辽宁省水稻品种品质性状多样性及核心样本构建

以170份辽宁省审定水稻品种资源的12个品质性状为基础数据,分析其多样性水平,构建核心样本群体,并通过平均性状极差符合率(CR)、变异系数变化率(VR)、多样性指数率(H)3个参数对核心样本群体进行评价。结果表明,170份水稻品种12个品质性状变异系数在1.18%～100%,多样性指数在0.693～2.097。构建由42份水稻品种构成的核心样本群体,其平均性状极差符合率、变异系数变化率、多样性指数率分别为86.04%、109.31%、100.75%,可以较好的代表全部种质的表型多样性。同时对核心样本群体主坐标及方差分析表明,42个核心样本形成5个品质性状有明显差异的性状类群,为核心样本利用指明了方向。     

辽宁省水稻品种品质性状多样性及相关性分析

为了解辽宁省水稻品种品质性状现状,对近年来审定的142份水稻品种进行品质性状分析。结果表明,12个品质性状中垩白性状、透明度的变异程度较大,直链淀粉、糙米率、精米率、蛋白质、胶稠度、粒长多样性较高。在12个品质性状中加工因子、粒型因子、垩白因子、理化因子、透明因子是影响辽宁省水稻品种品质性状综合表现的主要因子,也是品种群体类型划分的主要依据。相关分析表明,12个品质性状间存在着或正向、或负向的显著、极显著相关,并构建2个综合选择指数模型。     

辽宁省不同熟期粳稻品种品质性状的比较分析

以辽宁省近年来育成的不同熟期品种为材料,对辽宁省不同熟期品种群体品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,不同熟期品种群体均应把外观品质做为做为改良的重点。中早熟群、晚熟群体还应提高其蒸煮品质,中晚熟群体还应提高其碾磨品质。同时,品种品质性状综合改良也是今后需要特别关注的方面。     

2011-2015年辽宁省审定水稻品种米质分析

对辽宁省2011-2015年审定通过的84个水稻品种的12个主要品质性状进行了统计分析.结果表明,辽宁省水稻品质育种取得较大进展,现已达到较高水平;垩白度、垩白粒率、透明度在不同水稻品种间存在明显差异;晚熟品种整体品质优于其他熟组品种.     

盘锦地区稻米品质与灌浆期光合速率相关性研究

以2010年辽宁省盐碱地研究所试验点省区试中晚熟组部分水稻品种为试材,测定稻米品质及水稻群体光合速率,结果表明：水稻品种间稻米品质及群体光合速率均存在差异,齐穗后14 d左右时水稻群体光合速率与稻米的垩白粒率、垩白度呈显著或极显著正相关。     

辽宁省水稻品种外观品质性状分析

以近年来辽宁省审定的77个水稻品种为试材,对辽宁省水稻品种外观品质性状进行了分析。结果显示,辽宁省水稻品种间外观品质性状差异较大,垩白粒率、垩白度变异幅度最大。垩白、粒形、透明是影响稻米外观品质的主要因子。性状间只有粒长与籽粒长宽比、垩白粒率与垩白度、粒长与透明度相关达到极显著或显著水平。中等粒长品种垩白性状和透明程式度较好,为品种外观品质改良和田间选择提供了依据。同时,探讨了在水稻品质改良中种质资源利用问题。     

辽宁省稻米蒸煮品质性状研究

以近年来辽宁省审定的61个水稻品种为试材,对辽宁省水稻品种蒸煮品质性状的现状及性状间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:辽宁省水稻品种间蒸煮品质性状差异较大,碱消值、直链淀粉含量优质率较高,直链淀粉含量与胶稠度存在着显著正相关。高直链淀粉含量的品种易出现较低级别的碱消值,中、低直链淀粉含量的品种则易出现较高级别的碱消值,这可作为间接选择的依据。辽宁省稻米蒸煮品质改良的重点应放在选择中、低直链淀含量的品种,并协调直链淀粉含量与胶稠度之间的关系。     

辽宁省中晚熟水稻新品系品质性状的研究

以辽宁省中晚熟水稻新品系为试验材料,以辽粳9号为对照,对辽宁省中晚熟水稻新品系的主要品质性状进行了研究。结果表明:加工品质中辽宁省中晚熟水稻新品系的糙米率、精米率和整精米率都低于对照,互相之间呈极显著正相关;外观品质中新品系的粒长、长宽比、垩白粒率和垩白度都高于对照;蒸煮食味品质和营养品质中新品系的碱消值和胶稠度低于对照,直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量高于对照,直链淀粉含量与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。     

