黑蜂王台病毒研究进展

黑蜂王台病毒(black queen cell virus,BQCV)是一种常见的蜜蜂病毒,春季和初夏高发,主要危害蜂王的幼虫和蛹,蜜蜂患病后短时间内死亡,王台壁进而变黑。黑蜂王台病毒已在世界不同蜂种间广泛传播,常以无明显症状的隐性感染方式存在于蜂群中,与蜜蜂微孢子虫联合危害表现出极强的致病性,对养蜂业造成巨大损失。作者从黑蜂王台病的病原学、流行病学、临床症状、致病过程、检测方法及防控方面对其研究进展进行综述,为进一步研究黑蜂王台病毒及其防制措施提供参考。     

蜜蜂病后须消毒

蜜蜂常常受到细菌、真菌和病毒危害后 ,易诱发多种疾病 ,有的蜂友在蜜蜂遭受病害后 ,由于只注重防疫治疗 ,而忽视蜜蜂病后消毒 ,结果易使蜜蜂病愈后又交叉或重复感染发病。因此 ,在养蜂生产中 ,不仅要对蜂场进行定期消毒 ,蜜蜂感染疾病后 ,切莫忽视消毒工作。1 .蜜蜂蛹病的消毒措施　蜜蜂蛹病是危害我国养蜂生产的一种重要的传染病。该病主要是由蜜蜂蛹病病毒所感染诱发 ,死亡的蜂蛹多呈干枯状 ,也有的呈湿润状 ,病毒在大幼虫阶段侵入 ,发病幼虫失去自然光泽和正常饱满度 ,体色呈灰白色 ,并逐渐变为浅褐色至深渴色。死亡的蜂蛹呈暗褐色或黑…     

黑蜂王台病毒、瓦螨病毒病及微孢子虫混合感染防治

<正>2015年12月上旬,徽州区西溪南镇和潜口镇部分蜂场相继发生意蜂大量离奇死亡现象,初步统计死亡数量在2500群以上,给养蜂户造成经济损失。12月9日区畜牧部门采样送检中国农科院蜜蜂研究所,诊断为瓦螨病毒病、黑蜂王台病毒和微孢子虫病混合感染。一、临床症状患病初期,蜜蜂的外部症状表现不明显,随着病情的发展,才逐渐表现症状,主要表现为行动缓慢、萎靡     

蜜蜂黑蜂王台病毒病研究进展

蜜蜂黑蜂王台病是一种由蜜蜂黑蜂王台病毒(Black Queen Cell Virus,BQCV)引起的蜂王幼虫的疾病。该病毒的主要侵害对象是蜂王的幼虫和蛹,感染的幼虫和蛹在短时间内死亡。BQCV在世界各地蜂群中均有出现,呈现明显的季节性特点,春季和夏季是主要发病季节。当前BQCV常以隐性感染方式存在于蜂群各型蜂中,在成蜂中不表现明显的疾病症状,常与蜜蜂微孢子共同作用,削弱蜜蜂群势的发展,对养蜂业造成巨大损失。本文从BQCV的病原学、流行病学、症状判断与检测方法研究进行综述,为进一步深入研究BQCV的致病特点及其防控措施提供参考。     

人工感染白斑综合征病毒的克氏原螯虾的病理学试验

用从发病中国虾体内提取的白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）人工感染克氏原螯虾，被感染克氏原螯虾均发病死亡。光学显微镜下观察病虾的组织切片，发现其胃、鳃等的上皮组织以及结缔组织的细胞核明显肿大和嗜伊红染色；电镜观察超薄组织切片，发现病螯虾的胃部、鳃部组织的细胞核内有大量的杆状病毒样病毒粒子，该病毒粒子有囊膜；斑点杂交检测发病螯虾，阳性率为100％；人工感染克氏原螯虾的角化上皮、胃上皮、肝胰腺上皮、疏松结缔组织、肌肉、造血组织和鳃、经原位杂交检测呈阳性。     

黑蜂王台病毒基因组结构研究进展

<正>蜜蜂病毒被认为是主要威胁蜜蜂健康的因素之一,是引发蜜蜂蜂群大量死亡及蜂群衰竭的关键因素[1-7]。首次鉴定出蜜蜂病毒并认定其为新的感染蜜蜂的病原体是在20世纪初期。目前,已知可感染蜜蜂的病毒高达20种,其中包括18种RNA病毒,其中的某些病毒已在全球范围内广泛传播[8-10]。蜜蜂病毒能够影响蜜蜂形态、生理和行为,并与弱群及蜜蜂死亡息息相关[11]。蜜蜂黑蜂王台病是由黑蜂王台病毒(Black queen cell virus,BQCV)引起的一     

孢子虫病及其防治

孢子虫病是蜜蜂成年蜂中最常见的病害之一,它是由微小的单细胞动物即蜜蜂微孢子虫引起的。通常只需２０～９０个孢子就可感染１只蜜蜂,如果天气长期不佳,蜜蜂无法出巢排泄飞翔,每只蜂体内的孢子可增达２０亿个,这是孢子虫病在寒冷地区比温暖地区危害更为严重的原因。由于工蜂的清巢行为,它要比雄蜂和蜂王更易受孢子虫的感染。蜂群患病后,会出现哺育蜂的舌腺萎缩,寿命缩短;患病蜂王的卵巢开始退化,巢内幼虫减少;冬天工蜂通常抛弃患病蜂王,这样早春就出现失王现象。随着病蜂的不断增加,工蜂和蜂王的寿命缩短,哺育蜂的饲喂能力降…     

