黧蒴栲半同胞家系生长性状变异规律及遗传参数估算

为探讨黧蒴栲半同胞家系生长性状遗传变异规律和估测其遗传参数,采用完全随机区组设计,对52个6年生黧蒴栲半同胞家系进行生长测定分析。结果表明：黧蒴栲家系间胸径、树高和材积生长均存在极显著差异。52个黧蒴栲半同胞家系平均胸径为8.53em,变异幅度为6.31～10.85am;平均树高为8.23m,变异幅度为5.08～10.14m;平均材积为0.02828 m^3,变异幅度为0.01099～0.05407 m^3。黧蒴栲半同胞家系胸径遗传变异系数为13.74％、广义遗传力为0.7404;树高遗传变异系数为13.74％,广义遗传力为0.7150;材积遗传变异系数为35.36％,广义遗传力为0.7539。表明黧蒴栲半同胞家系胸径、树高变异较小,受较强遗传控制,材积变异较大,也受较强遗传控制,通过一定强度的选择,能获得较高的遗传增益。     

福建柏优树家系苗期生长性状遗传变异和选择研究

从遗传力和相关性等方面分析了福建、湖南61个优树家系苗期14个生长性状的遗传变异，结果表明，除侧枝数和干鲜重2个性状遗传力较低外，其余12个性状均达较高遗传水平，家系苗期生长性状间的极显著差异主要受遗传因素制约，苗木生物量在地上和地下的空间遗传结构上具有高度的相关性。综合苗高、地径、侧根数、总鲜重、总干重5个苗期最重要的生物量指标和遗传力参数，以遗传增益超过家系平均值15％以上为标准，选出3个最优家系和5个优良家系，其苗高和地径遗传增益前者平均为30．82％和19．0l％，后者平均为26．37％和15．48％。     

大叶榉半同胞家系苗期生长遗传变异

以32个大叶榉半同胞家系为材料,比较了大叶榉不同家系的苗期生长特性,并探讨了其苗期生长的遗传变异规律。结果表明:大叶榉不同家系苗期高生长存在着极显著差异,而地径却未达显著水平,但大叶榉苗期高、地径及种子千粒重两两之间呈极显著相关;在家系水平上,大叶榉苗高遗传力达61.86%,说明其受到中等程度以上的遗传控制,能够比较稳定的遗传给后代;但其地径的广义遗传力仅为6.30%,这说明大叶榉苗期地径生长容易受环境的影响而产生变异。且苗高、地径的遗传变异系数均较小,暗示着大叶榉在家系水平上的遗传潜力较小。     

春榆优良家系的苗期选择

本文对大兴安岭地区的春榆在苗期进行了优良家系的初步选择。结果表明:家系平均遗传力为0.61;从50个供试群体中选择出5个优良家系,分别是21号、40号、2号、39号、16号家系,遗传增益为17%。     

榉树优树子代苗期及幼林期生长变异初步研究

榉树(大叶榉)43个优树子代苗期和幼林期生长测定结果表明,榉树苗期优树子代间苗高、地径、分枝数等生长性状均有极显著差异。造林2 a和4 a时,优树子代间造林保存率、树高和胸径生长差异也达显著或极显著水平,生长性状变异受中等以上遗传力控制,具有很大的遗传改良潜力。造林4 a时,以树高遗传增益大于5%和胸径遗传增益10%以及保存率90%以上为选择标准,从供试的43个榉树优树子代中初选出81,3,60,11,22号和43号等6个速生优良家系。     

马尾松种子园半同胞家系子代苗期性状遗传变异

以四川省富顺县国营林场马尾松初级种子园58个半同胞家系子代为研究对象,在四川富顺国营林场开展苗期试验,测定6月龄苗期苗高、地径和冠幅3个性状.采用方差分析、遗传力估算、相关分析等方法对测定数据进行统计分析.结果表明:马尾松家系间苗高、地径和冠幅等生长性状均达极显著差异,表明马尾松半同胞家系间存在较为丰富的变异,选育潜力较大;苗高、地径和冠幅3个性状遗传力较高,属强度遗传;苗高、地径和冠幅三个性状之间呈显著正相关,尤以苗高与地径相关密切;以苗高、地径2个主要苗期生长性状,选出6个苗期生长较快的家系.     

