汾河上游土地利用变化对径流的影响分析研究

以汾河上游(兰村以上)为研究区,探究土地利用变化对汾河流域径流的影响。利用1956-2011年的水文气象资料,结合研究区3期遥感影像(1978、1998和2010年),分析了汾河上游多年径流变化趋势以及下垫面变化特征。结果表明,汾河上游径流量呈现下降趋势,1956-2011年兰村站的年平均径流量减少量为0.019亿m3,多年平均径流量没有发生突变。汾河上游土地利用类型变化明显,林草地面积呈增加趋势,农用地与水域面积呈减少趋势。以上研究结果表明,合理规划土地利用,对流域安全具有重要意义。     

近期气候变化对东江流域水资源的影响研究

利用东江流域主要气象及水文站点1956-2000年气温、降雨及天然径流量时间序列,采用Mann-Kendall秩次相关法检验了流域各季节及年均气温、降雨等气候要素及天然径流量的变化趋势,分析了流域气候变化特征.并利用相关分析法分析了流域气温和降水与径流的相关性,对未来50年该流域径流量的变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明:流域年均气温总体呈显著增加趋势,而年均降雨量和径流总量变化趋势不显著;全流域降雨与径流为正相关,相关系数为0.928,气温与径流为负相关,相关系数为-0.017,说明降雨与径流的关系更为密切,其在流域径流量的变化中起着主要作用.此外,剧烈的人类活动也使得这些相关性更为复杂.     

太湖流域西苕溪1972-2008年径流量变化趋势与原因分析

西苕溪是太湖的主要入湖河流之一,也是流域主要的水源地,对支持太湖地区的经济社会发展具有重要意义。根据径流量时间序列资料,分析了西苕溪径流特征值,应用Mann-Kendall法分析了径流量的变化趋势,并定量分析了人类活动和气候变化两个要素对径流量变化的影响。结果表明:西苕溪径流量年际、年内变化较大,年际变差系数Cv最大达到0.38;径流量以汛期径流为主,汛期径流比例占全年最高达到90%;M-K趋势检验结果显示1972年以来,西苕溪上游和中游径流量有显著的下降的趋势,下降主要集中于汛期,非汛期径流变化不显著,年代分析则表明1980年以来径流量下降显著;在径流量的年内分配方面,汛期径流量所占比例有下降趋势。最后,分析了影响西苕溪径流变化的主要因素,发现降雨量的变化是西苕溪径流量减少的主要影响因素,1980-2008年降雨量变化对径流量减少贡献率占90%。     

秃尾河流域水沙突变及其驱动因素

由于近年来秃尾河流域入黄径流量和输沙量锐减,基于高家川水文站1956-2011年56 a实测水文泥沙数据,综合分析了流域水沙演变规律,采用滑动t检验法和Mann-Kendall检验法对年径流量和年输沙量序列突变情况进行了检验,利用建立水沙双累积曲线模型,定量估算了人类活动的减水、减沙量。结果表明:流域年径流量和年输沙量均呈显著减少趋势;高家川站年径流量序列和输沙量序列突变年份分别在1976年和1996年。人类活动是影响流域入黄水沙量锐减的主要因素,受人类活动影响,径流量减少49.45亿m~3,占累积总径流量的35.94%;输沙量减少3.07亿t,占累积总输沙量的86.42%。     

近55年来气候变化和人类活动对增江径流变化影响的定量研究

为探讨增江流域径流的变化特征及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应,选取1960-2015年河流实测径流量进行计算和分析。结果表明:56 a年来,增江流域径流总体呈微弱增加趋势,每10 a增加0.6 mm,1960s径流量最少,2000s的径流量最多,1960-1972年为枯水期,1972-1984年为丰水期,1984-1991年为枯水期,此后至今一直为平水期。增江流域具有明显的丰枯季节变化,汛期流量占年径流总量的80%,径流总体呈明显的不对称双峰型,最大峰值出现在6月份,而次峰都出现在8月,夏季Cv值最小,冬季丰枯振荡最为明显。域内气候增暖明显,降雨量增加,蒸发量减少,下垫面参数n减小,对径流的增加十分有利。径流对各因子的敏感度绝对值为:最低气温最高气温降水相对湿度太阳辐射LUCC风速。气候变化和人类活动的多年平均贡献率分别为51.1%、48.9%。1980s后人类活动对径流影响程度大幅增加,2000s后人类活动影响减少,趋于缓和,人类正在努力和自然处于一种和谐平衡关系。因此,人类活动对径流变化的影响不容忽视。     

