马铃薯疫病诱导抗病性研究进展

本文综述了近来马铃薯疫病诱导抗性研究的主要进展 ,介绍了非亲和性病原菌和非生物诱抗剂诱导马铃薯对疫病的局部和系统抗性 ,分析了可能的抗性机制 ,并指出了目前诱导抗性中存在的问题和其未来发展前景。     

马铃薯抗晚疫病机制的研究进展

马铃薯晚疫病是由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯的毁灭性病害,严重威胁着马铃薯的生产。因此研究马铃薯抗晚疫病菌机制对于控制马铃薯病害尤为重要。本文从马铃薯的细胞结构、防御酶系、活性氧的变化以及介入马铃薯抗性的各种信号分子等几个方面叙述了近几年来马铃薯抗晚疫病机理的研究进展。     

半干旱地区马铃薯施用钾肥的应用效果试验

采用多因素随机区组设计 ,研究半干旱生态区马铃薯施用钾肥的应用效果。结果表明 ,马铃薯每hm2 施N 75kg、P2 O575kg、K2 O 75kg的处理较无肥对照区增产鲜薯 14 6 6 7kg ,增产率为6 2 9% ;同时农艺性状趋于良性化 ,较对照单株块茎重提高 2 76 7g ,块茎数增加 1 9粒 ,商品薯率提高 2 1个百分点 ,病薯率降低 1 95个百分点     

马铃薯晚疫病抗病基因研究进展

晚疫病是危害马铃薯生产的重要病害,可导致马铃薯的大量减产。多年来研究人员对马铃薯晚疫病进行了大量的研究,取得了一系列的成果。对马铃薯晚疫病防治最有效的方法是使用抗病品种,随着分子生物学技术的发展,从野生资源中分离抗病基因,并将其转入到栽培种马铃薯中可以获得抗病特性。到目前为止,已经有十多个抗晚疫病基因被发现和图谱,且部分基因已被转入到栽培品种中。本文从晚疫病抗病基因的发现、分离、定位及克隆等方面进行了综述。     

马铃薯主栽品种对晚疫病抗性的鉴定

为了筛选产量高、抗晚疫病性能好、适宜宁南山区大面积推广的优良品种,在适宜马铃薯种植和晚疫病流行的西吉县对23个马铃薯品种作田间抗病性鉴定。结果表明：马铃薯品种‘青薯9号’、‘庄薯1号’、‘庄薯3号’、‘冀张薯8号’、‘陇薯3号’等品种高产、抗病性强,适宜大面积推广。产量在1 000 kg/667 m2以上且抗性较好的品种依次是：‘晋薯14号’、‘宁薯4号’、‘晋薯15号’、‘宁薯13号’、‘同薯23号’、‘克新17号’,适宜做轮换品种。经相关分析,不同马铃薯品种的病情指数和产量呈极显著的负相关。     

马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性高代材料的综合评价

对马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性11份高代无性系材料进行了比较试验,结果显示,在参试的11份高代材料中,产量高于37500kg·hm-2的品系3个,高于33000kg·hm-2的品系4个,最高达41445kg·hm-2;多数品系晚疫病抗性较当地主栽品种强;淀粉含量高于17%的优良品系4个,最高达20.589%;商品薯率高于85%的优良品系1份。     

呼伦贝尔市马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthorainfestans)对甲霜灵抗药性的研究

<正>前言 马铃薯是世界第四大粮食作物,也是中国的重要粮、菜作物。现在,中国已是世界上马铃薯生产的第一大国,内蒙古自治区播种面积和产量均居全国第一。马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯的一种毁灭性病害,     

Exploring the Natural Biodiversity of Potato for Late Blight Resistance

This paper gives an overview of the activities in Sub-project 4 of the BIOEXPLOIT programme. The European genebank collections of potato need to be narrowed down into (customized) core collections by focusing on loci associated with disease resistance. Therefore, new and more efficient molecular methods are being developed to identify these loci, extensive genotyping of resistance to Phytophthora infestans and signalling loci is being performed, and genotyped selections of accessions are phenotypically analysed for their resistance specificities. The results of these activities are being assembled in an integrated database.     

The Relationship Between Active Oxygen Metabolism and Resistance to Late Blight in Potato

The relationship between active oxygen metabolism and resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was studied for 72 h post-inoculation by comparing three resistant cultivars (low disease index) with three susceptible ones (high disease index). Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the content of ascorbic acid (ASA), were higher in the resistant cultivars than in the susceptible ones. The production rate of the superoxide anion radical (O₂^?) was lower in the resistant cultivars than in the susceptible ones. These changes, which were associated with the potato plant’s response to infection with P. infestans, provide some insight into the physiological basis of resistance and may also provide a screening tool for resistance to late blight.     

