浅论数据备份技术

数据备份是数据存储中一个非常重要的环节，实时备份系统是保证企业数据安全性与完整性的关键所在，而如何构建企业的实时备份系统是一个复杂的系统工程，本文介绍了目前最常见的四种备份系统结构。     

The effect of low-molecular-weight organic acids and inorganic phosphorus concentration on the determination of soil phosphorus by the molybdenum blue reaction

Low-molecular-weight organic acids play an important role in the mobilization of soil phosphorus (P). The molybdate blue colorimetric method, based on the formation of P molybdenum blue compound, is commonly used for analysis of phosphate in soil and environmental samples. However, some organic acids can act as a ligand to bond with molybdenum acid, which subsequently interfere with the colorimetric reaction. The recoveries of P were inhibited by the addition of oxalic (>2 mM) and citric acids (>3 mM) both in standard P solutions and soil extracts, but formic and maleic acids did not interfere with the P determination. The inhibition of oxalic and citric acids on P recovery remained even at higher level of P (up to 100 μg P 100 ml⁻¹) though such interferences decreased by increasing P concentration. Comparison between oxalic and citric acids revealed the more pronounced interference by the addition of oxalic acid. The results suggested that the interference of organic acids with P determination is related to the types of organic acids and the ratio of organic acid ligands to P anions in the solutions. Thus, analysis of P using the molybdate blue colorimetric method should be undertaken cautiously in the presence of relative strong ligands like oxalic and citric acids.     

Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties

The no-tillage system is perceived as having lower soil temperatures, wetter soil conditions, and greater surface penetration resistance compared with conventional and other conservation tillage systems. Concerns associated with the effect of the no-tillage system on certain soil physical properties (i.e. soil temperature, moisture, and compaction) prompted this study to evaluate the effect of an alternative tillage system, strip-tillage, on these physical properties, compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted on two Iowa State University research and demonstration farms in 2001 and 2002. One site was at the Marsden Farm near Ames, where the soils were Nicollet loam (Aquic Hapludolls) and Webster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). The second site was at the Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, where the soils were Kenyon loam (Typic Hapludolls) and Floyd loam (Aquic Hapludolls).Soil temperature increased in the top 5 cm under strip-tillage (1.2–1.4 °C) over no-tillage and it remained close to the chisel plow soil temperature. This increase in soil temperature contributed to an improvement in plant emergence rate index (ERI) under strip-tillage compared with no-tillage. The results show no significant differences in soil moisture status between the three tillage systems, although the strip-tillage soil profile has slightly greater moisture content than chisel plow. Moisture content through the soil profile particularly at the lower depths under all tillage treatments was greater than the plant available water (PAW). However, the changes in soil moisture storage were much greater with strip-tillage and chisel plow than no-tillage from post-emergence to preharvest at 0–30 and 0–120 cm. It was observed also that most change in soil moisture storage occurred between post-emergence and tasseling. Penetration resistance was similar for both strip-tillage and no-tillage, but commonly greater than chisel plow. In general, the findings show that strip-tillage can contribute effectively to improve plant emergence, similar to chisel plowing and conserve soil moisture effectively compared with no-tillage.     

有机氮与无机氮不同配比对设施菜地次生盐渍化土壤改良效果

通过设施菜地小区试验,研究有机氮与无机氮不同比例配合施用对土壤次生盐渍化的改良效果以及对番茄产量、品质的影响。结果表明:有机氮与无机氮配合施用可以明显降低土壤中全盐含量与电导率,显著降低了土壤中硝态氮的过量积累,尤其有机氮与无机氮比例为2∶1时,效果最好;同时有机氮与无机氮配合施用,达到改善土壤有机质平衡及调控的作用,有机质从16. 8 g/kg增加到21. 7 g/kg;有机氮、无机氮2∶1配施可以明显降低番茄中硝酸盐的含量,显著提高番茄中可溶性总糖和还原型Vc的含量,达到提高番茄产量和提升果实品质的效果。从改良设施土壤次生盐渍化和优质施肥管理两方面综合考虑,建议设施大棚采用有机氮与无机氮配合施用,土壤全盐含量3. 54 g/kg条件下以有机氮与无机氮2∶1配施有机肥与化肥效果最佳。     

