叶轮与导叶叶片数匹配对井用潜水泵性能的影响

叶轮与导叶叶片数对泵的扬程、效率等都具有较大的影响。选取250QJ140型井用潜水泵作为研究对象,采用数值计算与试验相结合的方法,在叶轮与导叶叶片数组合变化下,对井用潜水泵的性能变化规律和内部流场分布进行了研究。基于不改变其他几何参数的原则,建立16组不同叶片数组合的两级井用潜水泵模型。采用ANSYS ICEM软件对各组模型分别进行了结构化网格划分,进而在ANSYS CFX商用软件中对各组模型进行了多工况定常数值计算。各组数值计算均选用标准k-ω湍流模型和标准壁面函数,获得了各组模型在不同工况下的性能预测值。通过各组方案性能预测值的对比可以发现:在额定流量工况下,当叶轮与导叶叶片数均为7时,井用潜水泵模型的效率最高。在小流量工况和大流量工况下,泵内的介质流动角度发生了变化。在小流量工况下,增加叶轮与导叶的叶片数可以提高叶片对于液体介质的整流,进而提高井用潜水泵性能;在大流量工况下,较少的叶轮与导叶叶片数更能减轻叶片对液体介质的排挤作用。将大流量工况下性能较好的方案6进行了样机制造和性能试验,结果表明,模型性能较好,在额定流量工况下,扬程预测值比试验结果低2.4%,轴功率预测值比试验结果低1.6%,效率预测值比试验结果高1.1%,数值预测结果与试验结果随流量的整体变化趋势一致,证实了本文中数值计算的准确性。     

井用潜水泵导叶的正交试验与优化设计

为提高井用潜水泵的性能,采用正交试验的方法,按照L9（34）正交表,选取流道式导叶的叶片包角、叶片进口安放角、过渡段包角等4个因素,每个因素取3个水平,设计出9个导叶.采用变角对数螺线设计导叶叶片型线,并分别将9个导叶与同一个叶轮装配.通过Fluent提供的标准k-ε湍流模型、SIMPLEC算法、二阶迎风方程,对包含叶轮、导叶在内的两级井用潜水泵进行了全流场数值计算,从而获得了9组设计方案在额定工况下的效率、扬程.通过正交试验法分析了各几何参数对效率、扬程的影响规律,利用极差分析找到了影响流道式导叶性能的主要因素和次要因素,并提出了性能较优的模型泵设计方案.导叶叶片包角与叶片进口安放角对井用潜水泵的效率、扬程影响较大.样机试验结果表明：较优方案在额定工况下的泵效率为67.51%,单级扬程为13.84 m,其扬程与效率均超过国内同类产品及国家标准.     

潜水离心泵叶轮叶片数及导叶叶片数的匹配

为分析叶轮和导叶叶片数对潜水泵性能的影响,在原型泵(叶轮叶片数为7,导叶叶片数为8)基础上设计了9个不同叶轮和导叶叶片数的潜水泵模型,基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型对各模型泵内的流场进行了三维定常数值模拟计算,获得了泵的扬程和效率曲线.结果表明,当潜水离心泵泵的叶轮叶片数为6,导叶叶片数为8时,潜水泵具有最佳的整体性能.性能最优潜水泵效率提高2.61%,扬程提高0.574 m.通过对性能最优和原潜水泵内流场对比分析发现,性能最优潜水泵具有更大的相对高压区,叶轮和导叶叶片数变化对潜水泵流场速度分布影响较小.通过对原型潜水泵的外特性试验验证了数值模拟方法合理可行.     

基于正交试验的多级井用潜水泵叶轮出口与导叶进口参数匹配研究

为提高多级井用潜水泵的效率,同时保证泵的扬程,以200QJ50-65型5级井用潜水泵为例,按照L9(34)正交表,选取了叶轮出口边斜度、叶轮出口边与导叶进口边间隙、导叶进口边宽度3个因素,每个因素取3个水平,组合出9组方案。采用CFD数值模拟对多级井用潜水泵的前两级进行了全流场数值模拟,获得了9组方案在额定工况下的效率、扬程。通过正交试验法和极差分析得到了各因素对效率和扬程的影响规律以及各因素对泵效率、扬程影响的主次顺序,提出了多级井用潜水泵叶轮出口与导叶进口匹配的最佳方案。结果表明:优化方案在额定工况下相比原模型泵的效率提高了4.87%,单级扬程提高了2.8 m。通过内流场分析得到了优化后泵的水力性能提高的原因。     

复合导叶结构对斜流泵水力特性的影响研究

后置导叶作为斜流泵的主要过流部件,在改善叶轮出口流场及对斜流泵水力特性影响起着重要作用。为研究不同后置导叶结构对斜流泵水力特性的影响,根据长短导叶位置匹配建立3种复合型导叶结构方案,每种方案分别选取0.6Qd、0.8Qd、1.0Qd、1.2Qd和1.4Qd五个流量工况条件进行CFD数值计算,通过效率、扬程以及内部流场状态的分析,结果显示:不同位置的短导叶结构对水力特性影响较大,设计流量工况下,短导叶在后置导叶流道的进口处流场相对平顺,出口漩涡较小,整体水力性能较好;但偏离设计流量工况下,短导叶在后置导叶流道的出口处的整体水力性能较好。研究结果可为斜流泵导叶结构设计提供参考。     

