油菜素内酯对春玉米灌浆期叶片光合功能与产量的调控效应

以玉米品种"郑单958"为材料,在大田条件下,采用植物生长调节物质油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BR)对苞叶和穗位叶喷施处理,研究了BR对玉米穗位叶功能、籽粒灌浆及产量的调控作用。结果表明,灌浆期随生育进程,玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Ru BPCase)以及蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶的活性均显著下降。同时,籽粒蔗糖含量显著降低,但淀粉含量和粒重均显著增加。与对照相比,BR处理显著增加玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,增强PEPCase、Ru BPCase、蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶的活性。BR处理显著增加籽粒蔗糖和淀粉积累,提高玉米籽粒干物质积累。在产量构成上,BR显著缩短秃尖长度,增加穗粒数和千粒重,显著提高产量。本研究说明,灌浆期喷施BR可提高玉米叶源的活性,延长叶片光合功能持续期,促进籽粒灌浆和物质积累,从而实现增产。     

Modification of Leaf Photosynthesis by Foliar Application of Aliphatic Alcohols

A decrease in net photosynthesis (P_n) in leaves of main shoot with age ( 7 -28 days after opening) at two stages of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L. var. M-13 ) reproductive growth (70 and 90 DAS) is reported. P_n rate decreased with advance in age of leaves, the decline was rapid during peak period of pod filling (90 DAS). Foliar application with aliphatic alcohols, maintained the chlorophyll content and enhanced PEP carboxylase activity. The present studies suggest that aliphatic alcohols enhance functional capabilities of leaf for a larger duration and hence maintain the supply of photoassimilates to the developing kernels of peanut leading to increased yield.     

氮肥水平对杂交稻汕优63剑叶光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性的影响

用低氮(LN)、中氮(MN)、高氮(HN)盆栽土培的杂交水稻汕优63为材料,测定其剑叶的光合速率、RuBP羧化酶含量及活性、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量的变化.结果表明:随着氮水平的提高,叶面积增大,气孔密度减少,RuBP羧化酶活性和光合速率增加.随着叶龄的增加,三个不同氮水平的叶片中RuBP羧化酶蛋白下降均先于可溶性蛋白的下降;HN组的光     

Effect of Homobrassinolide Application on Metabolic Activity and Grain Yield of Wheat under Normal and Water-Stress Condition

Activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase along with rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, soluble protein, relative water content, transpiration and diffusion resistance were estimated in wheat cv. C306 at anthesis stage under irrigated and moisture-stress condition and two levels (0.1 and 1.0 ppm) of homobrassinolide application. Yield and yield attributing parameters were recorded at harvest. Moisturestress adversely affected relative water content, transpiration, net photosynthesis, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity, chlorophyll and soluble protein content.
Homobrassinolide application increased leaf relative water content and transpiration and decreased diffusion resistance in water-stressed and recovered plants. Homobrassinolide application also had positive effect on nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, photosynthesis, chlorophyll and total soluble protein content in stressed, irrigated and revived plants. The beneficial effect was also observed on grain yield and yield attributing parameters such as grain number per ear, 1000 grain weight, ear number per plant and harvest index. It was concluded that homobrassinolide induced promotion in metabolic activity was mediated through increased enzyme protein synthesis as well as uptake of water resulting in enhanced relative water content under moisture-stress.     

Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthetic Traits in Early Maturing Maize

A biochemical approach to maize breeding must be based on an exact knowledge about changes of relevant traits with ontogenetic stage. In 1983 seasonal patterns of net assimilation rate (NAR), chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, and of activities of RuBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase and NADP malate dehydrogenase were recorded for two early maturing maize cultivars. For all traits the general trends were similar for both cultivars throughout the growing season but short term fluctuations were less synchronized after anthesis. About 75% of the maximum green leaf area was expanded within 20 days around middle of July. Specific seasonal patterns were observed for all traits. Before anthesis values were maximum for NAR in late June and in early July, for enzyme activities at the end of June and for pigment contents at the beginning of July. First decreases occurred for all traits before anthesis, further decreases were observed for PEP carboxylase in August and for chlorophyll content in September. Marked temporary declines coincided for NAR and pigment contents with a cold spell end of June and for these traits and RuBP carboxylase activity with anthesis. Evidence was scarce that any of the photosynthetic traits reflected the photosynthetic efficience of the two cultivars for a long stretch of time.     