ENSO循环对汾河上游径流变化的影响

剖析气候对径流变化的影响,在区域水资源合理开发利用及科学管理等方面具有重要意义。基于汾河上游上静游站、汾河水库站、寨上站及兰村站1956-2000年径流数据及多变量ENSO指数(MEI),采用交叉小波分析方法,探究ENSO循环对汾河上游流域径流变化的影响。结果表明:MEI指数呈上升趋势,径流枯水期持续时间也随之增长,且MEI指数较大年份,径流量较少,反之径流量较大,径流序列的丰枯变化对ENSO循环有一定的响应关系;4个水文站径流量与MEI指数在20世纪70年代之前,有相同的1～4 a周期,且相关关系显著,同时在11～12 a尺度上具有较好的相关性,即ENSO循环对径流量影响较大;在20世纪70年代之后,虽然在1～3 a尺度上仍有一定的相关关系,但没有相同的显著周期,即ENSO循环对径流量影响相对减小,径流变化由气候驱动转变为气候与人类活动共同驱动模式。     

人类活动和气候变化对岚河流域河川径流的影响

径流变化归因识别是流域治理开发和水资源管理的重要基础工作。[目的]识别岚河流域河川径流的主要影响因素。[方法]采用水文模拟的途径定量评估了气候要素变化和人类活动对山西省岚河流域河川径流的影响。[结果]RCCC-WBM模型对岚河天然径流过程具有较好的模拟效果,NSE超过80%,总量模拟误差RE小于2%;由于气候和人类活动等环境要素变化的影响,1968年之后,上静游站实测径流量较前期减少了50%以上;1969 2015年,人类活动的影响量占径流总减少量的76.1%,是岚河径流减少的主要原因;由于近期降水增加,气候要素变化对径流减少的影响有减弱趋势。[结论]人类活动是岚河径流的主要影响因素。     

气候变化和人类活动对黑河中游流域径流的影响分析

甄别气候变化和人类活动对黑河中游流域径流的影响,对于维护该流域水安全具有重要意义。黑河中游流域降水和径流的变化趋势不完全一致,其中径流均呈减少趋势。应用累积距平曲线、Mann-Kendall法及Pettitt法分析流域降水和径流序列变点,径流突变均发生在20世纪80年代,确定以径流序列最早突变点1980年划分基准期和变化期。采用双累积曲线法和敏感性系数法对黑河中游流域的径流进行气候变化和人类活动影响的定量识别与评估。结果表明:黑河中游鸳鸯池流域、高崖正义峡流域和正义峡流域的水文水资源变化主要受人类活动影响,各流域人类活动影响贡献率均高达85%以上,最大可达96%。     

龙川江流域径流量变化趋势及水资源合理配置研究

采用Mann-Kendall法分析近50年来龙川江流域的径流量的变化趋势;采用MIKE BASIN研究龙川江流域的水资源合理配置方案.研究结果表明:龙川江流域降水量呈增加趋势,但由于水利工程的建设和枯季农业用水量的不断增加等人类活动的影响,改变了径流的年内分配过程,导致流域内年径流量和枯季径流量呈减少趋势.要从根本上解决流域的水资源供需矛盾,除了推行强化节水、水资源保护等措施,建设青山嘴水库等新的水源工程,还必须依靠滇中引水等外流域调水工程.     

气候变化和人类活动对东鱼河流域径流影响的探析

20世纪80年代以来,山东东鱼河流域径流出现显著减小趋势,本文运用Mann-Whitney-Pettitt突变点分析法和Mann-Kendall检验法对东鱼河流域降水量和径流量序列突变点进行分析,并通过弹性系数法和水文模拟法对气候变化和人类活动对东鱼河流域径流的影响过程及结果进行探讨.结果表明,人类活动是引起东鱼河流域径流量减小的主要原因.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。