丘陵山区水果田间输运机械适用性评价研究

丘陵山区果园地形复杂,现有小型装备存在爬坡越障能力和安全技术适用性差等问题。以水果田间输运机械为例,从技术指标、经济指标、作业条件指标3方面分析水果田间输运机械适用性,利用德尔菲法结合加权几何平均法计算各级评价指标权重,根据模糊数学隶属度理论确定三级评价指标分值,综合各级指标权重及三级指标分值得到各级评价指标分值和综合分值,以此构建水果田间输运机械适用性评价体系。对某型号履带式运输车进行评价测试,得到各级指标及综合评价结果:技术指标评价55.93分,经济指标评价58.07分,作业条件指标评价64.85分,综合评价57.86分。评价结果与该运输车表现相符,验证了适用性评价体系的正确性,该研究为高效经济型水果田间输运装备研发与优化提供理论基础。     

旋耕条播机适用性评价方法及实证研究

为提高旋耕条播机产品技术质量,更好推广旋耕条播作业技术,建立了旋耕条播机适用性评价方法,并进行了实证研究。首先,基于农机适用性评价理论,构建了旋耕条播机适用性评价指标体系,明确了评价指标权重值和评价结果的计算方法,通过问卷调查明确了各层评价指标的权重值;其次,对某型号旋耕条播机在江苏、浙江和安徽3个省的适用性进行了实证研究,采用调查测评法对评价项目打分,计算得出该旋耕条播机的适用度为3.745,适用性评价结论为基本适用;最后,对评价结果进行分析,从提高作业能力、作业质量和通过性等角度为加强旋耕条播机产品适用性、强化产品的设计水平和制造质量提出建议。     

基于层次分析的山地果园生产机械化评价研究

为综合评价山地果园生产机械化的发展水平,在咨询调研农机研发推广专家及基层农技人员的基础上,从机械化装备水平、机械化程度、机械化效果、机械化管理水平4方面建立了山地果园生产机械化水平评价指标体系,评价指标体系由3级指标构成。利用层次分析法结合专家打分法确定各评价指标的权重,依据对第3级指标原始数据进行归一化处理的原则,提出了各级评价指标间的量化关系和山地果园生产机械化发展水平的评估计算方法。通过对湖南省宜章县和广东省平远县的山地果园生产机械化发展水平进行对比分析并判定评分,得出宜章县和平远县的山地果园机械化发展水平的指标评价结果。山地果园生产机械化水平评价指标体系可为优化提升山地果园生产机械化水平提供参考,并为有针对性地实施山地果园机械的推广应用提供了科学依据。     

无人机在大豆植保作业中的适用性评价体系研究

本论文通过研究和分析构建大豆植保无人机的适用性评价体系,提出了评价大豆植保无人机适用性的3个指标:匀速飞行速度波动、喷雾沉降量、喷雾均匀性.并提出了各性能指标的量化方法.通过运用德尔菲法和层次分析法相结合构成的综合权重分析法以及yaAHP权重分析软件对大豆植保无人机适用性评价的3个性能指标进行了权重分析,研究结果显示对...     

小型地下饮用水源安全评价指标体系与模型

为对小型地下饮用水源选择的适宜性进行科学评价,从水质安全、水量安全、环境安全和经济安全角度,构建水源选择评价体系.基于层析分析法(AHP)建立评价指标体系,设立26个评价指标.通过专家问卷调查和资料分析相结合确定评价指标权重,并对单准则下的权重进行合成,得到目标层至评价层的合成权重.依据法律、法规和技术标准对评价指标进行分级和分值量化,通过指标的分值和权重的计算可得出评价结果.该评价体系与模型适用于北方农村小型地下饮用水源选择的定量分析和科学决策.     

基于AHP与TOPSIS的水电站能效管理水平评价方法研究

针对现有水电站能效管理水平评价方法的不足,将层次分析法（AHP）和优劣解距离法（TOPSIS）引入评价过程中,综合考虑经济、安全和管理3个方面的因素,构建了水电站能效管理评价指标体系;针对九分位标度法的不足,采用指数标度法确定各指标权重;分别利用TOPSIS方法和专家打分法对定量指标、定性指标进行评分,并进一步实现水电站能效管理水平的综合评价;以某实际水电站为例,分析和计算2018-2022年的水电站能效管理水平得分,结果表明该电站能效管理水平总体上呈上升趋势。     

基于组合赋权和改进TOPSIS法的农业水利基础设施综合评价

针对水利设施5个特征指标,通过组合赋权法和改进TOPSIS法对贵州的农业水利基础设施进行了评价,建立了综合评价模型。本文的特色与创新一是利用变异系数法和熵权法对评价指标进行组合赋权,能够尽可能的综合主观设定的评价指标体系,使评价结果更具有说服力。二是把TOPSIS法中的距离改成马氏距离,计算更加简单。从而更好地为贵州乃至相同类型的农业水利基础设施评价提供参考。     

河北省农业机械化评价体系的研究和应用

通过建立关联分析模型,借助DPSv3.01数据处理软件,对河北省农业机械化水平进行了科学的评价.评价采用多指标评分法,通过建立一套评价指标体系,根据统计数据计算出各指标的实际值,再通过数学模型转换成综合评价值来综合评价河北省农业机械化的发展水平.     

大豆栽培模式综合效益评价指标体系研究

大豆不同栽培模式带来的经济效益有很大不同。为此,采用多指标综合测定法对大豆不同栽培模式的综合效益进行了测评,提出了包括总体指标、主体指标、群体指标3个层次的指标,进而构建出大豆不同栽培模式综合效益水平的综合评价指标体系。通过综合评价的研究,将会提高大豆的科学种植水平,为今后农业信息化的深入研究奠定基础。     

果园施药机械资源消耗水平评价模型研究

在施药机械满足喷雾质量前提下,为降低果园施药综合成本,需要对果园施药机械资源消耗水平进行评估。本文选择典型地面风送喷雾机、单旋翼和六旋翼植保无人机进行果树施药试验,对比分析冠层雾滴沉积分布、雾滴穿透性、地面雾滴流失等主要喷雾效果指标,结果表明：3种施药机械在树冠纵向各层、横向各层雾滴沉积密度均大于25滴/cm2,能够满足果园植保要求;比较冠层雾滴分布/沉积均匀性,树冠纵向沿送风方向整体呈下降趋势,树冠横向由外到内整体呈下降趋势,变异系数最高分别达63.54%和79.19%;对比雾滴穿透性,风送喷雾机较优,纵向与横向变异系数最大为5.35%,单旋翼植保无人机横向最差,变异系数为35.20%,而六旋翼植保无人机纵向最差,变异系数达40.77%。但单旋翼和六旋翼植保无人机地面雾滴流失量分别是风送喷雾机的2.78%和12.50%,减少了农药浪费。进一步综合施水量、施药量、用工量、作业时长和作业能耗等指标,采用基于变异系数客观赋权法与主观赋权法两种线性加权方法,构建了施药装备资源消耗水平评价模型,验证结果均表明,综合资源消耗由小到大依次为单旋翼植保无人机、六旋翼植保无人机、风送喷雾机;两种评价方法的资源消耗综合评价指标值变异系数分别为110.2%和74.2%,说明基于变异系数客观赋权法的评价模型,综合指标值之间差异更明显、评价效果更符合实际。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。