杂交稻及其三系生育过程中RuBP羧化酶及有关光合酶的变化

研究了杂交稻汕优６３及其三系生育过程中叶片ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶／加氧酶及有关光合酶活性的变化,结果表明,供试材料ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶／加氧酶等参数的变化无本质的差异。杂交稻不同叶位叶片的ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性低于其母不育系,但与父本较接近。从ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶／加氧酶这一光合特征值来分析,杂交稻叶片并不存在光合优势。随着叶龄增加,杂交稻及其三系叶片的ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶／加氧酶、乙醇酸氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性下降,而酸性磷酸     

不同灌溉条件下冠菌素对大豆光合特性与产量的调控效应

干旱是限制大豆丰产稳产的重要因素之一,利用生物调节剂提高大豆耐旱性是生产中一种新型的生物节水管理模式。本研究在常规灌溉与无灌溉条件下,采用生物调节剂冠菌素(COR)于大豆初花期进行叶面喷施处理,研究COR对植株农艺性状、叶片水势和光合特征、产量及其构成因素的调控效应。试验结果表明:在正常灌溉条件下, COR处理对大豆叶片水势、叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、RuBP羧化酶和SPS活性等影响较小,与对照相比其产量和生物量差异不显著。但在生长季无灌溉的雨养条件下,COR处理会显著提高大豆开花后叶片水势、叶绿素含量、光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数,增加叶片RuBP羧化酶和SPS活性,改善大豆产量构成因素,最终导致籽粒产量增加。总之,在雨养条件下, COR对大豆光合特征和产量形成具有积极的调控效应。     

Effect of Low Night Temperatures on Photosynthetic Activity of the Maize Seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Night chilling (5 °C) subsequently lowered photosynthetic intensity in the leaves of maize seedlings at 20 °C through an increase in leaf diffusive resistance brought on by lower tissue water content in morning hours. A more significant increase in leaf diffusion resistance was observed when soil temperature was lowered than in the case of lower air temperature.
The unfavorable effect of soil and air cooling temperature on photosynthesis was limited by air saturated with water vapour. However, as a result of lowering the night temperature from 5 °C to 1 °C, the efficiency of the protective influence of higher atmospheric humidity was decreased. This demonstrates that the participation of factors unrelated to plant water status in inhibiting photosynthesis increases with lower night temperatures.
An additional reason for inhibited photosynthesis following cool nights was a decrease in chlorophyll accumulation, below 50 μg per 1 cm² of leaf area.     

Effect of Defoliants Application on Physiological Characters of Cotton Leaf without Defoliants

[Objective]The aim of this study is to elucidate the physiological mechanism of cotton leaf without defoliant response to thidiazuron (TDZ). [Method] A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of defoliants on the photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activity, and endogenous hormone contents of cotton leaf without defoliant at 1 d, 3 d, 6 d and 10 d after the application of TDZ. Cultivar CCRI-50 was used for this experiment. [Result] TDZ rapidly induced cotton leaf abscission, however, no abscission was detected to the cotton leaf without defoliants. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of cotton leaf without defoliants was reduced by 1 d, 3 d and 6 d after TDZ applied, but rise to the control treated with water level by 10 d. TDZ also caused a significant decline in the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), the quantum yield of electron transport (Φ_PSII), the electron transport rate (R_et) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (q_P), but an increase in the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qNP). However, with the same changes as P_n, the chlorophyll fluorescence characters got to the control by 10 d. TDZ application significantly increased the superoxide dismutase activity, did not affect the peroxidase activity, decease the malondialdehyde content. Abscisic acid contents in the cotton leaf without defoliant were lower than control by 3 d and 6 d after the applied of TDZ, but have the same level with control at 10 d, and the auxin had a little changes compared with control during the whole period of experimental time. [Conclusion] TDZ application significantly affect the photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activity, and endogenous hormone contents of cotton leaf without defoliant. When the leaf with defoliant drop off, the physiological characters of cotton leaf without of defoliants recovered to control level, and no abscission were detected.     

