导叶叶片数及导叶相对位置对低扬程轴流泵装置性能的影响

为研究导叶叶片数及导叶相对位置对轴流泵装置性能的影响,设计了3个不同导叶数方案和4个不同导叶相对位置方案,采用计算流体动力学软件分别对每个模型在0.8Q_d~1.2Q_d之间的5个工况进行计算.根据数值计算结果,选择最优模型,即导叶数为5,叶轮出口距导叶距离为0.086D的泵装置模型进行能量特性试验,并将试验结果与数值计算结果进行对比分析.结果表明:当轴流泵叶轮叶片数一定时,增加导叶数,将使导叶水力损失增大,出水流道水力损失增大,泵装置效率将下降;当叶轮叶片数和导叶数一定时,叶轮出口至导叶进口距离过大或过小时,将使导叶水力损失增大,导叶出口速度环量减小,出水流道水力损失增大,泵装置效率将下降;试验结果与数值计算结果的误差在4%以内,验证了数值计算的可靠性、准确性.研究结果可为泵装置的导叶水力设计和效率提高提供一定参考.     

无过载旋流泵正交设计数值模拟与试验

用正交设计法对旋流泵叶轮参数进行优化设计,设计了一个五因素二水平的正交方案,研究各几何参数对旋流泵性能的影响。采用雷诺平均数值模拟方法,对正交设计中每种组合进行性能预测,通过分析性能曲线对比图,找到了对于各个性能的最优方案。对数值计算得到的数据进行极差分析,获得了各几何参数影响性能的主次顺序,通过分析与比较得出最优参数组合,即叶轮外径220mm、叶轮出口宽度40mm、叶片出口安放角14°、叶片数4和无叶腔宽度40mm。在模拟基础上,对最优模型样机进行了试验,测试结果表明,在实现无过载的同时,保持了较高的效率,达到了设计目的。     

射流离心泵动静叶栅匹配的水力与声学性能优化设计

为提高射流离心泵叶轮和导叶水力设计水平,优化动静干涉对泵的水力性能及其声学响应特性影响,采用正交试验方法结合CFD/CFA(计算流体动力学/计算流体声学)技术对叶轮与正导叶的动静叶栅匹配进行多目标优化设计,试验设计统筹考虑叶轮和正导叶相关结构参数,分析叶轮叶片数、叶轮叶片型线、导叶叶片数、导叶叶片型线及动静叶栅间隙对射流离心泵扬程、水力效率和动静叶栅内部流体动力噪声的影响规律,采用矩阵分析法确定多目标优化方案,获得综合性能最优的动静叶栅匹配组合。结果表明:优化后,额定工况下泵的扬程不变,水力效率提高0. 5个百分点,动静叶栅内的整体噪声明显降低,其中叶轮诱导噪声降低7. 1%,导叶诱导噪声提高2. 2%,验证了权矩阵分析法确定多指标优化方案的可行性;低噪声射流离心泵设计的关键是合理确定动静叶栅间隙及动静叶栅的叶片数;动静叶栅的不同匹配方案对射流离心泵扬程的影响比对其水力效率的影响更加敏感,对导叶诱导噪声的影响比对叶轮诱导噪声的影响更加敏感;压力脉动引起具有偶极子特性的流体动力噪声,导叶诱导噪声的频谱特性与压力脉动的频谱特性基本一致,但叶轮诱导噪声的频谱特性与压力脉动的频谱特性有较明显的区别。     

基于载荷分布的潜水轴流泵叶轮与导叶水力设计

对潜水轴流泵进行三维反问题设计,以水力效率为设计目标,提出叶轮、导叶适合的载荷分布形式。通过正交试验设计、单因素分析和数值模拟的方法研究载荷参数对潜水轴流泵内外特性的影响,得到水力效率较优的载荷分布形式:叶轮叶片为前载型,导叶叶片为轮毂中载、轮缘前载型。具体的载荷参数取值范围:对于叶轮,斜率取值范围为-1~0,前载点取值范围为0.25~0.45,后载点取值范围为0.55~0.75;对于导叶,轮毂斜率在0附近取值,轮缘斜率取值范围为0~0.75,轮毂前载点取值范围为0.25~0.45,轮缘前载点在0.25附近取值,轮毂后载点取值范围为0.55~0.75。叶轮设计中发现:前载型叶片对原泵叶根尾缘的二次流有改善作用。导叶设计中发现:由于潜水轴流泵导叶的扩散式结构特点,导叶近壁面易出现分离涡,轮毂中载、轮缘前载型叶片能够有效地抑制导叶近壁面的涡分离。     

特大流量潜水贯流泵叶轮水力设计优化研究

针对Q=100 m³/s的特大流量潜水贯流泵装置,对叶轮叶片及导叶进行水力设计,基于正交试验方法进行优化,对最优泵装置方案进行CFD计算,探究机组外特性,并对导叶出口边齐平与不齐平的两种导叶安放型式机组水力性能参数进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：叶轮轮毂比为0.4,叶片数为4,导叶数为6时,泵装置的效率最高,泵装置的最高效率为80.52%;1.0Q_d工况下泵装置扬程为2.73 m,效率为74.68%;0.87Q_d工况下泵装置扬程为4.50 m,效率为80.14%;1.12Q_d工况下泵装置扬程为0.45 m,效率为23.77%;从扬程、效率、导叶段水力损失等参数,得出不齐平的导叶出水边安放型式机组水力性能更优。针对叶轮和导叶的造型方法及正交试验与CFD计算组合的优化方法均提高了水力优化工作效率,适于推广应用,研究成果对低扬程特大流量水泵开展的计算分析工作也为潜水贯流泵大型化发展提供了一定的水力性能参考。     