Using Host Resistance to Manage Potato Late Blight with Particular Reference to Developing Countries

Potato late blight may be controlled by several approaches including host resistance. Unfortunately, efforts to date to use host resistance have led to limited successes and many failures as pathogen populations have rapidly evolved to overcome resistance or durably resistant varieties have had limited adoption. Several problems hinder diffusion of resistant cultivars, including a rapidly evolving pathogen population, market preferences, association of resistance with late maturation, and methodological issues such as inaccurate phenotyping and insufficient communication among researchers, the latter particularly in developing countries. New technologies and approaches that improve the identification and adoption of resistant varieties are discussed, including biotechnology, enhanced conventional breeding, pathogen monitoring, improved phenotyping, and better research collaboration.     

马铃薯品种(系)晚疫病抗性鉴定

为提高马铃薯晚疫病抗病育种水平,筛选出适宜于天水地区种植的马铃薯品种和抗晚疫病较强的亲本资源,特此对引自全国的38份马铃薯品种(系)进行晚疫病抗性的田间鉴定。试验采用随机区组设计,对参试材料的植株、块茎晚疫病和产量进行评价与分析。结果表明:植株发病最轻的是‘L0527-4’、‘L9901-10’、‘L0527-7’、‘农天2号’、‘天薯12号’、‘同薯20号’、‘陇薯7号’等;块茎晚疫病未发病的为‘同薯20号’、‘陇薯7号’、‘天薯12号’等17份材料;‘陇薯7号’、‘天薯12号’较对照‘陇薯6号’增产,折合产量依次为26 300 kg/hm2、23 800 kg/hm2;最终筛选出‘陇薯7号’和‘天薯12号’两份晚疫病田间抗性和丰产性较好的材料,可用作马铃薯晚疫病抗病育种的资源,并在天水地区推广种植。     

Debate on the Exploitation of Natural Plant Diversity to Create Late Blight Resistance in Potato

This paper reports on a debate on intriguing propositions relating to the scientific, agronomic, societal and economic impact of the BIOEXPLOIT project, focusing on late blight resistance in potato. It discusses (i) whether identifying pathogen effectors will facilitate selecting durable R genes, (ii) whether breeding for durable late blight resistance requires deploying Rpi (for Resistance to P hytophthora i nfestans) genes, (iii) whether breeding strategies and cultural practices determine the durability of new resistance genes, (iv) whether marker-assisted breeding for Phytophthora infestans resistance is already in the stage of adoption, (v) to what extent genetically-modified organism technology can advance realizing late-blight resistant potato cultivars, and (vi) whether modifying R genes will result in novel broad spectrum resistance.     

马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性新品种—华恩1号

马铃薯新品种华恩1号是从CIP具有晚疫病水平抗性群体组合395075.54×391679.12实生籽,经过各世代鉴定筛选而育成。该品种2007～2008年在贵州省两年区试中667m2平均产量为1742.8 kg,比对照品种Mira增产14.5%;块茎淀粉含量17.0%,还原糖含量<0.1%,Vc含量11.85 mg.100 g-1鲜薯;抗晚疫病,且属水平抗性类型。2009年6月通过贵州省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

大生M-45防治马铃薯晚疫病药效试验

选用大生M-45防治马铃薯晚疫病,结果表明,田间三次施药,600倍液行间喷雾,对马铃薯晚疫病有较好的防治效果,防效达80.5%,马铃薯可增产27.5%。     

12个马铃薯品种对晚疫病抗性比较与药剂防治

通过田间试验,探讨常用马铃薯晚疫病防治药剂对不同马铃薯品种晚疫病防治效果,对产量影响及筛选出对马铃薯晚疫病有抗性的品种。结果表明,田间晚疫病发病初期,银法利单用或与其他药剂混用均可以有效控制马铃薯晚疫病,并且增加田间产量;‘荷兰7’,‘黄麻子’、‘荷兰15’和‘尤金’为马铃薯晚疫病易感品种,因此田间管理要提前预防马铃薯晚疫病的发生;‘克新18号’、‘麦肯’、‘延薯4号’和‘克新13号’对晚疫病有较高的抗性;‘中兴202’、‘Lt-5’、‘夏波蒂’和‘克新1号’对晚疫病表现中抗,病害发生初期施药可以有效的控制病害扩展。     

8种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果试验

为减轻马铃薯晚疫病对马铃薯生产造成的损失,本研究选择了8种药剂,在马铃薯地上垄体栽培模式下进行晚疫病防治的药效比较试验。结果表明,不同处理均对地上垄体栽培模式下马铃薯晚疫病具有防治和保产的效果。其中,在马铃薯晚疫病发病前期喷施的保护性杀菌剂种中,60%百泰的防治和保产效果最好,防效达79%以上,增产43.54%;其次是银法利,防效达70%以上,增产42.55%。在发病中期喷施的治疗性杀菌剂中,防效和保产效果最好的药剂为50%安克,防效达73%以上,增产36.71%。     