圆角桉第2代家系遗传变异与中期选择

为了选择遗传增益较高的圆角桉(Eucalyptus tereticornis)优良家系和优良单株,对4.4年生圆角桉第2代家系试验林进行生长性状分析与遗传评估。结果表明:参试的103个家系间D(胸径)、H(树高)、V(材积)存在极显著差异。胸径、树高、材积的家系遗传力单株遗传力,两者都在0.5水平以上,表明家系受较强度遗传控制,单株均受中等强度遗传控制。以D、H、V这3个主要生长性状构建圆角桉家系和单株选择指数方程,用一个标准差水平选择出14个圆角桉优良家系,选择强度为13.59%,入选优良家系群体的D、H、V平均遗传增益分别达30.20%、20.55%、74.51%,最优家系为Y19、Y67、Y64;用2个标准差强度水平选择出52株圆角桉优良单株,入选率为3.12%,入选单株主要分布在36个家系中,其中有50%分布在优良家系中,选择效果明显。     

青钱柳20个半同胞家系子代苗期遗传测定评价

为研究青钱柳家系的生长差异,对20个青钱柳半同胞家系的苗期生长性状进行了测定与分析。结果表明:青钱柳家系的苗期生长性状有较大差异,苗高、地径生长量变异幅度较大,存在着丰富的遗传变异,有利于家系选择;青钱柳家系的苗高、地径的遗传力分别达到0.87和0.82,属于高强度遗传,生长性状主要受本身遗传特性控制;综合考虑苗高和地径,初步选择出4个优良家系,具有良好的速生性和较好的适应性。     

火炬松家系遗传变异与优良家系选择

对19年生火炬松家系的生长性状和遗传参数进行研究分析,结果显示:胸径、树高和材积等3个主要性状在火炬松家系间的差异达极显著水平,家系的树高、胸径和单株材积均具有较高遗传力、受中等或中等以上遗传控制,说明各性状的差异主要由遗传因素所致,有较大的改良潜力。从参试的25个家系中选出5个优良家系,其平均胸径、树高、单株材积分别为22.08 cm、14.25 m、0.2660 m~3,分别比群体平均值高8.72%、11.85%、29.66%,遗传增益分别为5.77%、10.57%、22.18%。     

马尾松自由授粉家系产脂力的年度变化及遗传分析

以来自马尾松天然群体的49个高产脂优树半同胞家系子代为对象,测定6个年度产脂力.结果表明:马尾松在早期的产脂力随树龄的增长而迅速增大,13年后进入稳定期.不同家系的产脂力差异显著,但产脂力变异幅度随树龄的增长而降低.产脂力变异受中等遗传控制,其中早期遗传力较高,后期遗传力较低且稳定,家系遗传力明显高于单株遗传力.早期与成熟期的产脂力具有紧密的遗传正相关,且相关性随树龄的增长而增加.产脂力的早期选择效率随树龄的增大而提高,11年时达到0.813,是理想的早期选择时间节点.利用综合育种值法筛选到13个优良产脂家系,入选家系的年度育种值均显著高于对照,且随树龄的增大而增加.     

