不同秸秆还田方式对旱地红壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤细菌群落结构变化特征，以南方典型旱地红壤为研究对象，基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站玉米单作系统不同秸秆还田方式的长期试验，利用高通量测序明确了不同秸秆还田方式对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响。结果表明：1）秸秆还田对土壤肥力提升显著，以秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）提升效果最佳；2）常规化肥处理（NPK）对细菌多样性无显著影响，但秸秆还田（NPKS）、秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）以及生物质炭（NPKB）处理均显著提升土壤细菌多样性；3）速效磷（AP）和土壤有机碳（SOC）变化是影响细菌多样性指数的主要因素，而速效钾（AK）、pH、总磷（TP）以及总氮（TN）均显著驱动细菌群落结构变异。研究结果从培育红壤肥力与微生物多样性的角度，为农业生态系统生物功能和土壤健康的协同提升提供了科学依据。     

套作对黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构的多样性影响

以设施蔬菜中的主要栽培种类黄瓜为研究对象,以毛葱、蒜为套作作物,利用T-RFLP(末端限制性片段长度多态性,Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)技术对套作黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性进行了研究。结果表明:套作改变了黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构的多样性和优势菌群结构。套种毛葱的黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性高于套种蒜的黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性;在黄瓜定植前和拉秧期,套作处理的土壤细菌群落结构多样性有比对照高的趋势,而在根瓜期和盛瓜期套作处理的土壤细菌群落结构多样性有比对照低的趋势;毛葱的套作效果最佳,蒜套作次之。套作提高了黄瓜产量。     

应用T-RFLP技术分析不同土壤温度和施肥方式下设施土壤细菌群落结构

采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR技术,研究了两种土壤温度(对照不增温,10℃±2℃;增温,20℃±2℃)和两种施肥方式(对照不施肥;鸡粪有机肥底肥+尿素追肥)对土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性和数量特征的影响。结果表明:相同施肥方式下,土壤增温增加土壤速效养分含量,尤其在施肥时增加幅度更明显。分析显示施肥对土壤细菌群落结构的影响在不同土壤温度条件下表现不同。土壤不增温条件下,施肥增加细菌Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,Simpson优势度指数降低;土壤增温条件下,则效果相反。与不增温比,增温使土壤细菌Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数降低,但物种个体数和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。增温改变了土壤细菌群落结构,62 bp和93 bp两种限制性末端片段在土壤增温条件下优势度提高,主要包括共生菌和杆菌。     

三种不同种植模式对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE )技术,研究了不同种植模式对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明,不同种植模式下DGGE图谱条带的数量及亮度有较大区别,且有几条特征性条带发生了明显的变化。0—15 cm土层细菌群落的丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数均表现为:“菜稻菜模式”（RVCs） “休闲轮作模式”（FRCs） “蔬菜连作模式”（VCCs）;15—30 cm土层细菌群落的丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数均表现为:FRCs RVCs VCCs。UPGMC聚类分析表明,RVCs 处理的细菌群落结构相似性较低。主成分分析表明,对各主成分起分异作用的主要是 RVCs和FRCs;与主成分因子1 正相关程度较高的种植模式为:RVCs和VCCs,与主成分因子2 正相关程度较高的是 FRCs。可见,水稻土细菌群落多样性与种植模式密切相关,这些变化对土壤细菌群落有重要的调节作用。     

酸处理对花岗岩土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

酸沉降显著影响着土壤生态系统的结构组成与系统功能,但对我国南方花岗岩发育的酸性土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响还知之甚少。因此,本文以酸沉降影响严重的亚热带地区花岗岩发育的剖面(0~100 cm)土壤为对象,采用不同酸度的HCl-NH_4Cl溶液(pH=3.5,4.5,5.5)对A层(0~12 cm)、B层(12~50 cm)与C层(50~100 cm)土壤分别进行分批次淋溶实验(Batch方法),探讨在此特定实验条件下酸溶液作用前后土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的变异特征。研究结果表明,利用Miseq技术对土壤细菌16S r RNA基因进行高通量测序与分析发现酸溶液可以显著降低A层、B层和C层土壤的细菌多样性,pH3.5酸处理土壤的细菌多样性降低幅度最大,pH4.5酸处理土壤的降低幅度最小。HCl-NH_4Cl酸溶液可显著影响花岗岩土壤细菌的群落结构,并导致土壤细菌的优势种群发生变化,其中,A层土壤细菌优势种群由酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)转变为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),B层和C层土壤细菌优势种群由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)转变为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。细菌相对丰度变化特征和主成分分析结果表明,pH3.5、pH4.5和pH5.5三种酸处理之间没有明显差异,但不同层次土壤细菌群落结构对同一pH酸溶液的响应不一致,这是由A、B、C层土壤理化性质的差异性,从而对酸处理的响应不同所致。因此,HCl-NH_4Cl酸溶液对土壤细菌群落结构、优势种群和多样性产生的显著影响与土壤的性质密切相关,并反作用于土壤发生、演变及生态系统演替。     

