雌性骆驼生殖组织β-防御素-1基因的克隆及其组织表达量的检测

从雌性骆驼输卵管、子宫、子宫颈、阴道组织中提取总RNA，根据已发表的骆驼β-防御素-1基因的cDNA序列设计合成引物，采用RT—PCR扩增出了骆驼β-防御素-1基因；将扩增产物克隆于pBlueselect T载体后进行了序列分析。以伊肌动蛋白（pactin）基因作为内参，对扩增的β-防御素-1基因进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳后，应用凝胶成像分析系统，推断出了不同组织中β-防御素-1基因的表达量。结果，从雌性骆驼生殖各组织上皮均获得了203bp的β-防御素-1基因的扩增片段，且β-防御素-1基因在雌性骆驼生殖道各组织内的表达量不同。结果表明，β-防御素-1在雌性骆驼生殖组织的先天免疫中起重要作用。     

蒙古绵羊雌性生殖道β-防御素(sBD-1)的序列分析及组织表达

从蒙古绵羊输卵管、子宫、子宫颈、阴道组织中提取总RNA,根据GenBank中羊的β-防御素的cDNA序列设计合成引物,通过RT-PCR进行cDNA扩增,获得了301bp的片段。将该片段克隆于pMD-18T载体后进行序列分析,确认该PCR产物为β-防御素。通过相同的RT-PCR反应体系和条件后,对PCR产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以β-actin为参照,根据PCR产物的亮度推断不同组织中β-防御素的表达量。结果,蒙古绵羊雌性生殖道上皮各组织均有β-防御素表达,说明β-防御素在蒙古绵羊雌性生殖道的先天免疫中起重要作用。β-防御素的表达量在雌性生殖道各组织内不同,提示雌性生殖道各组织的防御功能强度不同。     

绵羊妊娠期生殖组织VEGF基因的克隆及其组织表达量的检测

从雌性绵羊妊娠期不同阶段的输卵管、子宫内膜、黄体组织中提取总RNA,根据已经发表的绵羊的Flt-Ⅰ基因的cDNA序列设计合成引物,采用RT-PCR扩增出绵羊VEGF基因;将扩增产物克隆于裁体后进行序列分析,以基因为内参,对扩增的VEGF基因进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳后,应用,推断出不同组织中Flt-Ⅰ基因的表达量.结果表明:从雌性绵羊妊娠期不同阶段生殖道各组织上皮均获得82 bp的VEGF基因的扩增片段,且VEGF基因在雌性绵羊生殖道各组织内的表达量不同.说明VEGF基因对绵羊的妊娠维持起着重要的作用.     

绵羊妊娠期生殖组织Flt-1基因的克隆及其组织表达量的检测

试验从雌性绵羊妊娠期不同阶段的输卵管、子宫内膜、卵泡组织中提取总RNA,根据已发表的绵羊Flt-1基因的cDNA序列设计引物,以β-Actin基因为内参,采用RT-PCR扩增绵羊Flt-1基因,将扩增产物克隆于载体后进行序列分析,并应用Kodak Science 1 D、Bandscan图像分析软件,推断出不同组织中Flt-1基因的表达量。结果表明,从雌性绵羊妊娠期不同阶段生殖道各组织上皮均获得82 bp的Flt-1基因的扩增片段,且Flt-1基因在雌性绵羊生殖道各组织内的表达量不同。说明Flt-1基因对绵羊的妊娠维持起着重要的作用。     

乳酸脱氢酶-C4基因mRNA在绵羊睾丸和降睾中的表达研究

实验检测3乳酸脱氢酶-C4基因mRNA在绵羊睾丸和附睾中的表达情况。提取绵羊睾丸组织、附睾头、体、尾部组织总RNA，以此为模板，逆转录合成cDNA，自行设计引物，PCR扩增出347bp的目的DNA。然后，将目的片段克隆入T载体，通过菌液PCR和重组质粒酶切，鉴定重组质粒中的目的DNA。再经序列分析鉴定目的片段。同时，以β-actin为内参照物，进行RT—PCR半定量分析，比较在睾丸、附睾头、体、尾部组织中的表达量。结果表明：乳酸脱氢酶-C4在绵羊睾丸中表达量最多，尾部中表达不明显。     

蒙古绵羊β-防御素基因相对表达水平实时定量PCR方法的建立

为了利用SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR技术对蒙古绵羊雌性生殖道β-防御素基因表达水平进行相对定量测定,建立蒙古绵羊β-防御素基因相对表达水平的实时荧光定量PCR方法,试验根据GenBank中羊β-防御素基因序列设计合成引物,进行实时荧光定量PCR,同时以β-Actin为内参基因对β-防御素基因进行均一化处理,利用荧光阈值(Ct值)计算β-防御素基因的相对表达量.结果表明:扩增产物为β-防御素;利用SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR技术可以测定蒙古绵羊β-防御素基因表达水平相对含量.     