枫香子代性状的遗传变异分析

自 2 0世纪 40年代以来 ,世界上许多国家注重短周期工业原料林的培育 (方乐金 ,2 0 0 0 )。由于阔叶树的生产效益及产量不及针叶树 ,故许多国家在人工林发展初期 ,均把针叶树作为发展重点 ,中国亦不例外 ,如南方杉木、马尾松等一些针叶树种占总造林面积的 80 %以上 (方乐金 ,2 0 0 0 )。大规模的针叶树替代了物种丰富的天然林群落 ,导致森林生态系统失衡 ,物种多样性降低 ,森林病虫害频频发生 ,人工更新难度加大等问题日益显露。同时 ,针叶树林产品相对过剩与阔叶树林产品不足 ,严重制约了林业自身的经济效益 (方乐金 ,2 0 0 0 ;施季森等 ,1…     

Variation in seed and seedling traits among natural populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonobalanus doichangensis</Emphasis> (A. Camus) Forman (Fagaceae), a rare and endangered plant in southwest China

The extent of genetic variation in seed and seedling traits of Trigonobalanus doichangensis, a rare and endangered tree in southwest China, was evaluated at the population level. Seeds were collected from four natural populations in the south and southwest Yunnan province, China. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between populations were observed in seed length, seed weight and seedling morphological characters. The analyses revealed that none of the seed and seedling traits had significant correlations with the geo-climatic variables of the populations. Among seed and seedling traits, significant correlations (P < 0.05) were discovered among seed length, seed weight and height of 30-day-old seedlings. Significant correlation (r = 1.00, P < 0.01) occurred also between the height and root collar diameter of 4-year-old seedlings. With the exception of seed width and seed germination percentage, 51–96% of total variation in other seed and seedling related traits was attributed to population effect, as determined by the broad sense heritability. In conclusion, these observations on variation in seed and seedling traits should be a reference point, when considering seed collection of this species for ex situ conservation and species restoration.     

Provenance Variation in Seed Morphometric Traits, Germination, and Seedling Growth of Cordia africana Lam

Patterns of genetic variation in Cordia africana, a tropical timber species, were evaluated at the population level. Bulk seed samples were collected from six natural populations in Ethiopia and examined for variations in seed morphometric traits, seed germination, and seedling growth at nursery stage. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among provenances in all studied attributes except root collar diameter after 4 months of growth. The provenance effect, as determined by broad sense heritability, was 71–98% for seed morphometric traits, 80% for germination capacity, 42% for germination energy, 57–58% for seedling height and 3–13% for root collar diameter. Seed weight showed a significant positive correlation with altitude and negative correlation with mean annual temperature of seed origin. Germination energy was significantly correlated with longitude and mean annual rainfall. Seedling parameters and geo-climatic variables of seed origin were fairly correlated. A significant intercharacter correlation was found between seed length and seed weight, between root collar diameter at the age of 4 months and seed length and weight, as well as between seedling height after 4 and 8 months of growth. It can be concluded that the observed patterns of variation will have implications for genetic resources conservation and tree improvement.     

Genetic variation among and within provenances of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) in seed germination and seedling growth from selected natural populations in Malawi

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) trees have a wide variety of subsistence and economic values across sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge of the genetic variation within and between the species is essential for management and designing domestication, improvement and conservation strategies. Fifty-nine half-sib families were evaluated in the nursery to determine the genetic variation and control within and between the populations from four silvicultural zones. Seed germination and seven seedling growth parameters were assessed. Total phenotypic variance, family variance, within family variance, individual narrow sense heritability, and additive genetic coefficient of variation (AGCV) were derived from observed and expected mean squares. There were highly significant differences in seed germination, plant height, root collar diameter, number of leaves, shoot height and diameter, tuber diameter and weight. Provenance variation in germination ranged from 46.7?±?3.3 to 68.7?±?3.3% while tree-to-tree variation ranged from 6.3?±?8.6 to 95.5?±?8.6%. Coefficient of variation in seedling growth variables ranged from 18.6 to 43.6%. Individual narrow sense heritabilities (h²) ranged from 0.07 to 0.71. AGCV ranged from 3.21 to 14.67%. Morphological traits showed that mainland populations were genetically distant from the island one. High and moderate additive genetic control of traits and AGCV show the potential that Baobab can also respond well to tree improvement. High phenotypic variation found in the study offers an opportunity to effect selection of superior attributes at both provenance and individual tree-to-tree level.     