日光温室土壤温度环境边际效应

为探索日光温室边际区域的界限和边际环境特点,在暖温带的河南省郑州市冬春季,选择当地有代表性的全钢架无支柱日光温室,实测了边际土壤温度,测试确定日光温室边际区域的界限点。结果表明：土温界点在不同时期是不同的。11月下旬土温界点距离南底脚105 cm。在最冷的1月,土温界点距南底脚270 cm。3月下旬,此界点距南底脚仅为45 cm。土温界点在一天中也是不同的。代表最冷季节的1月中旬最远界点出现在6︰00～8︰00,距南底脚285 cm,最近界点出现在15︰00～17︰00,距南底脚150 cm。边际区域的界点可作为日光温室优化设计的指标,并指导设施保护区域自然资源的充分利用。     

有机无机肥配施对潜育化水稻土的改良效应

为探索潜育化水稻土改良培肥措施,采用田间试验研究了工程排水条件下有机无机肥配施对潜育化低产水稻土的改良效应。结果显示:有机无机肥配施增加了早、晚稻的有效分蘖数。在早稻齐穗期,与CK和NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施的叶绿素(SPAD值)均显著增加。有机无机肥配施显著增加了晚稻的产量,与NPK处理相比,产量增加了10.0%~23.7%;其中早稻配施紫云英、晚稻配施猪粪处理产量最高。在工程排水基础上,配施有机肥处理在早、晚稻收获时耕层土壤还原物质总量分别比单施化肥处理减少了15.0%~25.3%和32.5%~37.5%。这表明,在工程排水条件下,配施一定的有机肥可以明显提高潜育化稻田水稻产量,降低表层土壤还原物质总量,对改良潜育化水稻土有明显作用。     

不同根系土壤温度对烤烟生理生态的影响

采用不同覆盖材料调控烟株根系土壤温度的方法,研究覆盖后不同土壤温度对烤烟生理生态的影响.结果表明:烟草幼苗早期400 ℃的积温是培育壮苗的临界温度,400 ℃以上积温虽可增加烟株株高和根长,但综合生长生理性状不佳,干物质积累少,表现为徒长状态,而在积温400 ℃以下随土壤积温增加,各种生长生理性状趋优,生长健壮,有利培育壮苗;各种覆盖材料都表现为气温高时,增温效果明显,不同覆盖材料材质差异较大,覆盖后地温变幅亦较大;大棚膜 稻草苗期覆盖是预防烤烟移栽后冷害的有效方法.     

The reaction between phosphate and dry soil. I. The effect of time, temperature and dryness

Phosphate (P) was added to soil in solution. The soil was air-dried or freeze-dried and then incubated at a range of temperatures for periods of up to 110 d. The rate of the continuing reaction between the P and soil was measured using the null-point method, and by measuring the amount of desorption induced by filter paper impregnated with iron oxide (Pi test). The reaction between soil and P continued in both air-dried and freeze-dried soil, albeit more slowly than in moist soil. Freezing the soil, whether moist or dry, virtually stopped the reaction. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the continuing reaction between P and soil involves a solid-state diffusive penetration of the soil particles by the sorbed P ions. They also indicate that the common practice of storing soil air-dry, even for short periods at low temperature, will not preserve the P status of the soil as at sampling. It was estimated that for a sample of soil which remained moist at 25°C for 100d after the addition of 335 μg P g⁻¹ soil, before being sampled and stored air-dry at 4°C for 16 years, the measured P_i test value would be about 15 μg P g⁻¹. This compares with 46 μg P g⁻¹ which is the estimated Pⁱ test value measured on the same day as sampling. When samples cannot be analysed for P status immediately following sampling, they should be stored at the lowest convenient temperature, preferably below 0°C.     

Specific and non-specific adsorption of inorganic ions

The authors reported that the relative bonding strength between ligand of soil colloid surface and cations could be obtained easily by the measurement of MCSA, and that the MCSA corresponded to the constant of Langmuir's adsorption isotherm equation.

