13种锦鸡儿属植物叶的解剖生态学研究

本文对锦鸡儿属 1 3种植物的叶进行了解部观察 ,并对同一地区引种的不同种及分布于不同地区的同一种植物进行了对此分析。结果表明 :锦鸡儿属植物随分布地域的不同 ,其叶解剖结构呈现有规律的梯度变化 ,尤其是叶的形态结构随生态环境的变化表现出明显差异。这 1 3种锦鸡儿属植物多数分布于我国西北干旱地区 ,其解剖结构上的规律变化由东向西表现出抗旱能力的逐渐增强 ,具体表现为 :( 1 )叶面积缩小 ;( 2 )叶肉组织栅栏化 ;( 3 )细胞间隙呈递减之势 ;( 4)叶表面被表皮毛 ,角质化程度加深 ;( 5)叶脉中的输导、机械组织趋于发达     

新疆滨藜属植物叶表皮微形态学及叶的比较解剖学研究

本研究采用了石蜡切片法，电子显微镜扫描的方法，对新疆分布的滨藜属１２种及２变种植物进行了研究，观察到滨藜属植物叶的结构可分为三种类型：全栅型、双栅型、单栅型。叶表皮附属物表皮毛、角质层都非常多。表皮毛－光状毛，在幼叶及茎顶泡状毛为生活状态，在成熟的叶上泡状毛破裂、死亡，覆盖在叶的表面；角质层在叶的上、下表皮细胞表面分布，可分为皱纹状角质层和脊状角质层。以上特点都是滨藜属植物叶对干旱的环境条件的适应     

豆科3属6种植物叶片特征比较研究

运用石蜡切片技术和叶片解离技术对豆科6种植物的叶片特征进行研究,利用光学显微镜观察了3属6种豆科植物的叶表皮及叶片解剖结构,统计并测量了表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、表皮细胞面积、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、表皮厚度、叶片厚度、叶肉厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度等相关的特征,并分析了叶片特征在种属之间存在的异同。结果表明:3属6种植物的气孔在上下表皮均有分布,气孔类型为不规则型,气孔形状均为椭圆形。表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、气孔密度、气孔指数、下表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度等指标在种属之间存在差异且具有一定的规律。分析显示:锦鸡儿属两种植物与草木樨属两种植物亲缘关系较近。     

6种常用固沙植物的生态经济价值比较

通过分析小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam)、中间锦鸡儿(Caragana in-termedia Kuang)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom)、塔落岩黄芪(Hedysarumleave Maxim)、细枝岩黄芪(Hedysarum scoparium Fisch)和山竹岩黄芪(Hedysarum fruti-cosum Pall)的光合作用、水分利用效率、生物量、营养成分、土壤改良作用和防风固沙作用,结果表明,岩黄芪属3种植物的生态经济价值明显优于锦鸡儿属3种植物。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯市锦鸡儿属植物资源研究

锦鸡儿(Caraganaspp.)属的植物群众通称柠条,是内蒙古鄂尔多斯市重要的植物资源,具有很大的开发利用价值。经我们调查研究后,确认锦鸡儿属在鄂尔多斯市有9种,它们是:柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskiiKom.)、中间锦鸡儿(C.intermediaKuang etFu)、荒漠锦鸡儿(C.roborovskyiKom.)、垫状锦鸡儿(C.tibeticaKom.)、狭叶锦鸡儿(C.stenophyllaPojark.)、短脚锦鸡儿(C.brachypodaPojark.)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(C.opulensKom.)、秦晋锦鸡儿(C.purdomiiRehd.)以及矮锦鸡儿(C.pygmaea(L.)DC.)。     

内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属植物种群格局动态和种间关系的研究

本文研究了内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属 (Carahana)植物随着年龄和植丛大小 ,表现出不同的分布格局。通常是幼小植丛多呈聚块分布 ,中等植丛趋向于均匀分布 ,大型植丛趋向于随机分布。土壤质地与土壤水分的分配对同一群落中两种锦鸡儿之间的关系有一定影响。     