乐东拟单性木兰地理种源变异与选择研究

对乐东拟单性木兰14个种源种子、苗期以及幼林期生长性状进行了调查分析.结果表明:种子千粒质量、苗高、地径、叶长和叶宽等5个性状在种源间差异极显著;造林保存率种源间差异显著,来自北部的种源,如浙江龙泉种源保存率较高,而来自南部的海南尖峰岭种源保存率较低;幼林期4年生树高、5年生树高和胸径、6年生树高和胸径等5个主要生长性状种源间差异均达到极显著水平,其生长性状广义遗传力为0.855～0.930,说明乐东拟单性木兰幼林期主要生长性状的表型差异主要受遗传因素的控制;乐东拟单性木兰苗高和地径与纬度负相关,表明随种源纬度的升高,乐东拟单性木兰种源苗期生长有减小趋势;乐东拟单性木兰幼林期树高和胸径与经度正相关,与纬度极显著正相关.根据乐东拟单性木兰种源幼林期试验结果,选择出浙江龙泉、福建顺昌和湖南新宁3个优良种源.通过聚类分析,把乐东拟单性木兰种源初步划分为3个区:西部种源区、东部种源区和南部种源区.     

Inter- and intra-provenances variations in seed size and seedling characteristics of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss in Burkina Faso

Within- and between-provenance variations in seed and seedling traits of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss were studied at INERA in Burkina Faso. Nursery grown seedlings from four provenances in Burkina Faso were used for the study. The studies revealed significant variability in all traits evaluated. Seed length and weight significantly varied among provenances and families within provenances, where Bopiel and Koyenga had the highest mean values. Height and root collar diameter of 1 year old seedlings significantly varied among families within provenances. Except leaf biomass ratio and carbon isotope ratio which varied significantly among provenances but not among families within provenances, all other seedling biomass traits—total plant biomass, stem biomass ratio, leaf biomass ratio, root biomass ratio, root shoot ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf area ratio were significantly affected by provenances and families within provenances. The magnitude of variation due to family effect ranged from 65 to 93 % for seed size traits, and from 4.5 to 17.8 % for seedling characters. Estimates of family heritability were moderate to high (0.67–0.95) for seed traits, but low to moderate (0.19–0.59) for seedling characters, indicating that much of the total variation in seed traits is due to the genetic effect. The two most prominent provenances, Koyenga and Bopiel, with higher seed size and greater seedling growth could be considered for an eventual K. senegalensis improvement program in Burkina Faso.     

美洲黑杨无性系的苗期生长比较

从美国田纳西州、路易斯安那州引进599个无性系,通过3年苗期试验,对苗期生长表现较好的13个无性系进行生长量测定,结果表明：一根一干苗各无性系之间地径生长存在显著性差异,二根一干苗和三根一干苗各无性系之间地径生长存在着极显著性差异;苗高生长在各无性系之间均存在着极显著性差异;参试无性系的地径、苗高表型变异系数分别为12.638%和5.570%,广义遗传力分别为0.835和0.860,遗传变异系数分别为11.562%和5.150%。说明各性状遗传潜力较大,存在着广泛的遗传变异,具有获得较大遗传增益选择的潜力。     

Ecophysiological and genetic variation in seedling traits and in first-year field performance of eight <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia senegal</Emphasis> provenances in the Blue Nile,Sudan

The genetic variation in seed weight, seed number per kg and seedling traits was compared among eight Acacia senegal provenances originating from the clay plain (east) and sand plains (west) of the gum belt in Sudan. The main objective of this study was to identify germplasm sources of A. senegal that have a good seed germination capacity and seedling traits suitable for reforestation in the clay-soil part of the dryland gum belt in the Blue Nile region in Sudan. A specific objective was to tentatively explore the adaptive strategy of A. senegal populations. Seventeen-week-old seedlings were planted in the field at spacing of 3 m × 3 m, giving 100 trees per plot and replication; within a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental site was in the clay plain region. Seed variables showed significant differences. Clay plain provenances showed considerable variation in seed weight and seed number. They had the smallest seed weight but the highest seed number, while the sand (western) provenances had the largest seed weight but lowest seed number. Seedling branch number, root length, root to shoot ratio and shoot dry weight differed significantly among the provenances 12 weeks after germination. Clay provenances had the highest branch number and shoot dry weight but the shortest roots and lowest root to shoot ratio. This was interpreted as showing better adaptation to the site in these local provenances in comparison to those originating from the western sandy soil regions. High positive correlations were observed between seedling variables, such as root nodule and branch numbers; this could be used for early selection. The variation was greater between provenance groups than within them, suggesting that especially selection among groups would yield genetic gain.     