The relative bonding strength of cations with respect to kaolinitic soil clay at pH 6 was, Cr³⁺>Fe³⁺, Al³⁺>Ga⁸⁺>Cu⁸⁺>Pb²⁺>Y³⁺, La³⁺>Mn²⁺>Ni²⁺, Co²⁺> Zn²⁺>Sr²⁺, Mg²⁺>NH⁴⁺, K⁺, and with respect to colloid with humus coating, Y³⁺, La³⁺>Pb²⁺>Cu²⁺, and the other orders were same.

The solubility of cations in soil colloid aqueous dispersion system was calculated from the values of MCSAs, and considered as follows, Y³⁺, La³⁺, Cu³⁺, Pb³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, CO²⁺: concentration in soil solution and soil geochemical mobility may be regulated by the specific adsorption reaction, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, K⁺, NH⁴⁺: concentration in soil solution and soil geochemical mobility may be regulated by the non-specific adsorption reaction, but at neutral to alkaline condition, Zn²⁺ and Mg²⁺ may specifically adsorb on soil, clays, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Ga³⁺: concentration in soil solution and soil geochemical mobility may be regulated by the solubility of their oxide hydrates.     

Reactions of nucleic acid bases with inorganic soil constituents

The adsorption at pH's 4, 6 and 8 of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil on clays (montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite), Fe- and Al-oxides (goethite, hematite and gibbsite), a soil, and on a laboratory-prepared fulvic acid-montmorillonite complex was investigated. Portions of the clays and soil were saturated with H⁺, Fe³⁺ and Ca²⁺.Quantitatively, the extent of adsorption of nucleic acid bases by the clays was proportional to their exchange capacities, but the nature of the dominant cation had only minor effects. By contrast, the adsorption was strongly affected by pH, tending to decrease with increase in pH. Adsorption on goethite and gibbsite was lower than that on clays, while adsorption of nucleic acid bases on soils was slightly lower than that on oxides. The fulvic acid-montmorillonite complex adsorbed substantial, although smaller amounts of purines and pyrimidines, than did montmorillonite alone. The main adsorption mechanism at pH 4 appeared to be cation exchange whereas at pH 8 complex formation between the nucleic acid bases and cations on inorganic surfaces seemed to occur.The results of this and earlier work show that both inorganic and organic soil constituents adsorb nucleic acid bases. Which adsorption reaction predominates will depend on the clay and organic matter content and on the pH.     

土壤微生物生态学在农业中的应用研究综述

土壤微生物生态学是陆地生态系统研究中最重要的组成部分,是土壤学、微生物学和生态学相互渗透、相互结合的一门新兴学科。本文从研究方法、农业施肥、农业种植制度、生态防治及应用展望等方面对土壤微生物生态学的应用研究现状作了综述,加强土壤微生物生态学在农作物生长和调控应用等领域的研究具有巨大的潜在应用前景和重要意义。     

Sorption of primisulfuron on soil, and inorganic and organic soil colloids

Inorganic and organic soil colloids are responsible for the sorption of many pesticides. We studied the sorption of the herbicide primisulfuron [methyl 2 N‐[[[[[4,6‐bis(difluoromethoxy)‐2‐pyrimidinyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate] on Fe³⁺‐, Al³⁺‐, Ca²⁺‐ and Na⁺‐exchanged montmorillonite, soil organic matter (H⁺‐ and Ca²⁺‐saturated), amorphous iron oxide, and three soils in aqueous media. The sorption on soils was negatively correlated with pH. Ca²⁺‐ and Na⁺‐exchanged montmorillonites are ineffective in the sorption of primisulfuron. The sorption on Fe³⁺‐ and Al³⁺‐exchanged montmorillonite is rapid and follows the Freundlich equation. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and X‐ray powder diffraction studies of the Fe³⁺‐ and Al³⁺‐montmorillonite samples after the interaction with primisulfuron in chloroform solution suggest that primisulfuron is adsorbed and degraded in the interlayer. Humic acid is more effective in the sorption than is Ca humate, suggesting that the pH of the suspension (3.5 for humic acid and 6.0 for Ca humate) has a strong influence on the sorption of primisulfuron. Experiments on amorphous iron oxide indicate similar pH dependence. Infrared spectra indicate that the protonation of the pyrimidine nitrogen moiety of herbicide and subsequent hydrogen bonding with the surface hydroxyls of Fe oxide is the mechanism acting in the primisulfuron sorption.     

