用水稻叶片含氮量及叶面积指数建立估产模式的探讨

运用水稻生长模拟模型ORYZAl,分析了不同时期的不同叶片含氮量及叶面积指数对产量的影响和花后物质生产与结实的关系,探讨了水稻生长模拟模型在水稻估产中应用的可能性。     

水稻叶面积指数与产量关系研究进展

叶片作为水稻器官建成的物质基础,与水稻群体中光环境的优劣和光能利用率的高低关系密切。而叶面积指数(LAI)的大小直接与水稻最终产量相关,且水稻冠层中光合有效辐射吸收系数与叶面积指数相关性极显著。文章综述了水稻在生长的各个阶段叶面积指数和产量之间的关系,同时通过优化品种、改善栽培措施等手段增加水稻最适叶面积指数,提高水稻产量,以期为高产水稻适宜叶面积指数的预测及合理冠层结构的调控提供理论依据。     

不同栽培条件对水稻茎秆生化成分的影响

对7个抗倒伏性不同的水稻品种在2个施肥水平、2种密度条件下，测定了基部茎秆3种主要生化成分的含量．分析了它们与基部茎秆抗倒性之间的关系。结果表明，单位体积淀粉的含量与茎秆强度无关，而单位体积的纤维素含量和木质素含量与茎秆强度存在显正相关。减少氮肥施用量引起茎基节纤维素和木质素含量增加；稀植有同样的作用。上述3种生化成分在品种间存在明显差异。抗倒性较差品种的纤维素含量对氮肥量的改变反应较为敏感。     

FACE水稻叶面积指数的模拟研究

为了明确开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）对水稻叶面积动态的影响,借助我国的稻/麦FACE技术平台,以武香粳14为供试品种,设置不同施N量处理,对FACE条件下水稻LAI动态进行研究,并构建了相应的模拟模型。模型以时间为驱动因子,以水稻叶片干物重（LDMW）及比叶重（SLW）为研究对象,确立了LAI随LDMW及SLW的动态变化过程。模拟结果表明,大气CO2浓度增加后水稻叶片干物重随之增加,而比叶重保持不变,因此LAI相应增加,施N量越大这种趋势越明显。通过不同年份试验数据对模型的验证,表明模型拟合程度高,具有较好的适应性和预测性。     

额尔齐斯河天然杨树林叶面积指数及比叶面积的研究

对额尔齐斯河流域河岸两侧天然分布的4种杨树:欧洲黑杨(Populus nigra)、苦杨(P.laurifolia)、额河杂交杨(P.×jrtyschensis)、银白杨(P.alba)的叶面积指数和比叶面积进行了测定.研究了不同径阶各树种的比叶面积和叶片生物量的关系,以及各树种叶面积指数与其叶片生物量之间的关系,结果表明:1.本试验区内各种杨树的叶面积指数变动范围为0.243～4.463;2.各树种的单株叶面积与其叶生物量均呈正相关直线,模拟方程为y=ax-b,呈线性递增趋势(r2=0.917 8～0.972 5);3.各径阶植株的平均比叶面积和叶片生物量在植物种之间差异显著,各树种的比叶面积和叶片生物量均呈显著负相关(p＜0.01).     

估算水稻叶面积指数的调节型归一化植被指数

【目的】叶面积指数（LAI）是描述植物冠层结构、群落生长分析和陆地生态系统研究的重要参数,提高叶面积指数的估算精度是遥感工作者的重要研究方向之一。【方法】通过不同氮素营养水平的水稻小区实验,利用2004年中稻高光谱反射率数据,模拟中等分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）前四个通道,提出包含蓝、绿、红和近红外四个谱段的调节型归一化植被指数ANDVI（adjusted-normalized difference vegetation index）。对ANDVI和归一化植被指数NDVI（normalized difference vegetation index）、增强型植被指数EVI（enhanced vegetation index）、绿波比值指数GRI（green ratio index）、红边比值指数RRI（red-edge ratio index）等5个光谱植被指数与水稻LAI的相关关系进行了分析。利用2004年晚稻试验数据,对与LAI相关关系较好的ANDVI进行验证。【结果】ANDVI指数模型预测效果最好,均方根误差为1.771,估算精度达到63.1%。【结论】说明ANDVI具有进行在大面积范围内监测水稻LAI的能力。     

水稻抽穗期叶色诊断指标与叶面积指数及结实期光强的关系

叶色是氮素营养诊断最常用的指标,获得准确的叶色诊断指标是水稻精确定量施氮的基础。叶色诊断指标实际上就是稻谷产量最高时的最适叶色。已有报告指出,叶色诊断指标受到群体大小和结实期光照条件的影响。研究的目的是,找出叶色诊断指标随群体大小和光照条件而变化的规律,为精确定量施氮提供理论和技术依据。2004—2005年早季和晚季,在广州以两系杂交稻粤杂122为试材,设置8种不同氮肥处理,进行2年4季田间试验,抽穗期测定叶色(SPAD)和叶面积指数(LAI),成熟期测产。结果表明:(1)不同季节的最适叶色存在明显差异,4季变动于39～45之间。根据产量与叶色的定量关系,可以准确、快速地确定特定条件下的叶色诊断指标。(2)稻谷产量与抽穗期群体指数(SPAD与LAI的乘积)呈开口向下的抛物线关系。抽穗期SPAD、LAI和结实期日照时数,可以解释不同年度、季节和不同氮肥处理的稻谷产量变异的86%。最适群体指数随着结实期日照时数的增加而提高。(3)最适叶色随着日照时数的增加而提高,随着LAI的增加而降低,3者之间存在显著的定量关系。应用这一关系,可根据结实期光照条件,估计出异地异季的叶色诊断指标。     

