disease. Interestingly, clones that showed early leaf senescence in the autumn were in general less susceptible to the disease than late‐senescing clones. Thus, variation in susceptibility could be owing to phenological differences associated with the infection biology. To test whether differences in susceptibility are driven by genetically based factors other than phenology, we compared inoculations with H. pseudoalbidus on four highly susceptible clones with those of four less susceptible clones. Development of necrosis was hereafter followed regularly. The growth of the fungus in the inner bark was further detected with species‐specific PCR primers. The severity of the response to infection shows significant differentiation among clones and significant correlation with clone susceptibility, as assessed from natural infections in field trials. The fungus was detected in tissues immediately surrounding the necrosis but showed some signs of endophytic growth. The results suggest that healthier clones are able to limit the growth and spread of the fungus and thereby minimize the occurrence of symptoms. This gives hope for the future preservation of F. excelsior in Europe through selection and breeding.