辽宁省稻米品质性状的现状及相关性分析

以近年来辽宁省审定的61个水稻品种为试材,对品质性状的现状及性状间的相关进行了分析。结果显示,辽宁省水稻品种间品质性状差异较大,主要体现在外观、营养、蒸煮品质的部分性状上,加工品质性状制约了品质性状的进一步提升。在性状的关系上,外观品质与蒸煮品质优质性状结合能力较强,透明度与垩白粒率优良性状的结合能力相对好。在全部品质性状中精米率、整精米率、粒长、籽粒长宽比、垩白粒率、垩白度、透明度、直链淀粉、碱消值是影响稻米品质表现的主要性状,在部分品质性状间存在着显著或极显著相关,为品质性状的间接选择提供了依据。     

浅谈吉林省新育成水稻品种(系)米质分析现状

选取吉林省2007年～2011年新育成并参加省区域试验的611个品种(系)的米质分析,结果表明:晚熟品种的米质状况最好,中熟和中晚熟品种的品质相对较差。在品质性状上,糙米率、透明度、直链淀粉含量有92%以上品种能够达到国家一、二级标准,但是垩白粒率、垩白度、整精米率是制约吉林省水稻稻米品质达到国家一、二级标准的主要因素。     

日本水稻品种试验鉴定与利用评价

引进12个日本常规水稻品种,在郯城县稻麦原种场试验田种植,观测其主要农艺性状、经济性状及米质、抗性的表现,并实测产量。结果表明:所有品种熟期偏早,米质较优,抗性较强,但产量偏低,是较好的优质抗病亲本材料,可利用其优良特性,改良当地水稻品种,选育出高产、稳产、优质水稻新品种。     

云南地方稻种的多样性及优异种质研究

 以5285余份云南地方稻种资源为研究对象进行云南地方稻种的多样性及优异种质研究。结果表明：（1）云南是中国稻种最大的遗传和生态多样性中心及其天然宝库，不仅性状间多样性存在较大差异，更重要的是地州间的多样性差异也十分明显，云南稻种资源的多样性大致可划分为多样性中心区、多样性扩散区和多样性贫乏区。（2）云南是中国稻种优异种质的富集中心, 云南地方稻种是开展中国稻种资源核心种质研究的最佳材料。（3）以云南地方稻种为研究对象开展云南稻种核心种质库的构建工作，不仅可以构建理想的核心种质库，而且可以明确核心种质的系统发生规律和建立优异核心种质动态基因库     

Development of a Potato Cultivar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.) Core Collection,a Valuable Tool to Prospect Genetic Variation for Novel Traits

This study presents the development of a core collection capturing the genetic diversity of a collection of 350 tetraploid cultivated potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.). The core collection was established by using simple sequence repeats (SSR) data and the M strategy, which aims at maximizing the allelic diversity. A 48-core collection was defined which captured 99.5% of the SSR alleles used to establish it, and 96.9% of the SSR alleles which belonged to an independent set of markers. The defined core collection was further validated by analysing 35 agro-morphological traits. The class coverage value and the estimates of the Shannon-Weaver diversity index indicated a good representation of the phenotypic diversity in the core collection. Furthermore, the core set included accessions having the most desirable status for several agronomic traits. A linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, using data obtained with the SolCAP SNP array on the defined core collection, was performed. The population structure analysis showed that the core collection did not present a clear genetic structure. The linkage disequilibrium analysis carried out between markers located on the same pseudomolecule within 10,000 bp concluded that 41.3% of these pairs of SNP markers have a significant LD. We conclude that this core collection, representative of the genetic diversity of cultivated potato varieties, is a relevant tool for a first screening for genetic variation regarding novel traits of interest.     

335份旱稻核心样品的构建

通过方差分析和多重比较,评价了36种预选核心样品的遗传多样性,筛选出最适于本研究的核心样品构建方法,即25％总体取样量一多样性取样比例一组内聚类取样。并依据此方案构建了总数为84的旱稻核心样品。经2a重复实验,从多样性指数、质量性状、数量性状和群体结构四个方面所选核心样品的代表性进行评价和补充,最终形成总数为86的旱稻核心样品,该核心样品很好地代表了原始群体的质量性状及数量性状变异。为进一步将旱稻资源应用于水稻抗性改良和抗早稻育种打下良好的基础。     

利用基因型值构建水稻核心种质的方法研究

以992份水稻品种为材料,通过13个性状的测定和评价,进行水稻核心种质的构建方法研究。采用调整无偏预测法（AUP）无偏预测水稻性状的基因型值,用基因型值计算不同遗传材料间的马氏距离,分别用3种聚类方法(最长距离法、不加权类平均以及离差平方和)结合随机取样法、优先取样和变异度取样3种抽样方法构建出9个不同的水稻核心种质。水稻核心种质和原种质资源群体的方差差异百分率、均值差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率的比较结果表明,采用不加权类平均法进行多次聚类、结合变异度取样的方法可以较好地构建出水稻核心种质。基于基因型值构建的水稻核心种质比利用表现型值构建的核心种质更能代表原种质资源群体的遗传多样性。     