不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

贵州是我国第二大烤烟种植省份,为获得更高的经济效益,烟区常采用连作的种植模式。本研究采取大田试验,通过设置4个处理:烤烟连作(T)、白菜-烤烟轮作(C-T)、豌豆-烤烟轮作(P-T)、绿肥-烤烟轮作(GM-T),分析不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,烤烟轮作使土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全氮(TN)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和微生物量磷(MBP)分别提高了0.77%~12.44%、10.78%~38.51%、11.76%~17.65%、10.65%~20.67%、36.58%~160.36%和14.66%~36.21%;土壤中铵态氮(AN)、硝态氮(NN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量分别降低了1.01%~71.67%、19.29%~24.32%、23.09%~52.21%和6.18%~10.09%。与T处理相比,烤烟轮作提高了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,提升幅度为12.38%~42.96%和4.00%~22.67%,以GM-T处理效果最佳。同时,烤烟轮作提高了细菌OTU数量,并改变了细菌群落的相对丰度,但未对细菌群落组成产生影响。此外,轮作还增加了土壤中有益细菌类群数量,尤其是杆菌类细菌。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,MBP是驱动群落变异的主要因子,且与黄杆菌属和褚氏杆菌属呈正相关关系。综上所述,通过烤烟轮作可以均衡土壤养分、改善土壤微环境,以GM-T处理效果最佳。本研究结果可为贵州省烤烟的种植提供理论参考,为解决烤烟连作问题提供技术支撑。     

不同施肥年限对红壤细菌多样性及群落结构演替的影响

为探讨不同年限施肥处理对旱地红壤细菌多样性和群落结构演替的影响,基于中国科学院红壤生态实验站设置的不同秸秆还田方式长期定位试验,采集种植玉米后第1年(Y2011)、第3年(Y2013)和第7年(Y2017)的土样进行分析。试验处理分为不施肥(CK)、化肥(N)和化肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NSM)3个处理,通过高通量测序技术研究旱地红壤细菌多样性和群落结构差异。结果表明:(1)施肥处理显著提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和有效磷养分含量,NSM处理对土壤肥力的提升效果比N处理好,且随着施肥年限的延长,提升效果越显著;(2)与Y2011相比,Y2013和Y2017下CK、N和NSM处理的细菌α多样性均显著提高,且N和NSM处理细菌多样性显著高于CK处理;(3)主坐标分析和聚类分析表明,土壤细菌群落主要通过施肥年限聚类在一起,但同一施肥年限下不同施肥处理之间细菌群落结构没有显著差异;(4)土壤全磷是驱动细菌多样性和群落结构变异的最关键因子。本研究从细菌多样性增加的角度,为探索有机培肥下红壤肥力提升和生态系统健康管护提供了科学依据。     

施用菌糠对侵蚀劣地土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响

为了探明侵蚀地施加菌糠后土壤理化性质及细菌群落结构的变化情况,采用细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区高通量测序技术等方法分析施加菌糠的大豆、太子参和玉米种植地与对照地土壤中细菌群落组成和多样性的差异,并分析土壤理化性质与细菌群落的关系。结果表明:施加菌糠能够一定程度地提高土壤的理化性质,并对土壤质量有所改善。施用菌糠的土壤样品中共检测到676属细菌,其中德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia,0.02%～3.81%)和Sideroxydans(0.01%～6.02%)为优势属;相较于对照地土壤,施加菌糠后土壤中18个属的群落结构发生显著变化。冗余分析表明,土壤中17个细菌属的丰度与毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH、有机质、全磷、全钾、碱解氮以及有效磷的含量呈显著相关关系。菌糠的施用改善了土壤的理化性质,增加了土壤中促进物质代谢和养分吸收的菌群丰度,为菌糠用作有机肥料的进一步开发研究提供了理论基础。     