石羊河流域植物类型对其水坝修建的响应

石羊河流域作为我国开发利用程度较高,生态环境问题较突出的内陆河流域,备受国内外研究者关注。通过整理参考前人考察研究结论及实地调查分析发现:石羊河流域修建水坝,水资源分配方式及利用模式因此发生了根本性的改变,强烈影响其中下游的植物种及群落变化。主要表现在:1)自上世纪五十年代以来,石羊河流域中下游植被面积、植被盖度、生物量等均有不同程度减少;植物类型发生了从湿生系列向旱生系列的转变,柽柳、盐爪爪、芦苇等植被逐渐退出,白刺、红砂、黑果枸杞等更耐旱植被逐渐占据优势地位,尤其是白刺在大部分地方都成为建群种。2)在石羊河流域中下游,植物为了适应风沙大、温差高、降水稀少、蒸发强等不利的生长环境,形成了多种旱生特征和适应方式;在人为干扰相对较重的区域植物叶片结构逐渐变化为以环栅型为主;在人为干扰相对较轻区域的植物逐渐向正常型和全栅型方向发展;在地下水位下降较剧烈的区域,植物叶片类型发生了由正常型、环栅型向不规则型的完全转变。水坝建设引起的大面积开荒种田、水资源利用不均衡、下游地下水严重超采、水质恶化等是植物类型和面积发生变化的主要影响因素。     

柠条种子小蜂在不同柠条寄主上的种群动态

2017年6月－7月, 系统调查了树锦鸡儿、甘蒙锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿4种植物上第一代柠条种子小蜂种群动态及寄主荚果发育进程。结果表明, 不同寄主植物上的柠条种子小蜂幼虫、蛹、成虫数量有显著性差异, 密度大小依次为: 树锦鸡儿＞中间锦鸡儿＞甘蒙锦鸡儿＞荒漠锦鸡儿。在发生时间动态上, 柠条种子小蜂幼虫、蛹和成虫的数量基本呈现先逐渐上升后下降的趋势, 4种寄主植物上不同虫态的柠条种子小蜂高峰期出现时间各不相同。甘蒙锦鸡儿上的小蜂出现最早, 6月17日幼虫达到高峰期; 中间锦鸡儿上的小蜂出现最晚, 7月2日幼虫高峰期, 7月14日成虫高峰期; 树锦鸡儿与荒漠锦鸡儿居中。柠条种子小蜂发育进程与锦鸡儿植物的荚果发育进程吻合。本文讨论了柠条种子小蜂种群动态与寄主植物的关系, 明确了柠条种子小蜂发生和达到高峰的时间, 为柠条种子小蜂预测预报和综合治理提供依据。     

14种荒漠植物茎的解剖结构特征分析

本文对分布于西鄂尔多斯-东阿拉善地区14种荒漠植物茎的解剖结构进行了观察和对比分析。结果表明:这14种荒漠植物都具有显著的旱生结构特征,突出表现在:(1)表皮都具角质层;(2)次生维管组织发达,且多具异常结构;(3)皮层细胞中普遍含叶绿体。说明荒漠植物可通过增加贮水的薄壁细胞、产生异常结构和在缩小叶面积的同时却在皮层细胞中发育叶绿体等多种途径来适应干旱少雨、风大沙多、光照强烈的荒漠环境。     

内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属植物种群格局动态和种间关系 …

本文研究了内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属植物随着年龄和植丛大小,表现出不同的人布格局。通常是幼小植丛多呈聚块分布,中等植丛趋向于均匀分布,大型植丛趋向于随机分布。     

麦类根输导组织坚韧度与抗旱性的关系

研究了抗旱性不同的９种小麦属和１种大麦属在水分胁迫条件下根输导组织的坚韧度与地上部分水分状况及气体交换状况的关系。抗旱性较强的麦类，其根部的纤维素和木质素含量均高于抗旱性较差的麦类，经过－０．９３ＭＰａ的水分胁迫１０ｈ后，输导组织坚韧度较大的麦类根和茎的直径变化很小，而输导组织坚韧度较差的麦类根和茎的直径在水分胁迫后都显著降低。随着水分胁迫强度的增大，根部输导组织坚韧度较差的麦类，叶片相对含水量明     

In vitro but not in planta encapsidation of Rice gall dwarf virus core particles by the outer capsid P8 protein of Rice dwarf virus expressed in transgenic rice plants

Transencapsidation of the Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) inner core by the Rice dwarf virus (RDV) outer capsid P8 protein was examined in vitro and in planta. When RGDV core particles were incubated with an extract from RDV P8-transgenic rice leaf tissue, RDV P8 encapsidated the RGDV core particles to form double-shelled virus-like particles in vitro. In contrast, when RDV P8-transgenic rice plants were inoculated with RGDV, progeny RGDV particles contained RGDV P8 but RDV P8 was not detectable in the virions. No significant differences were found in acquisition by the vector insects and subsequent transmission rates between RGDV infecting nontransgenic rice plants and those infecting RDV P8-transgenic rice plants. These results indicate that mechanisms of and/or requirements for interactions between P8 and the inner core particles of phytoreoviruses differ between in vitro and in planta.     