几种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病试验

由于长期使用几种广谱性杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病,导致该病病原菌抗药性增强,防效降低。为筛选高效、经济、安全的杀菌剂在生产上推广使用,试验选取了18.7%烯酰.吡唑酯WG、68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威SC、72%甲霜灵锰锌WP、75%代森锰锌WG 4种药剂,设置高、中、低不同浓度,高浓度施药2次,中低浓度施药3次进行防治马铃薯晚疫病的田间药效试验。试验结果表明:18.7%烯酰.吡唑酯WG高、中、低浓底的防效分别为71.08%、73.03%、69.04%;其次为68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威SC防效分别为62.09%、74.53%、64.65%,72%甲霜灵锰锌WP的防效分别为56.91%、71.71%、66.87%;75%代森锰锌WG的防效分别为46.52%、70.38%、68.85%。其中18.7%烯酰.吡唑酯WG和68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威SC防效较好,其余2种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病均有一定的防效,建议生产上轮换使用。     

马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性优良品系“395049.62”栽培技术研究

对CIP马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性优良高代无性系395049.62设计了微型薯、普通薯育芽带薯移栽,667m2种植4000株、6000株二种密度,施用尿素15kg、20kg二次追施的三因素、二水平栽培试验。结果表明,在试验设计范围内,品系395049.62产量以微型薯育芽带薯移栽、667m2种植6000株、追施尿素15kg两次处理最高;大中薯率以微型薯育芽带薯移栽、667m2种植4000株、追施尿素20kg两次处理最高,其次是微型薯育芽带薯移栽、667m2种植4000株、追施尿素15kg两次追施处理。     

Disease Progress Curve Parameters Help to Characterise the Types of Resistance to Late Blight Segregating in Cultivated Potato

To decrease the environmental impact of treatments against late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans on potato, plant genetic resistance is a keystone in developing new culture strategies. Nonspecific resistance to late blight is a complex trait which is difficult to evaluate, while selection is both difficult and time consuming. However, we consider it is important to select for this type of resistance as it is a promising way to achieve durable resistance. In this study, parameters derived from disease progress curves (DPCs) were used to characterise the types of resistance among individuals of three tetraploid full-sib families named G1, B2, and K2. These families were composed of 280 (G1), 280 (B2), and 150 (K2) genotypes. Our aim was to avoid visual inspection of 5,710 DPCs and to identify genotypes exhibiting stable resistance. We used three parameters: the slope of the DPC, the date of appearance of the first symptoms in the tested genotypes compared with a susceptible standard, and the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC). Using an appropriate threshold for each parameter, we demonstrated that it is possible to classify the response of each genotype in one of the following categories: susceptible, non-specific resistance, specific resistance, non-specific resistance plus specific resistance (or specific resistance not overcome). Data were obtained each year from 2005 to 2007 under conditions of natural infection. According to the parameters analysed, non-specific resistance and specific resistance segregated in the families. The year effect was more than double the family effect for rAUDPC. Empirical adjustment of threshold values in a subsample of the tested genotypes led to an increase in the effectiveness of our classification method. Calculated classification enabled detection of stable genotypes in each family. The impact of the year effect differed with the family. In the G1 family, the distribution of genotypes in each category was relatively stable over the 3 years, whereas in K2, the proportion of genotypes demonstrating specific resistance alone increased, particularly in 2007. In the B2 family, the proportion of genotypes in the non-specific resistance category decreased from 40% to 15% from 2005 to 2006, and then remained stable in 2007. The heritabilities of the parameters ranged from 61% to 96% depending on the family and on the parameter concerned.     

Selection of Nontarget Testing Organisms for ERA of GM Potato with Increased Resistance to Late Blight

The deliberate release of any genetically modified (GM) organism in the European Union requires an environmental risk assessment (ERA) prior to commercialisation, including impact assessment on nontarget organisms. We report from two expert workshops where a newly developed selection procedure for identification of ecologically relevant testing organisms was applied to the case of a GM potato with increased resistance to late blight, planned for cultivation in southern Scandinavia. Species known to contribute to important ecological functions in the receiving environment were selected in a stepwise procedure, to arrive at a practical number of ecologically relevant species that are likely to be exposed to the transgene and suitable for experimental testing. Four ecological functional categories were identified: herbivory and disease transmission, natural enemies, ecological soil processes and pollination. Among these, relevant nontarget species were identified for herbivores and soil living pathogens, natural enemies and decomposers/beneficial soil organisms. Out of a total of 16 herbivores, 17 soil-living pathogens, 49 natural enemies and 14 decomposers/beneficial soil organisms in the initial lists, 8 herbivores, 10 soil-living pathogens, 15 natural enemies and 11 decomposers/beneficial soil organisms were identified as possible testing organisms, based on ecological criteria. These findings are highly relevant for determining the scope and structure of an ERA of this type of GM potato. The selection procedure could not be completed because of insufficient information about tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression levels of the transgenic products for this particular GM potato. Thus, the case study illustrates some of the difficulties and knowledge gaps that limit the relevance and quality of ERA of GM plants.