红三叶和白三叶愈伤组织的诱导和胚性细胞悬浮系的建立

以红三叶野生品种巴东红三叶的叶片为外植体,在MB-1至MB-9的固体培养基上诱导愈伤组织 ,筛选出最佳培养基是MB-9培养基;以白三叶栽培品种"路易斯安娜"和"Huca"的叶片为外植体,接种在MB-9固体培养基上诱导愈伤组织,愈伤组织形成后均经MB-9固体培养基上继代3～4次,获得胚性愈伤组织后再转至MB+3mg/L 2,4-D+0.7mg/L BA+0.2mg/L NAA+2mg/L 甘氨酸+500mg/L CH+3%蔗糖的液体培养基中,经强化培养两个月后获得胚性细胞悬浮系.实验结果表明,缩短换液时间(每隔3～4d换液一次)可加快胚性细胞悬浮系的建立.     

马蹄金子叶的愈伤诱导与植株再生研究

以不同植物生长调节剂组合和不同基本培养基,探讨了马蹄金子叶离体培养的方法和影响因素.结果表明,不同植物生长调节剂组合的培养基对愈伤组织的诱导频率有显著影响,出愈率为16%～100%;以MS或B5培养基作诱导愈伤组织的基本培养基效果较好;将子叶接种到MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA的诱导培养基中诱导愈伤组织,再用MS+0.1 mg/L2,4-D+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+3.0 mg/L AgNO3作分化培养基出苗效果最佳,愈伤组织分化频率高达20.7%.     

桑树愈伤组织诱导及悬浮细胞系的建立

以桑品种育-711的叶片、芽尖、叶柄、茎段为材料,探讨不同外植体、不同培养基和激素配比等因素对桑树愈伤组织的诱导、继代培养以及悬浮细胞培养的影响,并对桑树悬浮细胞的生长曲线进行监测,初步建立桑树细胞悬浮培养体系。试验结果表明:叶片是诱导桑树愈伤组织的理想外植体,愈伤组织最佳诱导条件为MS培养基中添加1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L2,4-D+0.5 mg/L NAA的激素组合,在此培养条件下的诱导率达90%以上;继代培养最优条件为MS培养基中添加1.0 mg/L6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L NAA,在此培养条件下继代,愈伤组织生长旺盛,存活率达到100%,培养12 d进入对数生长期,愈伤组织的鲜质量在此期间增加6倍;悬浮细胞在MS液体培养基中添加1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.1 mg/L NAA的培养条件下,细胞增殖较快,生长曲线呈"S"型,活细胞数量在悬浮培养第16天时达到峰值。以桑树叶片作为外植体诱导愈伤组织及初步建立的悬浮细胞系,有助于进一步研发桑树组织培养物次生代谢产物的生产技术。     

扁蓿豆愈伤组织诱导和分化条件的研究

以扁蓿豆3个品系的下胚轴和子叶为外植体,研究不同培养基、不同激素种类和配比对愈伤组织诱导的影响,以及不同分化培养基对愈伤组织分化的影响.结果表明:下胚轴的愈伤组织诱导率普遍高于子叶;品系B1、B2最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+0.5mg/L 2,4-D+0.5mg/L 6-BA,品系B3最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+0.5mg/L 2,4-D+0.7mg/L 6-BA;适宜分化的培养基均为MS+1mg/L KT+1mg/L 6-BA.     

