王草青贮品质研究

研究了不同添加水平的尿素和新银合欢对王草发酵品质的影响。尿素的添加比例分别为0.3%、0.4%和0.5%,新银合欢的添加比例分别为1/3、1/2、2/3和100%,另设100%王草组作为空白对照。试验结果表明,新银合欢添加组的青贮品质均优于尿素添加组。在尿素添加组中,所有添加尿素组和100%王草对照组青贮品质较差,说明王草青贮单独或添加尿素青贮的效果不佳,在实际运用应尽量避免使用这2种方法进行青贮。在新银合欢添加组中,青贮品质由高到低的排列为：1/3新银合欢组、1/2新银合欢组、2/3新银合欢组和100%     

银合欢异木虱形态及生物学研究

银合欢异木虱(Heteropsylla Cubana Crauford)是危害银合欢的重要害虫。成虫和若虫刺吸嫩梢幼叶汁液,并排泄蜜露,导致发生煤烟病。被害嫩梢幼叶萎缩干枯,严重影响生长和产量。每年10月至翌年4月为严重为害期。雌虫产卵量为32—330粒。在海南省儋州地区每年发生15—16代,完成一世代需16—21天。在室外用自然变温法测定其发育起点温度,全世代平均为7.58℃,其中卵为9.05℃,若虫为9.56℃,成虫为4.04℃。完成一世代的有效积温为373.93日度。用空间分布型指数法对调查数据进行测定,田间卵的空间分布为聚集分布型。     

优良银合欢根瘤菌筛选研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了银合欢根瘤菌在新银合欢上的共生固氮效率。结果表明,在试验中所用的12个菌株都能显著地增加植株叶片的鲜重和含氮量,并能降低叶片中的含羞草素。其中尤以H87—4、H87—1和H87—2三个菌株最为明显。     

银合欢豆象生物学特性及其防治

银合欢豆象[Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus(Schaeffer,1907)]是银合欢属Leucae植物种子上的重要害虫,除银合欢外,也可蛀食南洋楹(Falcataria moluccana)种子。在75%RH及20~35℃的条件下,卵期为4～12 d。幼虫期为18～37 d,蛹期为5～11 d。成虫寿命17~31 d,雌雄性别比约为1∶1。在75%RH及26℃条件下,银合欢豆象完成1个世代需要44～48 d。在野外,银合欢豆象在幼龄阶段常被一种姬小蜂科(Eulophidae)的柄腹姬小蜂属(Pediobius Walker)寄生。在75%~80%RH及25～30℃条件下,使用56%磷化铝片剂对银合欢豆象进行熏蒸,用药量7~9 g/m3,熏蒸时间48~72 h,成虫、幼虫及蛹死亡率100%。     

银合欢遗传资源和育种进展

银合欢为豆科含羞草亚科银合欢属木本植物,现发现22个种,其中18个种为二倍体,4个种为四倍体。银合欢栽培种可作于薪材、木料、造纸、木炭、遮荫和绿肥等,已在澳大利亚、印度、巴拉圭、泰国、中国和其它东南亚国家种植。综述了银合欢的种质收集、评价及分类学研究,分子遗传学研究,种间杂交,增加遗传多样性,抗异木虱育种,耐寒、耐霜和耐旱育种,高产优质牧草育种,优质高产木材育种,不结籽树种育种等。     

土耳其茶叶产量迅速增长

土耳其茶叶单产已达每公顷1902公斤,超过主要产茶国印度(1509公斤/公顷)、肯尼亚(1335公斤/公顷)、苏联(1494公斤/公顷)、日本(1615公斤/公顷)。其茶叶种植面积从1968年的26120公顷扩大到1979年的53601公顷,位于世界十大产茶国之内。茶叶总产亦名列五大产茶国之列,到1979年总产达101955吨,比1968年提高近4     

籼粳杂交水稻新组合甬优7850机插高产栽培技术

甬优7850属于籼粳杂交晚稻新组合,2016年被浙江省浦江县引进示范种植,田间表现生长青秀、穗大粒多、丰产性好、抗性强等特点。2017—2018年扩大示范面积,最高产量达12.37 t/hm2。通过3 a的示范种植,总结了甬优7850在浙江作单季晚稻种植的机插高产栽培技术。     

银合欢豆象的发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

结合田间调查和采用室内逐日观察法，在6个温度20、25、28、32、36和40℃，湿度75%的条件下，以银合欢种子为食料，对银合欢豆象在不同温度下的各虫态发育历期进行了系统的观察和研究。结果表明，银合欢豆象卵期、幼虫及蛹期的发育起点温度分别为10.50、9.52和12.79℃。在20～40℃条件下，各虫态的发育速率与温度呈抛物线相关，低温和高温都不利于其生长发育。     

2004/05-2013/14年度美国陆地棉基线计划

1美国陆地棉供给和利用1 .1种植面积。 2 0 0 4 /0 5年度 ,陆地棉种植面积5 82 .72万公顷。这归因于 :2 0 0 3/0 4年度棉花创高产记录和起初五年农产品价格超出贷款利率 ;“正常”气候的回归也促进了 2 0 0 4 /0 5年度种植面积的增加。计划 2 0 0 5 /0 6- 2 0 1 3/1 4年度期间 ,种植面积5 66万～ 5 87万公顷 ,收获面积 5 1 0万～ 5 30万公顷。1 .2单产将继续提升。预期随着遗传学和技术的改进 ,陆地棉单产将稍有提高 ,每年将增加 0 .91 kg。该计划的第一年 ( 2 0 0 4 /0 5年度 )的产量将达每公顷72 8.6kg,这大约是之前 6年的平均值。1 .3供…     

银合欢豆象在云南省的潜在分布区预测

为了掌握银合欢豆象在云南的潜在分布区,为银合欢豆象在云南省的发生、早期预警和防控提供参考资料,利用银合欢豆象的分布点数据和环境因子数据,通过Maxent生态位模型预测了银合欢豆象在云南省的适生范围区。结果表明:银合欢豆象在云南省适生范围分为4级,高适生区以绿色表示;中适生区以蓝色表示;低适生区以浅黄表示;非适生区以红色表示。利用ROC曲线分析法对预测结果进行验证表明:其训练数据和测试数据分别为0.995和0.996,远大于随机分布模型的AUC值0.5,说明预测结果可靠。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.