黄淮南片麦区主栽小麦品种对赤霉病抗性分析

为明确黄淮南片麦区主栽小麦品种对赤霉病的抗性水平。采用人工接种鉴定的方法对黄淮南片的河南、安徽、陕西和江苏四省的65份主栽小麦品种进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,经土表接种抗侵染型鉴定,中抗品种有‘徐农0029’、‘西农511’和‘保麦6号’,中感品种有‘徐麦31’、‘瑞华520’和‘西农3517’等18份,高感品种44份;经单花滴注接种抗扩展型鉴定,中抗品种为‘西农511’,中感品种有‘烟5158’、‘西农889’、‘西农2000’等14份,高感品种50份。由此可见,黄淮南片麦区主栽小麦品种对赤霉病抗性普遍较差,建议根据各地赤霉病发生程度,选择适宜抗性指标,结合现代育种技术,逐步提高主栽小麦品种的抗性水平。     

21份小麦审定品种条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病抗性跟踪鉴定

2017年,采用人工接菌诱发的方法和自然发病调查,对四川省在2011—2013年审定的21份小麦品种进行了小麦条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病抗性跟踪鉴定试验。结果表明,绵杂麦638、中科麦138、宜麦9号、川麦66、中科麦47、南麦991和内麦366对条锈病的抗性丧失,表现为中感或者高感条锈病,占全部供试品种的33.3%;有14份品种仍然高抗或者中抗条锈病。在抗条锈病的品种当中,同时抗白粉病和耐赤霉病的品种有绵麦112、西科麦10号、川育25、科成麦5号和川麦92,占全部供试品种的23.8%。     

22份中国小麦生产主栽品种抗条锈病基因解析

为挖掘新的小麦抗条锈病基因,掌握小麦生产主栽品种的抗条锈病基因携带情况,有效防控小麦条锈病,采用抗性鉴定、基因推导分析和分子标记技术对22份小麦生产上主栽品种进行了研究,通过抗性鉴定比较22份小麦主栽品种与已知基因载体品种的抗谱。结果显示,共推测出14份供试品种携带已知抗条锈基因,8份供试品种携带未知抗条锈基因,是新的抗锈基因资源;聚类分析结果显示,供试22份小麦品种可分为2个大类6个亚类;利用SSR分子标记检测抗条锈病基因Yr1、Yr10和Yr24的携带情况发现,11份品种携带Yr1基因,2份品种携带Yr10基因,22份品种均不携带Yr24基因。部分生产主栽品种携带新的抗条锈病基因,表明小麦品种选育中避免了抗性基因单一化,并加强了未知基因的利用。     

83份西农系小麦品种（系）抗性鉴定及抗病基因分子检测

为西北农林科技大学小麦新育成品种（系）在黄淮麦区的大面积推广,该研究对83份西农新育成的小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病和白粉病鉴定,成株期抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病鉴定,并在田间自然环境下对其抗性进行鉴定及对相关抗病基因进行分子检测。结果显示,在苗期人工接种鉴定中,有63、29和16份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现出抗性,9份小麦品种（系）对3个条锈菌生理小种均表现出抗性;有10、3和0份小麦品种（系）分别对白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici生理小种E15、E09和A13表现出抗性。在成株期人工接种鉴定中,有23、15、28和62份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中有6份在苗期和成株期均对小麦条锈病表现出抗性。在田间抗性鉴定中,有57、6、65和40份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病及叶锈病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中,3份含有Yr5基因,22份含有Yr9基因,3份含有Yr17基因,2份含有Pm24基因,14份含有Lr1基因,所占比例分别为3.6%、26.5%、3.6%、2.4%和16.8%。     

江苏姜堰不同品种与播期小麦赤霉病抗性比较

2018年,在江苏姜堰调查了不同播期的13个小麦品种小麦赤霉病的自然发病情况。结果表明,11月5日播种的小麦赤霉病自然发病病穗率和病情指数总体上较播期为11月15日和11月25日的处理低。适当早播有利于使小麦易感生育期避开高温多雨天气,减轻小麦赤霉病发生为害。参试品种中镇麦9号、镇麦10号、镇麦12、华麦5号和宁麦13的抗性表现相对较好。     

