Allometric models for estimation of aboveground biomass of Gmelina arborea Roxb. in pulpwood plantations of Bangladesh

Gmelina arborea Roxb. is a fast-growing, deciduous tree species native to Bangladesh. It has been widely planted since 1992 for commercial production of pulpwood in hilly areas of Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to derive well-fitting allometric models for estimation of aboveground biomass, and carbon and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) stocks in G. arborea to ensure sustainable production and management of this species. Eight linear models with 64 regression equations were tested for estimation of aboveground biomass, carbon and nutrient stocks in different parts (leaves, branches, bark and stem) of the plant. The best-fitting allometric models were selected in accordance with various relevant statistical criteria.     

杉木纯林、混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分的比较研究

本文于2005年5月份,在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站选择了一块15年生的杉木纯林和两块15年生杉阔混交林作为研究对象,调查了林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、有效磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸以及呼吸熵,比较了纯林和混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分.结果表明,杉阔混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷硝态氮和有效磷含量高于杉木纯林;在混交林中,土壤微生物学特性得到改善.在0(10 cm和10(20 cm两层土壤中,杉阔混交林土壤微生物氮含量分别比杉木纯林高69%和61%.在0(10 cm土层,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳、磷和基础呼吸分别比杉木纯林高11%、14%和4%;在10(20 cm土层,分别高6%、3%和3%.但是,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵较杉木纯林低34%和4%.另外,土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性高于土壤呼吸、微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵与土壤养分的相关性.由此可知,在针叶纯林中引入阔叶树后,土壤肥力得以改善,并有利于退化森林土壤的恢复.     

Characteristics of carbon and nitrogen of soil microbial biomass and their relationships with soil nutrients in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

The soil microbial biomass and nutrient status under the native broadleaved forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations at the Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem (in Hunan Province, midland of China) were examined in this study. The results showed that after the native broadleaved forest was replaced by mono-cultured C. lanceolata or C. lanceolata, soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool decreased significantly. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, the concentrations of soil microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 800.5 and 84.5 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.90 and 1.03 times as much as those in the first rotation of the C. lanceolata plantation, and 2.16 and 1.27 times as much as those in the second rotation of the plantation, respectively. While in the 10–20 cm soil layer, the microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 475.4 and 63.3 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.86 and 1.60 times as much as those in the first rotation, and 2.11 and 1.76 times as much as those in the second rotation, respectively. Soil nutrient pools, such as total nitrogen, total potassium, NH₄ ⁺-N, and available potassium, also declined after the C. lanceolata plantation replaced the native broadleaved forest, or Chinese fir was planted continuously. Less litter and slower decay rate in pure Chinese fir plantation were the crucial factors leading to the decrease of soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool in this area. Human disturbance, especially slash-burning and site preparation, was another factor leading to the decrease. There were significant positive correlations between soil microbial carbon and nitrogen and soil nutrients. To improve soil quality and maintain sustainable productivity, some measures, including planting mixed conifer with hardwood, preserving residues after harvest, and adopting scientific site preparation, should be taken. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(12): 2,292–2,296 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

黄河三角洲不同林龄人工柽柳林生长季土壤微生物与土壤呼吸特征研究

为探讨人工柽柳林对滨海盐碱地的改善效果,以黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地区3种不同林龄(8 a、6 a、3 a)人工柽柳林为对象,采用多点混合采样法,对生长季土壤微生物量C、N及微生物数量变化进行了对比分析;同时利用LI-8100A土壤碳通量测量系统,原位监测了柽柳生长季内土壤呼吸速率的变化特征。结果表明:1)人工柽柳林土壤微生物微生物量C、N变化受林龄和季节影响明显,其中8 a林地含量最高,3 a林地最小,夏季较高,春季较低,且8 a与3 a差异显著,夏季与春季差异显著(P <0.05);不同林龄土壤微生物商生长季介于2.56～4.15%之间,其变化规律与微生物量一致。2)土壤3种微生物数量均随林龄的增大而增加,微生物数量关系为细菌>放线菌>真菌,而3种微生物数量季节变化规律不一致。3)3种林龄土壤呼吸速率的大小为8 a> 6 a> 3 a,土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化和日变化,其中季节变化表现为夏季>秋季>春季,日变化则呈现出低-高-低的单峰曲线,最大值则出现在12:00―14:00。4)相关分析表明,土壤含盐量与土壤微生物量C和呼吸速率呈显著负相关,与细菌、真菌呈极显著负相关,是主要限制因子;土壤微生物量C、N与微生物商、土壤呼吸、土壤微生物数量均呈正相关;除土壤湿度外,土壤温度与其它指标均呈正相关;而土壤湿度与各指标间均不显著。5)综上所述,不同林龄人工柽柳林土壤微生物量、微生物数量及呼吸速率均可反映土壤环境状况,可为滨海盐碱地土壤改良和土壤质量演变规律提供理论依据。     

Soil and microbial respiration in a loblolly pine plantation in response to seven years of irrigation and fertilization

Because soil CO₂ efflux or soil respiration (R_S) is the major component of forest carbon fluxes, the effects of forest management on R_S and microbial biomass carbon (C), microbial respiration (R_H), microbial activity and fine root biomass were studied over two years in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation located near Aiken, SC. Stands were six-years-old at the beginning of the study and were subjected to irrigation (no irrigation versus irrigation) and fertilization (no fertilization versus fertilization) treatments since planting. Soil respiration ranged from 2 to 6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and was strongly and linearly related to soil temperature. Soil moisture and C inputs to the soil (coarse woody debris and litter mass) which may influence R_H were significantly but only weakly related to R_S. No interaction effects between irrigation and fertilization were observed for R_S and microbial variables. Irrigation increased R_S, fine root mass and microbial biomass C. In contrast, fertilization increased R_H, microbial biomass C and microbial activity but reduced fine root biomass and had no influence on R_S. Predicted annual soil C efflux ranged from 8.8 to 10.7 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and was lower than net primary productivity (NPP) in all stands except the non-fertilized treatment. The influence of forest management on R_S was small or insignificant relative to biomass accumulation suggesting that NPP controls the transition between a carbon source and sink in rapidly growing pine systems.     

剔除林下灌草及添加固氮植物对华南地区4种人工林土壤甲烷(CH4)通量的影响

CH4是重要的温室气体之一,其主要排放源是森林土壤。本研究采用静态箱法对华南地区尾叶桉林（Eucalyptusurophylla）（B1）,厚荚相思林（Acacia crassicarpa）（B2）,10个树种的混交林（B3）和30个树种的混交林（B4）4种林型土壤CH4通量进行了原位测定,研究剔除林下灌草和添加翅荚决明（Cassia alata）对土壤CH4通量的影响。4个处理包括：（1）剔除林下灌草并添加翅荚决明（UR＋CA）;（2）仅剔除林下灌草（UR）;（3）仅添加翅荚决明（CA）;（4）对照（CK）。研究结果表明：林型变化对土壤CH4通量有重要影响,B1和B2表现为CH4的汇,而B3和B4为CH4的源,剔除林下灌草能改善土壤微生物活性,加快土壤矿化速度,促进CH4的吸收;而林下添加翅荚决明,由于翅荚决明根系的固氮作用,能加快土壤CH4的排放,表层土壤温度和湿度与土壤CH4通量具有强相关性;土壤有机碳（SOC）和可溶性N也是影响CH4通量的重要因子。本研究对探寻人工林管理措施对土壤CH4捧放影响机制具有重要的意义。