设施种植模式对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

为了研究有机和常规设施种植模式及轮作对土壤细菌多样性和群落结构的影响,本研究采用Illumina平台Hiseq 2500高通量测序技术,于2016年6月(作物处于收获期)对北京市顺义区不同设施种植模式(分别为有机设施种植模式和常规设施种植模式下的叶菜连作、茄果连作和叶茄轮作)下土壤细菌进行16S r RNA测序。测序质控后共获得17 278个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs),共计318 851条有效序列。比较不同种植模式和轮作下土壤细菌多样性、细菌群落结构组成、相对丰度及土壤理化性质与细菌群落多样性关系的差异性。结果表明:土壤微生物群落结构在有机和常规设施种植模式下差异明显,有机设施种植土壤细菌多样性高于常规设施种植;有机设施种植下轮作与连作土壤细菌群落结构表现出明显差异,而常规设施种植下,两者没有明显差异;有机种植模式下,轮作土壤细菌群落多样性高于连作土壤;设施种植土壤细菌群落主要属于鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas,5.05%)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,4.84%),相对丰度大于0.5%的共有14个属。有机设施种植土壤含有较多促进植物生长、有机质分解的细菌,常规设施种植土壤中降解化学杀虫剂、防治土壤病害、促进硝化过程的细菌较多。RDA分析结果显示土壤细菌群落主要受全磷、速效磷、有机质的影响。Tumebacillus、Candidatus Solibacter和Acidothermus都是分解有机质、利用碳源的细菌属,与土壤有机质含量呈正相关关系。由此可见,设施条件下,有机和常规种植土壤微生物群落结构的差异性主要源于肥料使用、有害生物防治措施和管理方式的不同。有机设施种植模式下,轮作更有利于发挥其改良土壤营养循环和防治土壤病虫害的作用。上述结果为在微生物水平上研究设施条件下不同种植模式的土壤生态质量差异提供了参考。     

荔枝园间作平托花生对土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

研究荔枝间作平托花生对荔枝园土壤理化性质、酶活性及细菌多样性的影响,为荔枝健康栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。分别选取荔枝/平托花生间作和荔枝单作模式下10～20 cm土层的土壤样本,测定酸性有效磷、全磷和速效钾等理化因子的含量以及蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶等酶活性,并在此基础上,利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对荔枝/平托花生间作模式和荔枝单作模式下土壤的细菌群落进行16S rRNA V4～V5区检测。结果表明:与荔枝单作模式相比,在理化因子方面,荔枝间作平托花生模式下的速效钾含量极显著提高138.9%,碱解氮含量显著降低19.6%,pH稍降低但无显著差异性;在土壤酶活性方面,蔗糖酶、酸性蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶均极显著或显著提高;在土壤细菌群落多样性方面,Chao1、ACE和Simpson指数分别显著提高5.5%、5.2%和3.7%。在土壤细菌群落结构方面,两组样本的主要优势菌门为酸杆菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门;主要优势菌属为Gp1、Gp2、Gp3、Gp4、Gp6、芽孢杆菌属和Gaiella等菌属;间作后变形菌门、放线菌门、红游动菌属、Gaiella和黄杆菌属相对丰度明显提高,酸杆菌门、芽孢杆菌属和Gp2相对丰度显著降低。冗余分析结果表明,碱解氮、pH、全磷和有效磷是影响土壤细菌菌属结构的主要理化因子;单作模式的土壤细菌群落结构差异主要是由pH的变化引起的,而间作模式细菌群落结构主要受碱解氮的影响;此外,在酸杆菌门亚群中,Gp1、Gp2、Gp3及Gp7与pH呈正相关;Gp4、Gp5、Gp6与pH呈负相关;芽孢杆菌属与碱解氮呈正相关;Gaiella、红游动菌属和黄杆菌属等绝大多数菌属均与理化因子呈负相关。因此,荔枝园间作平托花生不仅能改善土壤理化性质以及酶活性,还能提高土壤细菌丰富度和多样性,促进荔枝根系对营养元素的有效吸收,为农民有效利用荔枝园行间空地、实现荔枝健康栽培探索出一条新的路径。     