基于正交试验的高扬程混流泵优化设计

为了提高高扬程导叶式混流泵的扬程和效率,选择叶轮叶片进、出口安放角、包角和叶轮外径等4个因素,每个因素取4个水平,利用正交设计软件SPSS进行正交试验方案的设计,应用CFD软件ANSYS CFX对设计的16副叶轮进行三维数值模拟,利用极差分析的方法分析得到各因素对扬程和效率的影响程度,进而得到最优组合方案,最后对比分析原始模型与优化模型的内部流动情况,验证优选方案的可行性.结果表明:叶轮叶片出口安放角对扬程影响程度最大,叶片包角对效率影响程度最大.在设计流量下,兼顾扬程和效率所选出的最优方案扬程和效率均有所提高,泵段内水流流态较好,压力分布均匀,达到优化设计的目的.因此,基于正交试验的高扬程混流泵优化可行,优化方案的参数搭配能够有效地减小高扬程混流泵的水力损失,提高其水力性能,并改善其内部流动.     

导叶对轴流泵性能影响的试验

对设计模型轴流泵在无导叶和有导叶时的外特性进行测试,在导叶进出口位置开设测孔,并运用球形五孔探针对导叶进出口流场进行测量,得到绝对速度的周向、轴向及径向速度分量的分布曲线.测量结果表明：轴功率变化曲线在有导叶和无导叶时趋于一致,可忽略导叶对叶轮内流动的影响;在设计最优工况下,导叶出口绝对速度的圆周分量较小,导叶可回收的旋转动能约占叶轮出口总能量的15.7%;无导叶时泵的运行工况点向小流量工况偏移,在设计无导叶轴流泵时应在原有设计参数的基础上进行参数补偿.运用球形五孔探针测量三维流场中速度,具有适用性强、方法简单、测量精度较高的优点.试验结果揭示了导叶对轴流泵性能影响的规律,为进一步研究轴流泵内部流场提供了理论和实际应用参考.     

轴流泵多目标优化正交试验

为了整体提高轴流泵的水力优化设计水平,找出影响轴流泵性能的主要几何参数,运用正交试验方法,以扬程、效率、轴功率和压力脉动作为试验评判指标,将综合频率分析法应用到轴流泵多目标优化设计中。基于L_9(3~4)正交表得到了9组方案,研究叶片数、翼型、轮毂比和叶片与导叶间距离对轴流泵的扬程、效率、轴功率和压力脉动的影响规律,并通过综合频率分析法确定了一组最佳试验方案。结果表明:该最佳试验方案在设计流量下,水流在叶轮及导叶段中的流态较好,水流流线顺畅,分布相对均匀;轴流泵模型在流量和扬程满足改型要求的同时,效率提高了5.7%;轴功率下降了1.21%;压力脉动系数降低了11%,验证了综合频率分析法在多目标正交优化中的可行性。     

基于正交试验的多级井用潜水泵叶轮出口与导叶进口参数匹配研究

为提高多级井用潜水泵的效率,同时保证泵的扬程,以200QJ50-65型5级井用潜水泵为例,按照L9(34)正交表,选取了叶轮出口边斜度、叶轮出口边与导叶进口边间隙、导叶进口边宽度3个因素,每个因素取3个水平,组合出9组方案。采用CFD数值模拟对多级井用潜水泵的前两级进行了全流场数值模拟,获得了9组方案在额定工况下的效率、扬程。通过正交试验法和极差分析得到了各因素对效率和扬程的影响规律以及各因素对泵效率、扬程影响的主次顺序,提出了多级井用潜水泵叶轮出口与导叶进口匹配的最佳方案。结果表明:优化方案在额定工况下相比原模型泵的效率提高了4.87%,单级扬程提高了2.8 m。通过内流场分析得到了优化后泵的水力性能提高的原因。     

斜式轴流泵装置进水流道的正交优化设计

为改善小流量工况下大型斜式轴流泵装置的水力性能,利用J-Groove流动控制手段对泵装置进水流道进行结构改进.利用正交试验设计方法,确定J-Groove的厚度、长度、个数以及分布角等4个几何因素,分别选取3个水平,建立9组正交试验方案.结合滤波器湍流模型(FBM)的非定常雷诺方程,利用Ansys CFX软件对斜式轴流泵装置三维模型进行非定常计算,获得正交方案在小流量工况下的扬程和效率.采用极差分析方法对正交试验方案的数值结果进行分析,研究各几何因素对轴流泵水力性能的影响规律.结果表明:影响扬程指标的几何因素主次关系为厚度、长度、个数和分布角;影响效率指标的几何因素主次关系为厚度、个数、分布角和长度.最后,通过再设计分析确定了最优方案,并与原始方案的流场进行对比分析,验证了J-Groove技术在小流量工况下抑制轴流泵叶轮进口非稳定流态并改善其水力性能的作用.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。