辽宁西北部主要园林绿化树种叶片生长规律

采用标准化主轴和聚类分析方法,研究辽宁西北部主要树种叶片的比叶面积和异速生长规律。结果表明：种间叶片面积与生物量的共同斜率为1.052,其中46个树种斜率小于1.0,1个树种等于1.0,8个树种大于1.0;种间叶片含水量与生物量的共同斜率为1.052,其中42个树种斜率小于1.0,13个树种大于1.0。各树种比叶面积变化范围在48.83~276.52 cm²•g^-1,当欧氏距离为15时,可将树种划分为3类。辽宁西北部主要树种叶片生物量与面积、生物量与含水量之间总体呈等速生长,而各树种的异速生长指数却明显不同。树种比叶面积相对较低是其适应贫瘠环境的自然结果。因此,在干旱半干旱地区城市绿化和造林中,应选择比叶面积较小的树种。     

新疆猪毛菜属植物多样性及其地理分布特征

猪毛菜属(Salsola L.)是藜科中最大的属之一,在新疆植物区系和植物资源开发利用中占有重要地位。通过对新疆猪毛菜属32种植物的果时花被片附属物和叶片解剖结构的特征及其地理分布的分析,结果表明:①果期花被片附属物可分为两类,其中具翅状附属物的形态更加丰富;②得到4种叶片解剖结构类型,包括C3-SYMP型、C3-C4中间型、C4-SALS+H型和C4-SALS-H型。依据叶片解剖结构类型判断,新疆猪毛菜属中C4植物占绝大多数;③在新疆分布的猪毛菜属种类以草本植物居多,其生境主要以旱生和盐生环境为主;④猪毛菜属植物分布在新疆的6个地理分布地区,其中以准噶尔亚地区分布最多,塔城伊犁亚地区分布次之;⑤新疆猪毛菜属植物与国外邻近地区的共有种明显多于国内邻近地区。     

新疆主要城市城市化水平及其发展对策

本文选取了经济城市化、产业结构城市化、人口城市化、生活质量城市化四个一级指标以及其下层的十三个二级子指标构成了新疆各主要城市城市化水平测度的指标体系。通过层次分析法(AHP)以及德尔菲法(Delphi)来确定各指标的权重,根据多指标综合评价模型得出新疆主要城市城市化水平。依据各市的城市化水平进行聚类,并根据聚类结果将新疆19个主要城市分为五个层次:第一层次:克拉玛依和乌鲁木齐,城市化水平最高;第二层次:库尔乐、哈密、奎屯、昌吉、伊宁、石河子、喀什,城市化水平较高;第三层次:阜康、米泉、城市化水平中等;第四层次:塔城、博乐、和田、阿克苏、阿勒泰、吐鲁番和乌苏,城市化水平较低;第五层次:阿图什,城市化水平最低。同时,城市化水平的空间分布不平衡。针对各城市城市化水平的层次性和区域不平衡性提出了城市今后发展相应的对策。     

Visualization of localized pathogen-Induced pH modulation in almond tissues infected by Colletotrichum acutatum using confocal scanning laser microscopy

Modulation of pH within the host during infection of almond by the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum was studied using confocal scanning laser microscopy and the dual emission fluorescence indicator SNARF-1. This highly sensitive method allowed visualization of the spatial distribution of localized pathogen-induced pH modulation within and in proximity to fungal infection structures in host tissue at the cellular level. Ratiometric measurement of fluorescence at two emission wavelengths and in situ calibration allowed the quantification of pH ranges. After incubation of leaf epidermal tissue with SNARF-1, distinct alkaline (pH 8 to > or =9), red-spectrum (650 nm wave length) fluorescent zones developed as partial or complete halos around many fungal appressoria and in infection vesicles at 24 to 36 h after inoculation. In samples taken after 48 to 72 h, colonizing hyphae in the biotrophic phase and subsequently in the necrotrophic phase were also emitting the red fluorescence that extended into the surrounding host tissue, as also verified by depth analyses. Host epidermal cells were intact and apparently alive during the fungal alkalization process, with no visible disruption of cell structure. Generally, the pH of epidermal cells in noninoculated samples or in areas away from the infection in inoculated samples was lower than pH 7 with green (i.e., 500 to 550 nm wave length) fluorescence detected. Using standard electrodes, a significant increase in pH and ammonia concentration in leaf and fruit tissue was also measured but only at advanced stages of disease. In contrast, hyphae of the pathogen Alternaria alternata were mostly acidic and no change in fluorescence was found inside invaded host cells. The sequence of events in the C. acutatum-almond interaction includes penetration, production of ammonia by C. acutatum, and subsequent pH modulation within almond epidermal tissue to an alkaline environment that leads to further colonization of the host.     

