冰雪灾害对杨东山十二度水自然保护区栲类林建群种的影响

以广东乐昌十二度水省级自然保护区内严重受损天然林为对象,研究冰雪灾害对该区域天然次生林建群种的影响.结果表明:1)该区森林建群种以甜槠、南岭栲、小红栲、雷公青冈、冬青、虎皮楠和交让木为主,具有典型的地带性植被分布;2)灾害对冬青损害最轻,虎皮楠损害最重,南岭栲、甜槠、小红栲、雷公青冈等栲类种和交让木损害居中;3)建群种各受损类型中胸径1.0～5.0 cm以倒伏、压弯和正常类型最多,5.1～10 cm以断干和翻蔸类型最多,15.0 cm以上以断梢最多,10.0～15.0 cm在各受损类型受损最低;4)海拔和坡度对不同的建群种受损程度影响不同,但在一定的范围内地形因子对林木严重受损率无影响.     

冰冻雪压对杉木人工林近成熟林分危害调查

以受冰冻雪灾较为严莺的江西省大岗山林区杉木近成熟林分为研究对象,探讨杉木林分结构和立地条件与杉木受损类型及灾害发生程度的关系,得到几点主要结论:1)冰冻雪压造成大岗山林区杉木受害株数比例达66.84%,受灾相当严重,杉木林分受害类型可分为弯梢、断梢、斜干、断干、倒地及翻蔸等6种,其中断干和断梢为最主要的2种受害类型.2)杉木林分结构对冰冻雪压危害具有明显的调节作用,灾害主要发生于径阶相对较小的林木,林分内径阶越大的林木其受害程度明显越轻;林分密度与受害强度具极显著正相关,密度越高,林分受损株数愈多,且密度主要影响断干、翻蔸这2种不可逆的受损类型,合理的密度调控至关重要.3)杉木林分的立地条件与受害程度紧密相关,高海拔、高坡位、陡坡处的林分更易受到冰冻雪压的危害,较高的立地指数有利于杉木在遭受冰冻雪压灾害时减轻损失.     

大强度抚育对油松人工林天然更新的影响

以油松人工林为研究对象,在大强度抚育条件下,通过林分层次结构、各层次林木胸径结构、树高结构及其林木分布格局等指标研究林下天然更新状况,结果表明:油松人工林在22a、32a时分别进行株数强度50%和40%的下层抚育,后经20a天然更新(林分年龄52a),林分形成明显层次结构,分为主林层、演替层及更新层,整个林分林木胸径、树高结构均呈多峰分布,其中主林层、演替层林木胸径和树高结构均呈单峰山状分布,更新层林木胸径和树高结构呈多峰分布,各林层平均胸径分别为23.2cm、12.6cm和3.1cm,平均树高分别为18.4m、14.5m和2.8m,而对照标准地胸径、树高结构均呈单峰分布,平均胸径、树高分别为18.6cm及17.9m;主林层、演替层各层林木空间分布呈均匀分布,密度分别为840株/hm~2和1 125株/hm~2,更新层林木空间分布呈聚集分布,密度为675株/hm~2,对照样地林木空间分布偏向均匀分布,密度为1 605株/hm~2。     

雨雪冰冻灾害对仙居县林木的危害情况调查

2008年3～4月,在仙居县4个乡镇2个国有林场设置了44块标准地对林木受雨雪冰冻灾害情况进行调查,结果认为：在海拔500m以上,雨雪冰冻造成林木腰折、翻蔸与海拔高程无显著相关,杉类、松类、阔叶类各树种间出现腰折、翻蔸有显著差异;腰折、翻蔸木胸高断面积损失率为松木〉阔叶树〉杉木,断梢木胸高断面积受害率为杉木〉阔叶树〉松木,折枝木胸高断面积受害率为阔叶树〉松木〉杉木,正常林木胸高断面积保存率为杉木〉松木及阔叶树．土层浅薄处林木多出现翻蔸,土层深厚处林木多出现腰折．雨雪冰冻对不同坡向、坡位的林木危害无显著差异,但由于微地形条件,不同地块的林木受害程度差异较大．     