Soil chemical properties of an Indonesian red acid soil as affected by land use and crop management

In the middle terrace area of south Sumatra, Indonesia, where red acid soils poor in crop productivity are widely distributed, the effects of cropping pattern and cultivation techniques on physico-chemical properties of soil were investigated. Five patterns for cassava cropping, including monoculture, a rotation with annual food crops, and three intercroppings with differences in the combination with annual crops and in the planting density, were evaluated in Experiment I. In Experiment II, eight plots composed of the combinations of two tillage methods (no-tillage or conventional tillage), the presence or absence of surface mulch from crop residues, and two rates of chemical fertilizers were established for a maize–soybean–cowpea sequential cropping pattern. At the end of 3 years, there was no difference in total C and total N concentrations among the plots in Experiment I irrespective of the mulch treatment using crop residues. Soil organic matter (SOM) concentration was not affected even in the no-tillage plot where the maximum crop residues (20 t ha⁻¹) was given as surface mulch with the increased root residues due to higher rates of fertilizers (Experiment II). In Experiment I, available P concentration was highest in an intercropping with higher fertilizer rates and lowest cassava planting density. In Experiment II, an increase in available P was attained by mulching and the higher rate of fertilizers, and a minor positive effect of fertilizer was also observed in exchangeable Mg and K concentrations. Surface mulch resulted in less clay fraction compared with the non-mulch plots in both the experiments, suggesting its effect on the maintenance of soil particle distribution. An additional finding suggested no prominent influence of cassava monoculture on the level of SOM in this area based on the comparison with other major land uses, including secondary forest, rubber plantation, and mixed cultivation of fruits with crops. Nevertheless, the introduction of crop residue mulch and higher rates of fertilizers are recommended for sustaining soil quality and achieving higher crop yields.     

不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征

针对江西红壤地区不同利用方式引起的土壤质量和肥力的相应变化,研究了不同肥力水平、不同利用方式下红壤旱地水稳性团聚体含量及其养分分布规律。研究表明,荒地土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他利用方式,花生地和果园土壤则以0.25～0.053 mm的水稳性团聚体为主。各肥力水平下,菜地土壤中除>5 mm水稳性团聚体外,各粒级团聚体中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均显著高于花生地、果园和荒地土壤。说明菜地土壤长期大量施肥,导致土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量均相对丰富。不同利用方式旱地红壤中,有机碳、全氮主要分布在>5 mm、5～2 mm和2～1 mm的较大粒径水稳性团聚体中。说明随着团聚体粒径增大,其有机碳含量增加,土壤全氮的消长趋势和有机碳一致。土壤全磷较均匀地分布在水稳性团聚体中,如高肥力菜地和荒地土壤各粒级团聚体中全磷含量间均无显著性差异。各利用方式旱地红壤中2～1 mm和1～0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间均达到了极显著正相关。     

有机管理对不同土地利用方式下土壤质量的影响

许多研究发现有机管理可以改善农田土壤质量,但是否不同土地利用方式下都存在此结论尚未明确。为探究有机管理对不同土地利用方式土壤质量的影响,本研究基于一个多土地利用方式的有机管理农场及其附近常规管理农田进行土壤质量调查,对比不同管理措施及大棚菜地、果园、露天菜地、农田边界、稻田田埂5种土地利用方式下农田土壤质量的差异,并对不同管理措施下农田土壤养分含量、重金属含量、动物数量共计20个指标进行方差分析和主成分分析。研究发现虽然总体上(综合5种土地利用方式的均值)有机管理的土壤pH显著高于常规农田;但针对一种土地利用方式,只有露天菜地和农田边界的土壤pH显著提高。总体上有机管理下土壤全磷、全钾、有效磷含量显著降低,但露天菜地土壤有机质和全氮含量均显著高于常规管理农田。有机管理在总体上显著降低了土壤Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn含量;但针对一种土地利用方式,只显著降低了大棚菜地土壤Cr、Ni、Zn含量,果园和稻田田埂土壤Cu含量,露天菜地和农田边界土壤Zn含量。有机管理虽然总体上均显著增加了土壤中蜘蛛目、倍足纲、步甲、蚯蚓的数量;但针对一种土地利用方式,只显著增加了露天菜地地表蜘蛛目、倍足纲、步甲,稻田田埂地表步甲、土壤蚯蚓以及果园倍足纲数量。主成分分析结果表明,不同管理方式下土壤质量差异明显,有机管理下蜘蛛目、倍足纲、步甲和蚯蚓等土壤动物较多,土壤pH较高,土壤P含量较低,重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr含量较低,但并非在所有土地利用方式下都成立。由此可见,有机管理虽然总体上可以改善土壤质量,但受具体管理措施、人为投入品数量和有机种植时间等因素影响,并非在所有土地利用方式下效果都显著,且在不同土地利用方式下显著改善的指标也各不相同,因此需要针对不同土地利用方式和不同指标采取针对性的改善措施。     