茶云纹叶枯病病原菌侵入与叶位关系的研究

采用茶园调查和室内接种相结合的方法,研究了茶云纹叶枯病病菌（Colletotrichum camelliae）侵入与不同叶位的关系。结果表明：自然状态下,病害症状主要出现在成、老叶上。2006年嫩叶组、成叶组和老叶组3处理的病叶率分别为0.89%、18.89％、10.67％,2007年分别为2.00%、19.56％、13.78％,其中嫩叶、成叶上的病害都是当年病菌侵染所致。茶枝离体接种时,症状出现在嫩叶和成叶上,而且以前者为多, 2006年3处理的病叶率分别为15.28%、9.73%和0%,2007年分别为12.50％、8.73％和2.78%。结果显示：分生孢子的侵染叶位以嫩叶为主,在各类叶片上均有较高的萌发率,但只有部分能够形成附着胞,在嫩叶和成叶上形成率较高,老叶上几乎不能形成。不同叶位的解剖结构如角质层厚薄、栅栏组织层次多少、海绵组织细胞排列松紧等都与病菌侵染有一定的相关性。     

Scanning electron microscopy study of infection structure formation of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in host and non-host cereal species

The development of uredospore-derived infection structures of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in wheat, barley, sorghum and maize was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Germ tubes grew over the leaf surface until a stoma was located. An appressorium formed over the stoma and the leaf was penetrated by an infection peg. Within the substomatal chamber of all species the infection peg developed a substomatal vesicle by 6 h post-inoculation (hpi). from which a primary infection hypha developed parallel to the long axis of the leaf. In wheat, barley and maize, when a primary infection hypha abutted onto a host cell, a septum was laid down between the tip of the hypha and the substomatal vesicle, delimiting a haustorial mother cell by 12 hpi; haustorial mother cells did not form in sorghum. Secondary infection hyphae arose on the substomatal vesicle side of the septum; infection did not progress further in maize, but in wheat and barley secondary infection hyphae branched, and proliferated intercellularly forming the fungal thallus. A haustorial mother cell was delimited when an intercellular hypha abutted onto a host cell. Infection sites with haustorial mother cells were observed at 12 hpi in barley and 24 hpi in wheat. In all four plant species, some atypical substomatal vesicle initials, substomatal vesicles and primary infection hyphae were observed.     

An in-situ baiting bioassay for detecting Phytophthora species in irrigation runoff containment basins

Experiments were conducted in irrigation runoff containment basins to assess the effects of bait species ( Camellia japonica , Ilex crenata or Rhododendron catawbiense ), bait type (whole leaf vs. leaf disc), baiting duration (1, 2, 7 or 14 days), baiting depth and growth media (modified PARP-V8 or PARPH-V8) on the recovery of Phytophthora species. A two-rope, flexible bait-deployment system was compared with a one-rope fixed system for bait stability at designated locations and depths. A total of 907 Phytophthora isolates were subjected to PCR-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis to identify to species level. Seven distinct SSCP patterns representing six morphospecies: P. citricola (Cil I), P. citrophthora (Cip I), P. hydropathica (Hyd), P. insolita (Ins), P. megasperma (Meg I & II) and an unidentified Phytophthora species were identified. Irrespective of culture medium, 7 days of baiting with rhododendron leaves consistently resulted in the recovery of the greatest diversity and populations of Phytophthora species with minimum interference from Pythium species. The flexible bait-deployment system was superior to the fixed system, minimizing the risk of bait loss and dislocation of baiting units and allowing baits to remain at designated depths from the surface under inclement weather.