基于植被指数与叶面积指数的水稻生长状况监测

在江苏省高邮、兴化、阜宁、洪泽分别选择了一个样点,在水稻反射光谱特性与水稻生物学参数荚未的支持下,探讨了基于NOAA／AVHRR遥感影像的归一化植被指数（NDVI）与地面观测数据叶面积指数（LAI）的关系,实现大面积水稻LAI的反演,并以江苏省高邮市为例进行了水稻长势遥感豁测。     

关于光谱反射率和小麦叶面指数之间关系的研究

根据理论分析作出了小麦叶片7种角度分布情况下的光谱植被指数和吸收的光合辐射曲线以及叶面指数和吸收的光合辐射曲线。由实测的小麦光谱反射率数据计算出光谱植被指数,再使用这二套理论曲线可求出小麦的叶面指数。还作出了叶片7种角度分布下,小麦叶面指数计算值和测量值之间的线性回归方程,得出小麦叶片倾角为70°的分布和使用 ND 光谱指数具有最好的结果。     

夏玉米叶面积指数的高光谱遥感植被指数法研究

通过不同品种夏玉米在不同供氮水平下的田间试验,测定夏玉米冠层在不同时期的光谱反射率及对应的群体叶面积指数(LAI),综合分析10个常见光谱植被指数与夏玉米LAI的相关性及预测性.结果表明,光谱植被指数的预测性在夏玉米喇叭口-吐丝期最佳,预测性主要依赖于LAI的整体变化,结合不同品种、不同生育时期和氮肥处理的试验资料对其预测性进行检验,说明光谱植被指数能准确地预测LAI.尤其是近红外与绿光波段的比值(R810/R560)与LAI呈显著的指数关系,不受品种类别、生育时期和氮肥水平的影响,回归模型为LAI=0.765e0.2637R810/R560.利用样本A和B对R810/R560的预测性进行综合检验,表明模拟值与实测值之间符合度较高,平均R2＝0.9573**,估算的平均RMSE为0.0365,精确度和准确度平均值分别为95.63%和 98.47%.     

多源遥感数据协同的景洪橡胶林叶面积指数光饱和特征研究

本研究以云南省景洪市机载激光雷达飞行范围内的热带橡胶林为研究对象,基于LiDAR和Landsat 8 OLI数据,利用机载LiDAR点云数据提取地面LAI,借助地统计学中的半方差函数,对叶面积指数各原始波段光谱饱和特性进行分析。结果表明：近红外波段的反射率随着叶面积指数的增大而增大进而达到饱和,其余波段反射率随着叶面积指数的增大而减小进而达到饱和;在可见光范围内叶面积指数饱和值随着波长的增加而增加;在近红外和短波红外波段叶面积指数饱和值随着波长的增加而减小,结果虽然呈现出一定的规律性,但是差异并不是很明显。Landsat 8 OLI的1～7波段的饱和值分别为5.08、5.19、5.22、5.42、7.51、5.62、5.62,最大值为近红外波段,饱和值为7.51,最小值为海岸波段,饱和值为5.08,除近红外波段饱和值较大之外,其余波段的饱和值均介于5～6之间。     

稻纵卷叶螟危害后水稻叶片的光谱特征

【目的】阐明水稻受稻纵卷叶螟危害后不同受害程度的叶片、卷叶的分布形式及卷叶率对稻叶光谱特征的影响,获取诊断水稻受害程度的模型,以便为稻纵卷叶螟的遥感监测提供理论指标与方法。【方法】试验以不同受害等级的虫害叶及健康叶为材料,在室内恒定条件下采用ASD光谱仪分别测定不同受害程度、受害叶片的不同分布形式、及不同卷叶率下稻叶的光谱反射率,并采用直线回归法,建立基于光谱参数的水稻受害程度诊断模型。【结果】水稻虫害叶光谱反射率均随受害等级的增加,在绿光区(530—570nm)和近红外区(700—1050nm)降低,而在红光区(610—700nm)增加。能反演叶片受害程度的敏感波段为530—564nm、614—695nm和706—1050nm。建立了5个反演叶片受害程度的模型,诊断准确率在80%—90%之间,并且以741nm处的反射率对叶片受害程度的诊断效果最好。在卷叶率恒定的条件下,卷叶的分布位置对光谱反射率影响较小;而卷叶率对光谱反射率的影响较大,表现为随卷叶率的增大,450—500nm和610—700nm处的反射率增大,530—570nm和700—1050nm处反射率降低。差值植被指数(Rnir-Rred)、黄边面积(SDy)及红边面积与蓝边面积的差值(SDr-SDb)等指标均能将6个不同等级的卷叶率(0、10%、30%、50%、70%和90%)区分开,并且利用黄边面积(SDy)指标诊断卷叶率的准确率达86%。【结论】水稻受稻纵卷叶螟为害后,在叶片光谱反射率上有明显的表现,可以利用光谱特征来监测稻叶的受害程度及卷叶率大小。     