秦岭宁东林区华北落叶松和华山松人工林雨淞雪害情况调查

省宁东林业局平和梁华北落叶松和华山松人工林,1985年10月16日至19日因受雨淞和降雪危害,林木发生断梢、断干、倒伏,损失严重,总面积达2579.35亩,直接经济损失约达105624.38元。1985年12月18日对其受害情况进行了调查,现将调查情况汇总如下。一、调查方法采用10×10米的样方进行调查。每个样方要求有充分的代表性,调查时分正常、断梢(近两年生梢以上折断者)、断干(近两年生梢以下折断者)和倒伏四种情况进行每木检尺登记;并在每个样方内或样方附近的林分中测定未受害的生长正常林木的树高,每个径阶测3～5株,以求其林分平均高。二、调查结果经调查,在平和梁北坡海拔1970米以上南坡海拔2030米以上的林木,除云、冷杉外均     

香樟生长效果分析与评价

通过对8年生香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)生长效果进行的分析与评价,结果表明:不同造林方式下香樟树保存率存在差异,纯林造林保存率较高,达90.10%;混交造林保存率较低,带状混交、块状混交保存率仅为74.48%、73.96%。带状混交造林生长最好,平均树高达7.74 m、平均胸径达9.43 cm,生长效果从高到低为带状混交造林>块状混交造林>带状纯林,带状混交造林与块状混交造林、带状纯林造林在树高、胸径生长水平上均也存在着极显著的差异,带状纯林造林和块状混交造林间不存在显著差异。8年生香樟树生长径阶呈正态分布,胸径处于5.0～6.9 cm株数分布最多,占调查样地总数的33.86%,径阶分布区为5.0～10.9 cm,占样地调查总株数的78.48%,胸径分布小于5.0 cm和胸径处于11 cm以上均占总数的10.76%。     

毛竹冰冻雪灾后恢复技术

调查了广西毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocyclavar.pubescens)主要产区冰冻灾害的基本情况,发现毛竹受灾后表现出压弯、折断、破篾、倒伏、翻蔸等形态,灾害程度依次加重。针对不同程度的受灾竹林,提出了毛竹林灾后恢复技术措施,主要有及时清理翻蔸竹、适时砍伐折断竹、破篾竹、保留压弯竹;严禁采挖冬笋、春笋;加强出笋前后施肥;适度钩梢;清除病竹等。     

望天树人工林林木个体前期生长节律的研究

依据20年生望天树人工林林木的生长调查及平均木的树干解析材料,分析了其林木个体的胸径、树高和材积的生长过程和规律,结果表明:在其人工林中望天树林木的前期生长迅速,20年生时林木个体的带皮胸径、树高和带皮材积分别达到19.4 cm,19.8 m和0.298 m3。其相应的年均生长量分别达到0.97 cm、0.99 m和0.0149 m3;望天树林木个体的胸径、树高和材积生长在6年生前较为缓慢,至14年生左右达到高峰,此后呈下降的趋势。依此,建立了望天树人工林林木个体的胸径、树高、材积生长模型。     

杉木与红豆树混交造林技术试验

杉木与红豆树纯林、混交造林试验,采用不同造林密度,林木生长经过8年的经营管理,通过调查可知:8年生的杉木与红豆树纯林林木生长量分别平均树高为6.7m、5.6m,胸径粗为7.1cm、6.0cm,树冠大为4.2m、4.6m,郁闭大为0.7、0.8.8年生的杉木与红豆树混交林林木生长量分别平均树高为7.5m、6.3m,胸径为7.8cm、6.6cm,树冠为4.5m、4.8m,郁闭度为0.9.杉木与红豆树混交林比纯林的平均分别树高大10.4%、3.2%,胸径粗1.2%、20%,树冠大11.9%、2.2%,郁闭度大28.5%、12.5%.     

中山陵景区秃杉优良种源引种试验

在南京中山陵景区风景林内引种秃杉表明,贵州雷山种源适应性较强,生长较好,在极端干旱气候下较耐旱,是适宜引种的优良种源.用2 a生容器苗在遭受病虫害危害的疏林内采用阔叶林+秃杉、松林+秃杉配置异龄复层混交,在上层林冠庇护下,能正常生长发育.幼树树高年生长呈"M"双峰型,5～7月速生,6月、9月呈现峰值.全年生长集中在5～7月.7 a生可形成平均树高3.14～4.99 m,胸径3.7～5.0 cm的复层林.下层秃杉11 a生林冠高5.68～6.83 m,胸径达6.5～9.3 cm;14 a生林分平均树高达7.4 m,胸径9.1 cm;15 a生林分平均树高达9.45 m,胸径11.6 cm,保存率一般在95%以上,达到了风景林增绿、增层的林相改造效果.引种雷山秃杉优良种源,需选山洼、山谷、土厚深厚、质地疏松的优良立地,采用杂阔+秃杉,阔叶树+秃杉配置异龄复层混交栽培.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.