蜜蜂孢子虫病的诊断和防治

蜜蜂孢子虫病又叫蜜蜂微粒子病,是一种寄生于成年蜂中肠上皮细胞里的微孢子虫,即蜂微粒子引起的传染性病害。工蜂、蜂王和雄蜂均可感染,但卵、幼虫、蛹是不会感染的。由于孢子虫寄生在蜜蜂体内以其体液为营养,进行发育繁殖而破坏其正常生理机能,导致蜂体衰弱,工蜂患病后寿命缩短1/3左右,染病的蜂王寿命只能维持2～4个月。患病蜂群的群势下降,对生产影响较大。该病一年四季都可能发生,尤以春季和     

中蜂囊状幼虫病卵黄抗体的临床应用

<正>1中蜂囊状幼虫病的病原及症状1.1中蜂囊状幼虫病是由囊状幼虫病毒所引起,主要感染2~3日龄小幼虫,该病具有很强的传染力,是目前危害我国中蜂饲养较为严重的一种病害,常造成大量蜜蜂幼虫发病死亡,导致蜂群断子、飞逃,严重时造成全场毁灭。1.2中蜂囊状幼虫病的症状是幼虫封盖后3~4d仍不能化蛹,虫体伸直,头部朝向巢房盖,呈翘起的船头状,患病幼虫体表完整,表皮内充满乳状液体,整个虫体像一只充满液体     

养殖锦鲤鲤鱼浮肿病的检测与鉴定

北京房山某锦鲤养殖场锦鲤发生大量死亡,患病锦鲤呈烂鳃、肾脏糜烂、身体浮肿;症状类似锦鲤疱疹病毒（koi herpes virus,KHV）感染,但经PCR检测排除了KHV感染。为进一步确定病原,对发病鱼进行了临床症状观察、病毒分离、细菌分离培养、病鱼组织超薄切片电镜观察和PCR扩增等检测。通过病鱼组织超薄切片电镜观察,在肾脏内可见200 nm×400 nm的痘病毒样颗粒。抽提病毒核酸后,用已知的鲤鱼浮肿病毒（carp edema virus,CEV）的保守序列设计2对引物进行PCR扩增,扩增出548和180 bp片段,测序结果和GenBank公布的CEV H504株序列完全一致。根据发病鱼临床症状和实验室检测结果,最终确定该病为CEV引起的鲤鱼浮肿病。这是在中国首次发现的鲤鱼浮肿病。     

湖北省禽流感的诊断及病毒株的分离与初步鉴定

通过采用琼脂扩散法（AGP）对湖北省8个发病鸡场进行禽流感抗体的检测，证实了禽流感的存在。从某鸡场5只濒死鸡气管刮屑及内脏材料中分离到了一株病毒。应用HI试验和电镜负染技术确证该分离物为A型流感病毒，其血凝价可达1：2560。该病毒粒子有囊膜，呈球形或椭圆形，大小为80－120nm，其血清型为H9N2型。     

柞蚕蛹油研究报告

经试验提出压榨法和浸提法提取柞蚕蛹油的工艺。制得的柞蚕蛹油经化学成分分析表明,含有不饱和脂肪酸82.09％,维生素E413.9—451.7ug/ml。动物试验观察发现,蛹油组试验动物皮肤角化层变薄,生发层、颗粒层细胞增生活跃,真皮层细胞和胶原纤维代谢良好。羟脯氨酸定量分析结果,试验组中雌雄性小白鼠分别高于对照组21.9倍和99.3倍,家兔试验组高于对照组12倍和34倍。证明柞蚕蛹油具有明显的润肤作用啊     

A survey of white line disease in Japanese racehorses

A survey was carried out into white line disease in 1781 Thoroughbred racehorses kept in stables at the Japan Racing Association (JRA) Miho Training Center (MTC) September-October 1996. The survey was conducted while horses were being shod by farriers. The horses that still exhibited damaged white lines after regular trimming were diagnosed as having white line disease. The factors recorded were age, sex, number of diseased horses, number of diseased hooves, number of lesions by region over the bearing border of the hoof and the classified length of such lesions. The percentage of total diseased horses was 11.5% (204 animals), with incidence increasing significantly with age (P< or =0.01). Occurrence was independent of sex (P>0.05) was more frequent in the fore- than in the hindhoof and developed more frequently at the toe than at any other region of the forehoof-bearing border. Most lesions ranged from 20 to 30 mm in length.     

Adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland in a white Swiss mouse.

A salivary gland adenocarcinoma in a white Swiss mouse used in a titration of the scrapie agent is reported. The neoplasm originated from the serous cells of the parotid salivary gland. Retroviral particles were detected in the neoplastic salivary gland cells by electron microscopy.     