钾营养对冬小麦光合作用和衰老的影响

盆栽砂培和田间试验结果表明，供钾不足使小麦生育后期旗叶过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量增高，可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量和根系活力降低，旗叶光俣速率下降，加速衰老。     

二倍体与四倍体西瓜叶片若干生理指标比较

以西瓜二倍体及其人工诱导的同源四倍体为材料,研究其叶片生长过程中的光合色素含量及抗性相关生理指标的变化差异。结果表明,单位叶面积的四倍体西瓜叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均高于二倍体,且差异都达到显著水平,而类胡萝卜素含量则略低于二倍体,差异不显著;四倍体西瓜叶片的SOD、POD和PPO活性均显著高于二倍体,CAT活性高于二倍体,但差异不显著,而MDA含量则显著低于二倍体。说明四倍体西瓜的光合作用、抗逆性要优于二倍体。     

Regulation of Leaf Senescence and Yield in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Foliar application of benzyladenine at preanthesis stage retarded leaf senescence in mungbean. Chemical spray increased leaf chlorophyll, soluble protein, specific leaf weight, net photosynthetic rate and nitrate reductase activity. Number of pods, grain yield, harvest index and 100-seed weight were significantly improved by benzyladenine treatment. The possibility of higher pod-filling and thus, yield by chemical regulation of leaf senescence is evident in mungbean.     

Seasonal Factors of Correlation Between Climatic Factors, Photosynthetic and Agronomic Traits in Maize

The dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic traits of upper leaves were studied twice weekly in 1983, under field conditions, for two early maturing maize cultivars. Analysis of correlation between climatic data and those traits were based on four week periods. Seasonal patterns of correlation coefficients were drawn by shifting the beginning of these four week periods from one sampling data to the next until four weeks before the end of the sampling period. Most traits were significantly correlated with climatic factors at one time or another; only those correlations which were of longer duration will be mentioned here. Net assimilation rate was positively correlated with maximum temperature during intensive leaf growth. The relative growth rate was closely correlated with photosynthetic photon irradiance (PPI) during the second half of June and with phosphofructokinase activity during the second part of July. The chlorophyll content showed a close and positive relationship with minimum temperature until the end of June and with PPI during most of August. The content of carotenoids was, for the most part, negatively correlated with climatic factors, the closest relationship existing with the PPI at the previous sampling date until the beginning of July. The activity of photosynthetic enzymes such as RuBP carboxylase, NADP malate dehydrogenase and PEP carboxylase was generally less closely correlated with climatic factors over longer periods. Patterns of correlation were remarkably similar for the two cultivars.     

K型杂交小麦901及其亲本源叶灌浆期的生理特性

对杂交小麦901及其亲本和常规小麦陕229花后旗叶净光合速率、叶面积、叶绿素含量、旗叶碳水化合物含量等生理指标进行了动态分析测定. 结果表明, 901灌浆初期光合速率较低, 但中后期光合速率高于对照, 表现出优势. 而且叶面积大, 叶绿素含量下降缓慢, 叶片功能期长. 因此在灌浆中后期901源叶能为植株生命活动和籽粒灌浆提供充     

氮素水平对不同基因型小麦旗叶光合特性和子粒灌浆进程的影响

在池栽条件下，研究了不同施氮水平对强筋小麦8901和弱筋小麦1391生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、灌浆速率和产量的影响。结果表明，两品种表现为随施氮量的增加，叶绿素含量、光合速率都有增加的趋势，但是过量氮肥又使它们降低。在本试验条件下，两品种均以中氮处理(240kg／hm^2)光合速率大，灌浆进程合理，产量水平高。研究发现，强筋和弱筋小麦生育后期叶光合特性和子粒灌浆进程差异显著；旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量及子粒产量呈正相关。     

鼓粒期叶施烯效唑对绿豆各器官糖分积累及籽粒产量的影响

探讨鼓粒期叶施烯效唑对绿豆叶片、根系和茎杆糖分积累与光合特性及产量的影响,为绿豆高产栽培提供理论依据。在2013和2014年连续2年大田栽培条件下,以‘小明绿’为试验材料,鼓粒期叶施不同浓度烯效唑(15、30、60 mg/L),对照喷施等量清水,研究其对绿豆各器官糖分积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明：绿豆鼓粒期后,3种浓度烯效唑处理均呈不同程度提高了植株叶绿素、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量。与对照相比,烯效唑处理下绿豆糖分含量增加显著,且生育后期仍能维持相对较高的糖分积累。可得出结论：鼓粒期叶面喷施烯效唑可调控绿豆植株不同器官光合特性与糖分积累,最终提高籽粒产量。     

