多分水口长距离输水工程停泵水锤防护措施

为了能够有效避免多泵且多分水口输水系统在无防护抽水断电时可能出现较为严重的负水锤带来的危害,建立了全长106.46 km的大型供水工程的数学模型进行系统过渡过程计算,选择空气阀与两阶段液控蝶阀联合防护与单向塔防护2种方案消除其负水锤,在前者远不达理想防护效果后针对后者进行优化.结合工程实际在确定了单向塔的数量、位置以及塔高后,对不同位置单向塔的底面积进行多种方案的对比选取,最终选用塔1#的底面积为28.26 m²,塔2#的底面积为176.63 m²;为了防止单向塔漏空需要分水口以及供水终端调流阀配合关闭,在确保管道最大压力不超出其承压能力的前提下,创新性地对各分水口调流阀与供水终端调流阀的关闭时间规律进行了效果比较,使输水系统能够更加经济安全地稳定运行,为此类长距离多分水口多泵供水工程的水锤防护提供了优化方向.     

泵后管线先降后升的长距离输水系统水锤防护

针对泵后管线先降后升的长距离大流量输水系统,当水泵发生抽水断电时泵后管线高点处易出现负压的特点,提出了一种调压塔联合末端调流阀的停泵水锤防护方案,并基于瞬变流计算的特征线法建立了全系统水力过渡过程的数学模型,模拟了系统停泵水锤全过程.结合某实际输水工程,探究常规调压塔防护方案的调压塔最小面积,给出泵后设调压塔结合末端调流阀联动关闭的水锤防护方案的参数选取原则,对比常规调压塔防护方案与泵后设调压塔结合末端调流阀联动关闭的水锤防护方案对停泵水锤的影响.计算结果表明,常规调压塔防护方案调压塔面积达到1 100 m²,投资成本巨大;调压塔结合末端调流阀联动关闭的防护方案末端调流阀关闭过快会引起管道正压过大,关闭过慢会导致管道水流回流能力不足,选取合适的末端调流阀关闭时间,在满足系统水锤防护标准的前提下,可以有效地减小调压塔面积.     

大鹏支线管道放空过程数值模拟

计算采用SWMM软件对大鹏支线供水管道停水检修通过沿程放空阀的控制进行全线放水及分段放水的过程数值模拟.在放水时间、最大流量等模拟结果分析的基础上,提出二种放水方案的差异.     

电-气比例阀高压驱动与低压PWM的双压控制模式

为了保证电-气比例阀具有良好的线性度和提高高速开关阀的响应速度,提出对高速开关阀采用高压驱动与低压双脉宽调制(PWM)相结合的双压控制模式,即通过高压(24 V)缩短阀的开启时间,低压PWM(6 V)按照PID方法控制脉宽,用于降低阀体功耗和缩短关断时间.设计了以ATmega8L单片机为控制核心的电一气比例阀,并进行了试验.测试结果表明,高压驱动与低压PWM的控制模式使得高速开关阀的开启时间缩短为0.8 ms,关闭时间为0.3 ms,调压阀的总功耗仅为2.18 W,明显低于国外同类产品.     

气比例阀高压驱动与低压PWM的双压控制模式

为了保证电—气比例阀具有良好的线性度和提高高速开关阀的响应速度,提出对高速开关阀采用高压驱动与低压双脉宽调制(PWM)相结合的双压控制模式,即通过高压（24 V）缩短阀的开启时间,低压PWM（6 V）按照PID方法控制脉宽,用于降低阀体功耗和缩短关断时间。设计了以ATmega8L单片机为控制核心的电〖CD*2〗气比例阀,并进行了试验。测试结果表明,高压驱动与低压PWM的控制模式使得高速开关阀的开启时间缩短为0.8 ms,关闭时间为0.3 ms,调压阀的总功耗仅为2.18 W,明显低于国外同类产品。     

泵及其系统失压特性研究与计算

通过试验表明,在突然停泵和突然关闭泵出口阀两种失压工况下，系统中流量和压头出现振荡，水流出现正、反向交替流动，同时伴有空穴的产生、发展和溃灭，使全系统进入瞬变工况。阀突然关闭造成的泵出口管路高压，使泵出口压头呈现先突然升高再快速下降的振荡曲线，它反映出系统失压对泵组运行的影响是明显的。用固定波速无气体释放模型和变波速有气体释放模型对管系中的瞬变工况进行了计算。压头计算结果与试验结果较接近，而计算的空穴变化规律只在初始阶段较为符合。试验结果和计算结果的差异反映了真实泵系统的复杂和数值计算模型的不足。     

旁通阀对长距离重力流输水管线水力过渡过程的影响

为研究旁通阀在长距离重力流输水管路检修过程中的作用,基于特征线法,建立了旁通阀计算模型.结合某大型重力流输水工程,对设置旁通阀与否的管路水力过渡过程进行了分析.结果表明,不设置旁通阀时,检修阀关闭会引起系统较大升压;设置旁通阀后,系统压力波动明显变缓,最高压力包络线与设计压力线在检修阀下游几乎重合,在检修阀上游稍有升高,相应地,最低压力包络线在检修阀上游与设计压力线稍有下降,在检修阀下游几乎重合.通过调试检修阀与旁通阀的关闭规律可以发现,检修阀关闭时间一定时,旁通阀关闭时间越长,最大压力越小,压力波动越平缓;而旁通阀关闭时间一定时,检修阀关闭时间的变化对压力波动形状影响不大,但会影响压力波动的开始时刻.同时,对不同管段检修工况压力极值统计发现,旁通阀对系统不同位置管段的防护程度不同,对起点和末端管段的压力防护作用最大.     

深圳市横岗供水调蓄工程方案的分析

为了解决深圳市及横岗镇的供水等问题，因地制宜地制定了一个能动的调水、蓄水工程方案——铜锣径水库扩建工程，为我国的城镇水务事业发展过程中解决类似问题提供了一种思路。枯水期自干线向水库供水，而枯水期则由水库向干线反供水。     

高压输水管道中锥形阀的消能研究

高压输水管道内部消能对于输水建筑物的安全至关重要。基于辽宁省供水工程为研究背景,采用物理模型试验的方法,研究锥形阀内部消能工在高压输水管道中的消能效果。试验研究主要从锥形阀过流断面的流态、流速、压力等水力学参数进行成果分析,由试验数据计算锥形阀最终的消能率。试验成果研究表明,锥形阀消能工在输水隧洞的运行过程中能够很大程度上降低水流的能量,从而保证了输水隧洞运行的安全。试验的研究成果可供类似工程参考。     

基于供水调节的水库削峰能力

水库防洪调度计算时,一般以汛限水位作为水库调洪初始水位。由于供水等功能的影响,水库并非时刻处于蓄满状态,汛限水位是水库调洪初始水位的上限值,汛限水位以下的空库容将发挥拦洪作用。针对典型供水水库,通过分析库容系数和供水系数与蓄水率的分布特征之间的关系、蓄水率与水库对洪水的削峰率之间的关系,研究库容系数和供水系数对削峰率的影响。实例计算表明,考虑供水调节的影响后,水库的库容系数和供水系数对削峰率的影响不可忽略,且削峰率与供水系数成二次函数关系。因此,类似水库的下游河道在防洪设计时应充分考虑库容系数和供水系数对削峰率的影响。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。