哈尔滨地区不同熟期水稻产量及主要性状变化规律

针对哈尔滨地区种植的不同熟期、不同穗型的水稻品种进行生育期调查和植株测定。结果表明:黑龙江省水稻品种(系)生育期越晚穗粒数越多,在哈尔滨地区种植水稻随着生育期增加产量呈先增后减的趋势,生育期在9月15日左右成熟,即8月2日左右抽穗的水稻产量最高。     

水稻粒宽基因GS5的功能标记开发和单倍型鉴定

水稻粒宽是影响籽粒粒形的重要因素之一,也是一个与水稻产量和稻米品质密切相关的重要性状。在基因GS5序列分析的基础上,对该基因第2外显子的ACC/CTA和第9外显子A/C的两个变异位点分别开发了功能标记,并将其用于294份水稻微核心种质和2007-2013年江苏省审定的65份粳稻品种的基因型鉴定。研究结果表明,这两个变异位点的等位变异在水稻籽粒的粒长、粒宽和长宽比性状上存在显著或极显著的差异;其在水稻微核心种质中组成的4种单倍型在水稻籼亚种的粒宽、粒厚和长宽比性状上存在极显著的差异,在粳亚种的粒宽和长宽比性状上存在极显著的差异;而江苏省审定的粳稻品种中仅发现Hap1和Hap2两种单倍型,其分别有64个和1个代表性品种。这些研究结果为水稻产量和稻米品质育种中充分利用GS5的优异等位基因或单倍型奠定了基础。     

Agronomic characteristics, grain quality and flour rheology of 372 bread wheats in a worldwide core collection

A core collection of 372 accessions representative of worldwide hexaploid bread wheat diversity [Balfourier, F., Roussel, V., Strelchenko, P., Exbrayat-Vinson, F., Sourdille, P., Boutet, G., Koenig, J., Ravel, C., Mitrofanova, O., Beckert, M., Charmet, G., 2007. A worldwide bread wheat core collection arrayed in a 384-well plate. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114, 1265–1275] was used to evaluate the available genetic diversity of agronomic and quality characteristics. The traits assessed during the vegetative period were date of ear-emergence, date of flowering, lodging, disease susceptibility and pre-harvest sprouting. Thousand kernel weight, test weight, grain hardness, grain protein content, pentosan viscosity and grain colour were also measured. The rheological properties of the derived white flours were estimated using mixograph and alveograph tests. For most of the traits, a wide phenotypic variation was observed across all the accessions. Several parameters (mixograph width parameters before and after peak time, alveograph dough tenacity and extensibility, near infrared measurements, like those for protein content, and absorbance measurements of palmitic acid and linoleic acid content) made it easier to discriminate between the cultivars. The largest ranges of variation were found in landraces and old cultivars rather than in more recent varieties. This is evidence that there is sufficient variability available for rare alleles, which have been eliminated in breeding modern varieties to be detected. Such a core collection will therefore be a useful resource for future genetic studies on wheat quality.     

Agronomic characteristics,grain quality and flour rheology of 372 bread wheats in a worldwide core collection

A core collection of 372 accessions representative of worldwide hexaploid bread wheat diversity [Balfourier, F., Roussel, V., Strelchenko, P., Exbrayat-Vinson, F., Sourdille, P., Boutet, G., Koenig, J., Ravel, C., Mitrofanova, O., Beckert, M., Charmet, G., 2007. A worldwide bread wheat core collection arrayed in a 384-well plate. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114, 1265–1275] was used to evaluate the available genetic diversity of agronomic and quality characteristics. The traits assessed during the vegetative period were date of ear-emergence, date of flowering, lodging, disease susceptibility and pre-harvest sprouting. Thousand kernel weight, test weight, grain hardness, grain protein content, pentosan viscosity and grain colour were also measured. The rheological properties of the derived white flours were estimated using mixograph and alveograph tests. For most of the traits, a wide phenotypic variation was observed across all the accessions. Several parameters (mixograph width parameters before and after peak time, alveograph dough tenacity and extensibility, near infrared measurements, like those for protein content, and absorbance measurements of palmitic acid and linoleic acid content) made it easier to discriminate between the cultivars. The largest ranges of variation were found in landraces and old cultivars rather than in more recent varieties. This is evidence that there is sufficient variability available for rare alleles, which have been eliminated in breeding modern varieties to be detected. Such a core collection will therefore be a useful resource for future genetic studies on wheat quality.