Variation in diazotrophic community structure in forest soils reflects land use history

Microbial nitrogen fixation is an important source of nitrogen in soils of both old and secondary-growth forests. Considering that many soils, which today support secondary-growth forests were once under cultivation, no studies have examined how this kind of disturbance history affects contemporary populations of nitrogen-fixing microbes in forest soils. In the work presented here, we compare secondary-growth forest sites, which were under cultivation more than 150 years ago, to old-growth forest sites in Cadwell Forest, Massachusetts. For each site, nitrogenase activity was measured and the diversity of the nifH gene pools was examined. Three sites with prior agricultural history exhibited higher nitrogenase activity and were dominated by diazotrophs closely related to the α- and γ-Proteobacteria. In contrast, lower nitrogenase activity and the dominance of the anaerobic Cluster III diazotrophs characterized the three old forest sites. Further analyses of species overlap among all six sites revealed that the diazotrophic composition was closely related to previous management history, with agricultural sites clustering together and separate from old forest sites, independent of the proximity between sites. By specifically targeting one of the main functions of microbial communities in soils, the activity and diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, this work points to a long-lasting effect of former agricultural activities on secondary-growth forest soils, more than one hundred years after succession.     

广州市不同土地利用方式下冬季土壤动物群落结构的研究

对广州市越秀区和天河区3种土地利用方式(绿地、林地、农田)下、6种不同样地(人民公园东部绿地、天河体育中心广场绿地、华南植物园、华南农业大学树木园、郊区岑村农田和郊区凤凰街农田)中小型土壤动物群落的数量和结构组成、分布及其变化规律进行了研究。调查期间共获得中小型土壤动物1 365个,共25个类群,分别隶属于7门16个类群,优势类群为线虫纲(Nematoda)、蜱螨目(Acarina)和弹尾目(Collembola),共占总捕获量的83.44%。不同样地生境中土壤动物的类群组成以及个体数不同。各样地土壤动物群落复杂性指数(C)以华南植物园为最高,达2.822,人民公园绿地为最低。观测样地中小型土壤动物表现出明显的表聚现象,垂直分布有明显差异,类群数和个体数随深度增加而减少。群落排序的结果显示,土壤动物群落对人类活动干扰的响应有所不同,其中倍足纲(Diplopoda)和石目(Archaeognatha)这两类土壤动物为稀有类群,仅在观测的林地类样地中有分布,对干扰最为敏感,可用于指示城市化进程S中土地利用类型的变化。     

Influence of land use change on soil nutrients in an intensive agricultural region of North China

The pressures of development and major shifts in land use have increased the need to assess the impact of land use change on soil nutrients. This study was conducted in an area with intensive agricultural land use in north China to assess effects of land use change on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK). Soil samples were collected from rainfed land, irrigated land, virgin grassland and vegetable land in 1980 and 1999. SOC, TN and AP were higher in 1999 than in 1980, and the increases followed the following order: vegetable land > irrigated land > rainfed land, except for AK. Soil nutrient contents were increased when land uses underwent the following changes (except for AK): virgin grassland → rainfed land → irrigated farmland → vegetable land. The SOC, TN and AP fluxes (rate of change in C, N, P and K as kg(ha y)⁻¹) in the transition systems from rainfed land to vegetable land were 518.46, 69 and 3.9 kg(ha y)⁻¹, respectively, which were considerably higher than the transition systems from rainfed land to irrigated land. The SOC, TN and AP fluxes in the transition systems from virgin grassland to irrigated land were 297.83, 56.3, 2.1 kg(ha y)⁻¹, respectively, which were higher than the transition systems from virgin grassland to rainfed land. The study shows that land use intensification can increase soil nutrient contents if accompanied by increased fertilizer application.     