不同磷效率大豆品种光合特性的比较

以不同磷效率大豆品种为材料, 调查磷高效和磷低效品种的生理指标,测定大豆生育期地上器官干物重,分析光合特性及物质生产特性。结果表明,在低磷条件下, 各生育期的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和叶肉导度均以磷高效品种较高, 磷高效品种光合作用较强,CO₂同化能力较高。各生育期, 供试品种的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和叶肉导度均在结荚期达到高峰而后下降, 但磷高效品种下降速率低于磷低效品种。磷高效品种的单株和群体均具较高光合效率及生长参数, 并受磷浓度影响较小, 主要原因是其植株吸收磷量较多, 有利于植株体内磷素平衡, 即便在低磷条件下也有相对较强的光合能力,令其在低磷、中磷和高磷条件下都有较高的产量和籽粒磷效率。     

Precision phenotyping of imidazolinone-induced chlorosis in sunflower

Chlorosis level is a useful parameter to assess imidazolinone resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The aim of this study was to quantify chlorosis through two different methods in sunflower plantlets treated with imazapyr. The genotypes used in this study were two inbred lines reported to be different in their resistance to imidazolinones. Chlorosis was evaluated by spectrophotometrical quantification of photosynthetic leaf pigments and by a bioinformatics-based color analysis. A protocol for pigment extraction was presented which improved pigment stability. Chlorophyll amount decreased significantly when both genotypes were treated with 10 μM of imazapyr. Leaf color was characterized using Tomato Analyzer^® color test software. A significant positive correlation between color reduction and chlorophyll concentration was found. It suggests that leaf color measurement could be an accurate method to estimate chlorosis and infer chlorophyll levels in sunflower plants. These results highlight a strong relationship between imidazolinone-induced chlorosis and variations in leaf color and in chlorophyll concentration. Both methods are quantitative, rapid, simple, and reproducible. Thus, they could be useful tools for phenotyping and screening large number of plants when breeding for imidazolinone resistance in this species.     

覆草旱种对水稻灌浆期生理活性的影响

以籼型三系杂交稻组合汕优63以及常规籼稻扬稻6号为材料,通过稻草覆盖旱种、地膜覆盖旱种、裸地旱种和常规水种（对照）比较试验,研究了旱种对水稻灌浆期间生理活性的影响。结果表明,旱种稻叶片叶绿素含量、剑叶光合速率以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均低于水种水稻,后期尤为明显;旱种稻丙二醛（MDA）含量高于水种水稻,灌浆中后期旱种稻根系活力下降较快;上述生理指标（MDA除外）水种〉覆草旱种〉覆膜旱种〉裸地旱种。表明与其他旱种方式相比,覆草旱种水稻的群体质量相对较好,后期生理活性较高。对覆草旱种与覆膜旱种及水种在生理活性上的差异进行了讨论。     

The Influence of Plant Water Stress on Net Photosynthesis and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of plant water stress on net photosynthesis, leaf growth, yield and yield-related components were investigated in a single experiment in order to determine in which way water deficits affect sunflower yields.
Sunflower plants, grown under controlled temperature regimes, were stressed during budding, anthesis and seed filling by withholding water until the leaf water potential reached -1600 and -2000 kPa. Leaf area of unstressed plants significantly exceeded that of plants under severe stress during all growth stages investigated. The CO₂ uptake rate per unit leaf area as well as the total uptake rate per plant, significantly diminished with stress, while this effect drastically increased during the reproductive phase of the plant. Although this resulted in significantly smaller heads and kernels, it did not affect the number of seeds borne in the inflorescence. Severe stress during anthesis and seed filling resulted in more empty kernels. Moderate and severe stress during budding significantly lowered both grain and oil yields while plants that experienced moderate stress during anthesis and seed filling significantly outyielded those under severe stress.