Common Spectral Bands and Optimum Vegetation Indices for Monitoring Leaf Nitrogen Accumulation in Rice andWheat

Real-time monitoring of nitrogen status in rice and wheat plant is of significant importance for nitrogen diagnosis, fertilization recommendation, and productivity prediction. With 11 field experiments involving different cultivars, nitrogen rates, and water regimes, time-course measurements were taken of canopy hyperspectral reflectance between 350-2 500 nm and leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA) in rice and wheat. A new spectral analysis method through the consideration of characteristics of canopy components and plant growth status varied with phenological growth stages was designed to explore the common central bands in rice and wheat. Comprehensive analyses were made on the quantitative relationships of LNA to soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and ratio vegetation index (RVI) composed of any two bands between 350-2 500 nm in rice and wheat. The results showed that the ranges of indicative spectral reflectance were largely located in 770-913 and 729-742 nm in both rice and wheat. The optimum spectral vegetation index for estimating LNA was SAVI (R822,R738) during the early-mid period (from jointing to booting), and it was RVI (R822,R738) during the mid-late period (from heading to filling) with the common central bands of 822 and 738 nm in rice and wheat. Comparison of the present spectral vegetation indices with previously reported vegetation indices gave a satisfactory performance in estimating LNA. It is concluded that the spectral bands of 822 and 738 nm can be used as common reflectance indicators for monitoring leaf nitrogen accumulation in rice and wheat.     

Performance and Analysis of a Model for Describing Layered Leaf Area Index of Rice

Layered leaf area index (LAIk) is one of the major determinants for rice canopy. The objective of this study is to attain rice LAIk using morphological traits especially leaf traits that affected plant type. A theoretical model based on rice geometrical structure was established to describe LAIk of rice with leaf length (Li), width (Wi), angle (Ai), and space (Si), and plant pole height (H) at booting and heading stages. In correlation with traditional manual measurement, the model was performed by high R2-values (0.95-0.89, n=24) for four rice hybrids (Liangyoupeijiu, Liangyou E32, Liangyou Y06, and Shanyou 63) with various plant types and four densities (3 750, 2 812, 1 875, and 1 125 plants per 100 m2) of a particular hybrid (Liangyoupeijiu).The analysis of leaf length, width, angle, and space on LAIk for two hybrids (Liangyoupeijiu and Shanyou 63) showed that leaves length and space exhibited greater effects on the change of rice LAIk. The radiation intensity showed a significantly negative exponential relation to the accumulation of LAIk, which agreed to the coefficient of light extinction (K). Our results suggest that plant type regulates radiation distribution through changing LAIk. The present model would be helpful to acquire leaf distribution and judge canopy structure of rice field by computer system after a simple and less-invasive measurement of leaf length, width, angle (by photo), and space at field with non-dilapidation of plants.     

栽培密度对直立株型杂交稻的分蘖、叶面积指数及产量的影响*

 在不同栽培密度条件下,对3个直立株型杂交稻组合的分蘖力、叶面积指数及产量性状进行了研究。结果表明:随着栽培密度的降低,各个组合的分蘖力提高,叶面积指数在生育前中期降低;在合理的栽培密度下,产量及其构成因素差异不显著;不同密度下3个组合的理论产量与穗实粒数呈显著正相关;3个组合均以16.5cm×26.4cm, 13.3cm×26.4cm两个密度栽培较好。     

Varietal Difference in Leaf Nitrogen Content and Leaf Area and Their Effects to Ripening Rate During Mature Period of japonica Rice

Employing the pot experiment of the complete random block design with 6 replications,four varieties of japonica rice (Fujisaka 5,Honenwase,Akitakomachi and Taichung 65) were used to study the varietal differences in leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and leaf area during mature period,their relation and effects to the ripening rate.The results showed that (1) thee were varietal differences in LNC at the heading stage and the LNC decrease rate during the matur period,the high LNC at the heading stage was related to the rapid LNC decrease.(2) There were two phases of the leaf area changing process during the mature period,first was the stable,and second was the decreased phase.There was varietal difference in the critical time of phase 1 and phase 2.The hign leaf area in the phase 1 was in relation to the rapid leaf area decrease in the phase 2.It was not found that there was relation between the leaf quality and quantity.(2)It wa unfavorable to the ripening rate for the high leaf area at the heading stage and the rapid decrease of the leaf area during the mature period.(4)It was put forward that the super high yield rice variety should possess the not very high leaf area and high LNC at the heading stage,slow senescence in the leaf area during the mature period.