空间导叶面积变化规律对井用潜水泵性能的影响

为了研究空间导叶叶片进出口有效过流面积比和其过水断面面积变化规律对潜水泵性能的影响,保证导叶其他参数不变,设计了9种面积比模型,以效率最优的面积比导叶为基础模型,设计了4种过水断面面积变化规律的导叶,包括线性式、上凸式、下凹式和S形。运用CFD数值模拟方法对其内部流场进行了计算,模拟计算结果与试验结果较为吻合,设计工况下的扬程和效率的误差均在3%以内。通过对潜水泵外特性分析表明:导叶过水断面面积变化规律在设计工况下对泵的效率有显著影响,变化过程中效率的增幅约为4%,但对其扬程影响甚微,最大扬程差仅为0.7 m;各个方案导叶流道的内流场分布结果表明:下凹式面积变化规律能有效改善导叶内流体的流动状态,降低导叶内的能量损失。非线性下凹式面积变化规律优于线性,S形及上凸式面积变化规律,但如何寻找最优变化规律仍需继续探索。     

若干因素对导叶式混流泵水力性能的影响

为提高导叶式混流泵的水力性能,开展了叶顶间隙、叶轮叶片数、叶轮叶片安放角和叶轮叶片厚度对导叶式混流泵水力性能影响的研究.运用CFD软件Ansys CFX 12.0,基于剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,采用分块结构化网格技术,对导叶式混流泵内流场进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明:导叶式混流泵的扬程、功率和效率都随叶顶间隙的增大而降低;扬程和功率随叶轮叶片数的增加而增大的幅值渐小,叶轮叶片数过多或过少对导叶式混流泵效率都不利;不同叶片安放角时扬程、功率的差别随流量增大而逐渐增大,通过叶片安放角的调整可实现泵最高效率点的偏移并改变高效区的范围;泵最高效率点随叶片厚度减薄而向大流量偏移,且最高效率有所提高.在满足制造工艺与安装要求的前提下,对影响导叶式混流泵水力性能的各因素进行优化选择可提高导叶式混流泵的水力性能.     

超低比转数多级离心泵水力优化与性能试验

为提高现有超低比转数多级离心泵水力性能,基于ANSYS CFX软件,对多级离心泵内部全流场定常流动进行数值模拟,通过定义叶轮、泵腔、导叶扬程及效率,分别分析叶轮、泵腔、导叶内能量转换与流动损失情况,得到影响多级离心泵性能的主要因素为叶轮与导叶的匹配,次要因素为叶轮内的流动损失.提出取导叶喉部进口绝对速度为叶轮出口绝对速度的1/2计算导叶喉部面积,并逐步优化设计一流道式导叶,通过调整叶片型线消除叶轮流道内旋涡.优化后的叶轮与导叶各处速度变化均匀缓慢,大大降低了流动损失.将性能较优的模型进行制造和测试,测试结果表明,优化后方案的额定工况下扬程提高8.1 m,效率提高3.2%,达到了国家标准,取得了较好的优化效果.将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行对比,分析二者的差异,为进一步优化改进超低比转数多级泵的水力设计方法提供参考.     

特大流量潜水贯流泵叶轮水力设计优化研究

针对Q=100 m³/s的特大流量潜水贯流泵装置,对叶轮叶片及导叶进行水力设计,基于正交试验方法进行优化,对最优泵装置方案进行CFD计算,探究机组外特性,并对导叶出口边齐平与不齐平的两种导叶安放型式机组水力性能参数进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：叶轮轮毂比为0.4,叶片数为4,导叶数为6时,泵装置的效率最高,泵装置的最高效率为80.52%;1.0Q_d工况下泵装置扬程为2.73 m,效率为74.68%;0.87Q_d工况下泵装置扬程为4.50 m,效率为80.14%;1.12Q_d工况下泵装置扬程为0.45 m,效率为23.77%;从扬程、效率、导叶段水力损失等参数,得出不齐平的导叶出水边安放型式机组水力性能更优。针对叶轮和导叶的造型方法及正交试验与CFD计算组合的优化方法均提高了水力优化工作效率,适于推广应用,研究成果对低扬程特大流量水泵开展的计算分析工作也为潜水贯流泵大型化发展提供了一定的水力性能参考。     

轴流泵模型多叶片安放角的数值计算

在同一轴流泵模型0°安放角数值计算结果的基础上,应用ANSYS CFX软件,选择标准k-ε湍流模型和可伸缩壁面函数,在不同的叶片安放角下,采用全六面体网格和经网格无关性分析的网格数,分别在定常和非定常条件下进行了多工况的数值模拟和外特性计算,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比.在规范使用工具软件的条件下,分析了CFD数值模拟技术预估轴流泵性能的精度及其误差的特点.结果表明,非定常计算扬程值略高于试验值,而定常计算扬程值低于试验值,非定常计算的总体精度高于定常计算,且误差可控制在5%以内;定常和非定常预测的效率误差可控制在7%以内,且非定常计算的效率与试验效率存在一相对固定幅度的偏差,据此可用于修正同类模型效率的预测值.基于非定常计算的结果,进一步分析了叶轮和导叶圆柱面上流线分布、叶片截线压力分布和轴流泵过流部件各部分水力损失随叶轮叶片安放角和流量的变化规律,发现在小流量工况,靠近轮毂位置存在旋涡堵塞现象;在计算工况范围内,导叶段和出水段水力损失随流量的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。