Testing a mechanistic model. II. The effects of time and temperature on the reaction of zinc with a soil

Samples of a soil were mixed with zinc nitrate solutions and incubated from 1 to 30 days at temperatures from 4 to 60°C. The solution concentration of zinc, which would not have changed on brief mixing with the soil at 25°C, was measured. Background electrolytes for this measurement of null-point concentration were both calcium and sodium nitrate. The effect of the temperature at which null-point concentration was measured was also investigated. After incubation with zinc nitrate, desorption of zinc, and sorption of further zinc, were measured. Null-point concentration of zinc decreased with increasing period of incubation, with the rate of decrease greatest at high temperatures of incubation. The effects of both temperature and time were closely described by a model which postulated an initial rapid adsorption of ZnOH⁺ ions onto heterogenous charged surfaces, followed by a diffusive penetration. Increasing the temperature of incubation increased the rate of diffusive penetration and led to low solution concentrations. In contrast, increasing the temperature at which null-points were measured increased the concentration of ZnOH⁺ ions. This was shown to be consistent with a change in position of the equilibrium of the initial, rapid, adsorption reaction. Curves for desorption of zinc were continuous with curves for sorption of further zinc, but neither desorption nor further sorption coincided with the position of the curves relating retention of previously added zinc to concentration. This result was consistent with the model and occurred because desorption must reverse diffusive penetration. However, the model under-predicted the magnitude of both desorption and sorption of further zinc. Desorption in calcium solutions was greater than in sodium solutions, even when the solution concentration of zinc approached zero. This was consistent with exchange diffusion of calcium ions for some of the penetrated zinc.     

Effects of temperature,glucose and inorganic nitrogen inputs on carbon mineralization in a Tibetan alpine meadow soil

High levels of available nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) have the potential to increase soil N and C mineralization. We hypothesized that with an external labile C or N supply alpine meadow soil will have a significantly higher C mineralization potential, and that temperature sensitivity of C mineralization will increase. To test the hypotheses an incubation experiment was conducted with two doses of N or C supply at temperature of 5, 15 and 25 °C. Results showed external N supply had no significant effect on CO₂ emission. However, external C supply increased CO₂ emission. Temperature coefficient (Q₁₀) ranged from 1.13 to 1.29. Significantly higher values were measured with C than with N addition and control treatment. Temperature dependence of C mineralization was well-represented by exponential functions. Under the control, CO₂ efflux rate was 425 g CO₂–C m^?2 year^?1, comparable to the in situ measurement of 422 g CO₂–C m^?2 year^?1. We demonstrated if N is disregarded, microbial decomposition is primarily limited by lack of labile C. It is predicted that labile C supply would further increase CO₂ efflux from the alpine meadow soil.     

Organic and inorganic phosphate interactions with soil hydroxy-interlayered minerals

Background  

Even though extensive work has been done on P interactions with free Al- and Fe-hydroxide minerals, limited or no information exists on sorption/desorption processes of organic and inorganic phosphate forms with soil hydroxy-interlayered minerals.     