5年生南方红豆杉生长和分枝性状家系变异与选择

[目的]对5年生南方红豆杉优树家系进行全林测定,以揭示其生长和分枝性状家系遗传变异规律,为不同区域和立地筛选出速生优质和遗传稳定的家系。[方法]利用2014年设置在浙江淳安、江西分宜和福建明溪3个地点的5年生南方红豆杉优树家系测定林,分析其家系遗传变异规律及家系与地点的互作,初选出一批速生优质家系。浙江淳安、江西分宜和福建明溪3个地点参试的家系数分别为55、39和32个,浙江淳安和江西分宜、浙江淳安和福建明溪及江西分宜和福建明溪的共有家系数分别为38、14和12个,3个试验点的共有家系为11个。[结果]5年生南方红豆杉生长和分枝性状在家系间的差异均达到极显著水平,树高和一级分枝数这2个性状的家系X地点互作效应明显,其它性状的家系与立地互作效应则较小。南方红豆杉家系各生长性状间,以及生长性状与一级分枝数和最大分枝粗等均呈极显著的正相关。5年生南方红豆杉家系遗传力估算值总体较高,与家系遗传力比较,其单株遗传力估算值稍低。以树高为选择标准并兼顾分枝性状,在3个试验点共初选出10个优良家系。[结论]5年生南方红豆杉家系间,各生长与分枝性状具有丰富的遗传差异,南方红豆杉家系遗传力普遍较高,受较强遗传控制。树高和地径生长突出的家系,分枝多且粗、枝叶茂密、冠幅宽。树高和一级分枝数是两个对立地条件较敏感的性状,其家系X地点互作效应极显著,立地对其影响较大,其中,SY10家系在多个地点皆表现较好且稳定。     

Genetic variation in seed and seedling traits of six <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haloxylon ammodendron</Emphasis> shrub provenances in desert areas of China

China is one of the countries most severely affected by desertification. Haloxylon ammodendron is an ecologically important component of the desert ecosystem and is one of the main shrub species used for ecological restoration. We compared the genetic variation in seed and seedling traits among six H. ammodendron provenances arrayed from east to west in China. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in well-prepared seedling beds (lines 1.5 m apart and seeds with in lines 1.0 m apart, 2.0 cm deep) with five lines (seven seeds per line) per provenance in a randomized block design with six replicates. The seed traits of fruit wing length, kernel weight, germination rate, and survival rate were compared, as were the seedling traits of internode length, branch number, assimilation shoot diameter, height, collar diameter, new shoot length, main root number, main root length, aboveground fresh weight, and underground fresh weight. Moreover, correlations between each seed and seedling trait and climate and geographical factors were assessed. The results show that the seeds from Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia had the best performance. Germination rate and survival rate were significantly positively correlated with longitude; and fruit wing length, kernel weight, seedling height, and new shoot length were significantly negatively correlated with latitude. Fruit wing length was significantly correlated with altitude. Among the climatic factors, the temperature in January had a strong direct effect on fruit wing length, germination rate, seedling height, and new shoot length. The mean annual rainfall had a strong direct effect on collar diameter. Humidity had a strong direct effect on survival rate. Seedling height, aboveground weight, and collar diameter could be important criteria for early provenance selection in the seedling stage. This study provides a reference for the selection of high-quality H. ammodendron seeds for drylands of northwest China.