长期施用有机肥对红壤旱地土壤线虫群落的影响

基于红壤旱地(玉米)的长期施肥试验,研究长期施用有机肥对土壤线虫分布特征及群落结构的影响。田间试验处理包括:CK(对照)、ON1(低量有机肥)、ON2(高量有机肥)和ON2L(高量改良有机肥)。结果表明,施肥8a后,红壤旱地中共鉴定出15科、29属土壤线虫,包括8属植物寄生线虫、9属食细菌线虫、3属食真菌性线虫和9属捕食杂食性线虫,短体属(Pratylenchus)、小杆属(Rhabditis)和原杆属(Pro-torhabditis)为优势属。不同施肥处理中,土壤线虫总数的大小顺序为ON2>ON1>ON2L>CK。线虫群落生态指数对于施用有机肥有不同的响应:除SI外,其他虫群落生态指数均有显著差异,通过线虫群落结构的变化很好地反映了土壤的肥力变化状况,土壤线虫可以作为施有机肥过程中指示土壤健康质量的一个重要的生物学指标。     

Implications of decadal changes in precipitation and land use policy to soil erosion in Basilicata,Italy

This paper examines the implications of changes in precipitation and land use to soil erosion from 1955 to 2002 in Basilicata, a hilly portion of southern Italy. Analysis of daily precipitation records reveals statistically significant trends using both non-parametric and parametric approaches. The inter-annual variability of precipitation increases in intensity; primarily between October and January. From 1955 to 2000, the length of dry spells greatly increased, while wet days decreased. A land use change map was produced for the three study areas using aerial photos (1955) and orthophotos (1997 and 2002), integrated with field surveys. Results show that land use is highly dynamic in Basilicata, especially due to the application of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) measures. The EU policies resulted in reclamation of badlands and degraded grasslands for agriculture, principally the cultivation of durum wheat. This farming practice and the abandonment of some of the remodeled areas have increased the risk of soil erosion and desertification processes, and is manifest in land degradation by rill networks and gullying.     

Soil organic carbon distribution in relation to land use and its storage in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau, China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component in agricultural soil, and its stock is a major part of global carbon stocks. Estimating the SOC distribution and storage is important for improving soil quality and SOC sequestration. This study evaluated the SOC distribution different land uses and estimated the SOC storage by classifying the study area by land use in a small watershed on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the SOC content and density were affected by land use. The SOC content for shrubland and natural grassland was significantly higher than for other land uses, and cropland had the lowest SOC content. The effect of land use on the SOC content was more significant in the 0-10 cm soil layer than in other soil layers. For every type of land use, the SOC content decreased with soil depth. The highest SOC density (0-60 cm) in the study area was found in shrublandII (Hippophae rhamnoides), and the other land uses decreased in the SOC density as follows: natural grassland > shrublandI (Caragana korshinskii) > abandoned cropland > orchard > level ground cropland > terrace cropland > artificial grassland. Shrubland and natural grassland were the most efficient types for SOC sequestration, followed by abandoned cropland. The SOC stock (0-60 cm) in this study was 23,584.77 t with a mean SOC density of 4.64 (0-60 cm).     

景电灌区几种土地利用方式土壤有机碳和养分特征研究

对景电灌区土壤次生盐渍化的1年生枸杞地和多年生枸杞地、未盐渍化的小麦地和苜蓿地4种土地利用方式土壤有机碳和养分状况进行对比研究,结果表明:在0~60cm土层,小麦地土壤有机碳含量及其密度、全氮和速效磷含量均最高,苜蓿地均最低;土壤全氮与有机碳含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.791,P0.01);4种利用方式C/N比值均较低,多年生枸杞地C/N比值最高,1年生枸杞地最低;4种利用方式速效钾含量无显著差异;苜蓿地容重显著高于其他3种利用方式,这与其低的有机碳含量密切相关(r=0.420,P0.01)。与小麦地相比,1年生枸杞地土壤有机碳含量及其密度显著降低,全氮和速效磷含量有所降低;与1年生枸杞地相比,多年生枸杞地土壤有机碳含量及其密度有所增加,全氮含量显著降低,速效磷含量显著增加。这意味着该区耕地土壤发生次生盐渍化以后,土壤性状恶化;种植枸杞使次生盐渍化土壤性状有所改善。