披碱草×野大麦杂种F_1幼穗培养再生体系的建立

以披碱草×野大麦杂种F_1幼穗为外植体,诱导出胚性愈伤组织,建立了植株再生体系,对影响愈伤组织诱导、分化、生根的基本培养基、激素种类及质量浓度等进行筛选。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导以MS为基本培养基+3mg/L 2,4-D较好;外植体在MS+3mg/L 2,4-D+30g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂的诱导培养基上经过20d培养,小穗愈伤组织诱导率达28.3%;愈伤组织的分化培养基为MS+1mg/L 6-BA+1mg/L NAA+30g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂,愈伤组织分化率达78%;生根培养基以1/2MS+0.5mg/L IBA+0.5mg/L NAA+蔗糖+7g/L琼脂为最佳,生根率可达86.7%,移栽后成活率可达100%。     

火龙果愈伤组织诱导及再生体系的建立

为建立稳定、快速、高效的火龙果再生体系,以金都1号火龙果不同成熟度的茎段为外植体,探讨不同激素浓度配比、培养条件等对其愈伤组织及不定芽发生的影响。结果表明: 幼芽茎段和幼嫩茎段较适宜作为火龙果的诱导外植体。诱导率明显高于成熟茎段的诱导率。幼嫩茎段诱导愈伤组织最适合的培养基是MS +TDZ 0.6 mg/L + KT 0.8 mg/L +2,4-D 1.0 mg/L,诱导率是81.7%,不定芽再生率达到36%,幼芽茎段诱导的愈伤组织培养基为MS +6BA2.0mg/L +2,4-D 1.0 mg/L,诱导率高达91.7% 愈伤组织诱导不定芽的培养基为MS+NAA 0.2mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L,生根诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA1.0mg/L     

日本结缕草植株再生体系的研究

以日本结缕草的成熟胚为外植体,对其组织培养体系进行了优化.试验结果表明,1)培养基中添加脯氨酸能提高愈伤组织诱导率,而添加BA能降低愈伤组织的诱导率,低浓度的NAA(0.1～0.2 mg/L)能促进愈伤组织的形成,愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为ND 2,4-D 3.0 mg/L NAA 0.2 mg/L L-Pro 500 mg/L,愈伤组织诱导率达57.3%;2)愈伤组织继代的最佳培养基为MSD 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L;3)愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基为MSD NAA 0.3 mg/L KT 0.5 mg/L BA 0.05 mg/L,分化率达36.7%.     

北海道黄杨叶片愈伤组织的诱导培养

本文主要以北海道黄杨叶片为材料,利用不同浓度的激素对北海道黄杨叶片进行愈伤组织诱导及分化培养试验,探讨激素等条件对北海道黄杨叶片离体培养的影响。试验结果表明:北海道黄杨叶片诱导愈伤组织最适培养基为MS+6-BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.2mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂6.3g/L。     

星星草和朝鲜碱茅组织培养体系的建立

分别以星星草和朝鲜碱茅成熟胚为外植体,建立组织培养体系.结果表明,星星草和朝鲜碱茅成熟胚在MS+300mg/L CH+4.0mg/L 2,4-D +3%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂(pH5.8)培养基上,愈伤组织诱导率可分别达到53.3%和46.7%.经MS+300mg/LCH+1.0mg/L 2,4-D +3%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂(pH5.8)继代培养基中继代培养后,星星草和朝鲜碱茅胚性愈伤组织在MS+300mg/L CH+1.0mg/L 2,4-D+0.3 mg/L 6-BA +3%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂(pH5.8)分化培养基上,分化率分别达到了82.5%和75.7%.两种牧草再生苗生根移栽后成活率均可达到95%以上.     

马蹄金子叶的愈伤诱导与植株再生研究

以不同植物生长调节剂组合和不同基本培养基,探讨了马蹄金子叶离体培养的方法和影响因素。结果表明,不同植物生长调节剂组合的培养基对愈伤组织的诱导频率有显著影响,出愈率为16%～100%;以MS或B5培养基作诱导愈伤组织的基本培养基效果较好;将子叶接种到MS+1.0mg/L2,4-D+0.2mg/L6-BA的诱导培养基中诱导愈伤组织,再用MS+0.1mg/L2,4-D+2.0mg/L6-BA+3.0mg/LAgNO3作分化培养基出苗效果最佳,愈伤组织分化频率高达20.7%。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.