河套灌区春灌结合秸秆隔层对盐碱土壤温度的调控效果

  【目的】  对内蒙古河套灌区向日葵生长季土壤温度进行连续监测,从土壤温度变化的角度对春灌结合秸秆隔层措施进行了科学评价。  【方法】  田间微区定位试验在内蒙古五原县进行,供试作物为食用向日葵 (Helianthus annuus L.),品种为JK601 (2016—2017年) 和HT361 (2018年)。以无秸秆隔层+常规春灌量2250 m3/hm2为对照 (CK),其他处理均采用秸秆隔层,灌水量为对照的100% (W100)、90% (W90)、80% (W80)。秸秆隔层一次性布置,之后连续3年,用5TE-传感器测定食葵生育期膜内距地表下10、20、30和40 cm处土壤水分、电导率、温度。在食葵收获期,调查产量和产量构成因素。  【结果】  与CK相比,W100处理0—40 cm土层土壤温度在食葵生育时期均表现出增温效果,但增温幅度随着试验年份的增加而降低,其中在2016年食葵蕾期、花期和成熟期显著增温0.7℃～1.8℃,2017年食葵苗期、蕾期和花期生长阶段显著增温0.6℃～1.7℃ (P < 0.05),而在2018年两处理间土壤温度无显著差异。W100处理0—40 cm土层土壤温度在食葵苗期和蕾期最高,与W90和W80处理相比,3年平均提高了0.3℃～0.4℃和0.2℃～0.5℃;而在食葵花期和成熟期表现为W80处理的土壤温度最高,与W100和W90处理相比,3年平均提高了0.8℃～1.0℃和0.5℃～1.0℃ (P < 0.05)。相较于CK处理,W100处理和W90处理均能增加食葵产量。其中,W100处理在3年分别增产34.63%、18.83%和6.57%,W90处理分别增产30.42%、15.91%和0.64%。  【结论】  综合比较土壤温度调控、节约水资源、作物产量,在当地常规春灌基础上减少10%灌水量结合秸秆隔层处理 (W90) 是较优方案。秸秆隔层处理对土壤温度的调控效果在前两年较为显著,因此,应考虑每两年进行一次隔层处理,以保证该措施对土壤温度调控的有效性。     

Effects of contrasting biochars on the leaching of inorganic nitrogen from soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The use of excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizers usually causes soil N leaching, eutrophication, and water pollution. Nevertheless, biochars may play an important role...     

The effect of crop residue incorporation date on soil inorganic nitrogen, nitrate leaching and nitrogen mineralization

 Delaying cultivation and incorporation of arable crop residues may delay the release of NO₃ ^– and hence reduce leaching. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of timing of cultivation on the mineralization and leaching of NO₃ ^– from an arable crop residue. Overwinter N leaching and periodic measurements of soil inorganic N were combined to estimate net N mineralized after ploughing a crop residue into a free-draining loamy sand soil in central England on six dates from June 1994 to January 1995. The crop residue was whole green barley with approximately 2% N. N leaching in the two following winters was increased by the addition of crop residues. Early residue application also tended to increase N leached in the first winter, largely as a consequence of relatively large losses early in the drainage period. Thus, early incorporation of crop residues presents a greater leaching risk. The amount of N leached in the second (drier) winter was similar for all dates of incorporation. At the end of the first winter, inorganic N derived from the crop residue was greatest for earlier additions: June (40% N applied) > September (30% N applied) > August (20% N applied) > October (19% N applied) > November (11% N applied) > January (3% N applied). However, at the end of the experiment, there was no evidence that the residues which had mineralized least by the end of the first winter had, to any significant degree, caught up, and this was confirmed by the parameters of the equation for first-order decomposition in thermal time. These results indicate that the effect of temperature, particularly in the early stages of residue mineralization, is complex and interacts with other soil processes in terms of the fate of the N mineralized. Received: 19 July 1999     

有机无机肥配施对盐渍化土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响

微生物可以通过摄入能量合成有机渗透压物质来实现对盐度的适应,然而,不同程度盐渍土微生物对能量的需求可能会发生改变。因此,该研究于2018－2019年开展田间定位试验,选取河套灌区轻度盐渍土S1（电导率为0.46 dS/m）及中度盐渍土S2（电导率为1.07 dS/m）为研究对象,设置了6个处理,包括不施氮（CK）,单施无机氮（U1）以及分别用有机氮（U3O1、U1O1、U1O3和O1）替代25%、50%、75%和100%的无机氮,监测了土壤微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸在第二个生长季的动态状况。结果表明：土壤盐渍化程度增加会导致土壤微生物量及微生物活性下降,S1土壤较S2土壤微生物量碳高12.01%～68.81%,土壤微生物量氮高14.31%～58.58%,土壤呼吸速率高11.75%～54.71%。不同盐分条件下,适当的有机肥施入比例可以显著提高土壤微生物量及微生物活性,S1和S2盐渍土分别以U1O1及O1处理较优。相关性分析表明,土壤呼吸速率与土壤微生物量碳氮呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,土壤温度、土壤矿质氮与土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。从玉米产量及改善土壤微生物生存环境角度,得到该地区适宜的施肥模式为,轻度盐渍土：有机氮替代50%无机氮;中度盐渍土：有机氮替代100%无机氮。