雏鸡肠组织β1基因的鉴定及时空表达特性

设计1对引物,建立RT—PCR方法对β1基因mRNA进行鉴定;以GAPDH基因为内参,建立检测鸡β1基因表达水平的sYBRGreenI实时荧光定量PCR方法,并用此方法测定1～20日龄雏鸡不同肠段组织81基因表达水平。结果显示,从鸡肠组织成功鉴定出β1基因mRNA;检测内参基因GAPDH和目的基因β1的实时荧光定量PCR方法扩增效率一致（扩增曲线斜率差〈0．1）,满足使用比较Ct值法对B1基因mRNA进行相对定量分析的前提;扩增曲线、熔解曲线及凝胶电泳结果提示该方法特异性好。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,1日龄雏鸡十二指肠和盲肠、10日龄雏鸡空肠和直肠、5日龄雏鸡回肠组织中β1基因相对表达量最高。结果表明,鸡肠组织中存在β1基因表达,并在不同日龄不同肠段表达水平存在差异。     

妊娠期绵羊子宫内膜Fit-1基因表达的RT—PCR检测

以β-actin基因作为内源性内标，采用RT—PCR方法检测了Flt-1基因mRNA在东北细毛羊、小尾寒羊妊娠期不同阶段子宫内膜中的表达量。结果显示，绵羊妊娠期在不同阶段的子宫内膜中Flt-1mRNA均强烈表达，且随着妊娠期的延长，Flt—1mRNA的表达量有逐渐增强的趋势（P〈0．05）；在相同的妊娠阶段小尾寒羊子宫内膜中的Flt-1mRNA表达量显著地高于东北细毛羊的Flt-1mRNA表达量（P〈0．05）。     

FMR1基因在小尾寒羊卵泡期和黄体期组织中的差异表达分析

为了探索绵羊脆性X智力障碍1(Fragile X Mental Retardation 1,FMR1)基因组织表达及其与母羊发情调控之间的关系,选择卵泡期和黄体期小尾寒羊各3只,采用半定量RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR技术对该基因在各组织表达及在繁殖相关组织表达量进行分析。结果表明:FMR1基因在卵泡期小尾寒羊18个组织中均有表达,其中在大脑、小脑、卵巢(左、右)、输卵管、子宫体、子宫角中高表达,在其他各组织呈中等或低丰度表达;FMR1基因在输卵管和子宫体两个组织中卵泡期的表达量显著高于黄体期(P0.05),在垂体的表达量最高。综上可知,FMR1基因在小尾寒羊卵泡期和黄体期表达差异大,可能调控卵泡期到黄体期的发情状态转换,与小尾寒羊的发情调控相关。     

间隙连接蛋白Cx43和Cx45在体外受精绵羊早期胚胎中的表达

为了研究间隙连接蛋白Cx43和Cx45在体外受精绵羊胚胎早期发育过程各阶段的表达情况，利用RT—PCR扩增得到绵羊。Cx43（43ku）及Cx45（45ku）基因的mRNA，并进行序列测定。收集绵羊未成熟和成熟卵母细胞以及体外受精早期胚胎各发育阶段的卵裂球细胞，通过RT—PCR半定量检测Cx43和Cx45基因的mRNA表达量；通过免疫组织化学方法结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜检测Cx43和Cx45蛋白在绵羊体外受精的早期胚胎发育过程中的表达情况及表达区域。结果表明，在绵羊卵母细胞成熟过程以及早期胚胎发育的各个时期，Cx43及Cx45在mRNA水平和蛋白水平均有表达；Cx43、Cx45蛋白主要分布在细胞膜表面，在细胞质和细胞核中表达微弱。研究结果为进一步探索Cx43和Cx45在绵羊早期胚胎发育过程中的作用提供了试验数据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.