高邮鸭蛋壳超微结构观察

高邮鸭蛋壳的扫描电镜观察表明,由内向外可将蛋壳分为壳膜层、乳锥层、柱状层、表面晶体层和表层。青壳蛋与白壳蛋在超微结构上存在显著差异,从而导致青壳蛋的蛋壳强度明显高于白壳蛋。     

A survey of enteric viruses of turkey poults

Intestinal samples from 91 turkey flocks between 1 day and 5 weeks of age were examined for enteric viruses using electron microscopy and electropherotyping. These flocks originated from eight operations in six states. Individual flocks were sampled only once. At the time of sampling, 31 flocks were considered normal/healthy and 60 were considered to have enteric disease. The most frequently identified viruses from diseased flocks were astroviruses (78%) and rotavirus-like viruses (RVLVs) (67%). Far less frequent were rotaviruses (22%), atypical rotaviruses (12%), enteroviruses (5%), and reoviruses (2%). Only 10% of the samples from diseased flocks were negative, but 48% of the samples from normal/healthy flocks were negative. Astroviruses and RVLVs were far less frequent in normal/healthy flocks than in diseased flocks, but rotaviruses were identified slightly more often. No viruses were detected from flocks sampled within the first few days of life. Astrovirus infections seemed to occur at an earlier age than other virus infections. Seldom was only one type of virus identified. Astrovirus + RVLV was the most frequently identified combination in diseased flocks.     

从江县鲤爆发性死亡病例实验室诊断

2018年10月贵州省从江县某水产养殖专业合作社鲤爆发死亡,本研究对死亡病例进行了流行病学调查、病理学观察、寄生虫学检查、细菌分离鉴定和病毒PCR检测等诊断。结果显示:病鲤病变以鳃丝溃烂、体表出血、肛门红肿和眼球凹陷为主要特征,组织的主要病变是肾小球萎缩出血、肾小囊空腔、鳃丝肿胀粘连及上皮细胞脱落等;细菌分离培养可得到圆形凸起、表面光滑的灰白色菌落,经染色镜检、生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因测序分析,鉴定该分离菌为嗜水气单胞菌;PCR检测显示鲤浮肿病毒(Carp edema virus,CEV)为阳性,未检出鲤春病毒血症病毒(Spring viremia of carp virus,SVCV)和鲤疱疹病毒(Koi herpesvirus,KHV);显微镜观察亦未见到寄生虫虫体;分别取分离菌和鲤浮肿病毒阳性病例组织悬液进行人工感染试验,均可引起健康鲤发生死亡。上述结果表明,从江县鲤的死亡是嗜水气单胞菌和鲤浮肿病毒混合感染所致。     

散养淮南王土鸡J亚群禽白血病的诊断

对湖北省某农户散养的12周龄淮南王土鸡病鸡进行剖检,发现病鸡肝脏有白色肿瘤;心肌增厚,有疑似肿瘤赘生物;脾脏萎缩,切面呈暗色。用J亚群禽白血病病毒（ALV-J）特异性引物进行PCR检测,扩增出了约545 bp的条带,病鸡组织内含有ALV-J病毒核酸序列,表明该病例为ALV-J感染。     

Rapid coagglutination test for detection of rotaviruses in turkeys

Avian rotaviruses present in fecal samples were readily detected using a staphylococcal protein-A coagglutination test on a white porcelain plate. Staphylococci, which produced large amounts of protein-A, were coated with rabbit anti-avian rotavirus serum. The antibody-coated staphylococci were agglutinated specifically by rotavirus present in the fecal sample. The macroscopic agglutination reaction occurred within a few minutes. A total of 40 fecal samples were tested by the coagglutination test. The sensitivity and specificity of the coagglutination test were compared with those of electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tissue-culture virus-isolation methods. Of the 31 fecal samples positive for rotavirus on electron microscopy, 27 (87%) were positive on coagglutination test. Of the nine electron-microscopy-negative samples, seven (78%) were also negative on coagglutination test. It was concluded that the staphylococcal protein-A coagglutination test can be used as a simple, rapid screening test for avian rotavirus.     

苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒在家蚕蛹体内的复制及重组病毒外源基因的表达

家蚕蛹在复眼着色期,经4℃冷藏24小时后,可被Ac NPV(苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒)感染。在蛹体内复制出的多角体大小差异较大,且比在昆虫Sf—21细胞中繁殖的Ac NPV和在蚕蛹体内形成的Bm NPV多角体小。在蛹体内繁殖的Ac NPV的游离病毒可以回返感染Sf—21细胞。由蚕蛹内分离的Ac NPV基因组DNA的限制性内切酶图谱与野生型的Ac NPV相同。以上结果证明Ac NPV可以在蚕蛹体内复制。含HBsAg基因(人乙肝表面抗原)的重组Ac NPV亦可感染家蚕蛹,并能正确表达外源基因。此外,还发现化蛹后第2天的家蚕蛹被注射约5×10~5PFU的Ac NPV,可诱导“人工滞育蛹”现象的发生,在25℃经过30天后蛹仍存活,发育停滞在复眼着色前阶段。