小麦抗源对条锈病的抗性遗传研究初报

1983—1985年在北京进行了洛夫林10号等15个国内小麦主要抗源成株期对条锈病的抗性遗传研究。供试抗源分别与感病品种铭贤169杂交,用条中25号小种的单孢子菌系在田间对各组合的亲本、F_1、F_2和F_3代进行接种鉴定。试验结果表明,洛夫林10号、洛夫林13号、洛夫林18号、阿芙乐尔、山前麦、NS2625和抗引655等7个抗源的抗性系由1对显性和1对隐性基因所控制;高加索和F16-71两个抗源的抗性由两对显性基因控制;保加利亚10号的抗性由两对隐性基因控制;HWY1775的抗性由1对完全显性基因控制。初步看出,F33-70、9D-27-2、48111和无芒4号等4个抗源各携带两对抗性基因。供试抗源所携带基因的异同需进一步研究。     

54个小麦品种(系)抗赤霉病评价与农艺性状调查

为获得抗赤霉病且农艺性状较好的小麦种质资源, 加快小麦抗赤霉病育种进程, 采用人工接种鉴定和田间试验的方法, 于2019年-2021年, 对54个小麦品种(系)进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定与农艺性状调查。结果表明, 供试小麦品种(系)存在赤霉病抗性差异, 筛选出‘华皖麦24’‘宛1204’和‘皖垦麦1708’等9个两年表现稳定的中抗品种(系), 占总数的16.67%; 农艺性状调查结果显示, 不同小麦品种(系)的农艺性状间存在显著性差异, 抗病组品种(系)的平均变异系数小于感病组品种(系)。其中, ‘宛1204’和‘徐麦17252’中抗赤霉病, 且综合农艺性状较好, 可以作为抗赤霉病育种的抗源。     

不同小麦品种(系)对小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定

利用一套较完整的小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定方法对我国主要小麦产区推广或即将推广的 5 2 5分优良品种及材料对小麦吸浆虫的抗性在田间进行了鉴定。结果表明 ,不同小麦品种 (系 )对小麦吸浆虫抗性有显著差异 ,抗性较好的品种(系)有62份 ,其中高抗占2.85%、中抗3.04%、低抗5.90%。S山东928802、百农12、河农8424、郑农8号、豫展1号、中麦9号6个品种对小麦吸浆虫抗性较好     

黄淮冬麦区小麦主栽品种赤霉病综合抗性鉴定及其FHB1抗性基因检测

本研究明确了黄淮冬麦区主栽小麦品种对赤霉病的抗侵染、抗扩展、抗毒素积累和抗籽粒侵染能力以及几种抗性之间的相互关系,并检测了各品种是否带有FHB1抗性基因,旨在为该区小麦赤霉病抗性鉴定评价、抗性品种培育和利用提供科学依据。小麦赤霉病综合抗性鉴定结果表明:22个黄淮冬麦区主栽品种中,有20个为感病品种,只有‘郑麦9023’和‘西农979’为中感品种,所有品种均不含FHB1基因;长江中下游麦区的9个品种中,‘扬麦17’和‘宁麦9号’等6个品种表现中抗,‘扬麦23’表现中感,‘苏麦3号’和‘扬麦21’表现抗,‘扬麦14’‘扬麦17’和‘扬麦23’不含有FHB1基因,其他品种均含FHB1基因。小麦品种的抗扩展能力与抗侵染能力无显著相关性(r=0.27,P0.05);两种接种条件下小麦品种的病粒率与抗脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)毒素积累能力呈极显著正相关(r=0.86,P0.01;r=0.88,P0.01);单小花滴注法接种条件下,小麦品种的平均病级与病粒率和籽粒中DON含量都呈极显著正相关(r=0.71,P0.01;r=0.81,P0.01);喷雾接种条件下,小麦品种的病小穗率与平均病级、病粒率、籽粒中DON含量和ZEN含量都呈极显著正相关(r=0.78,P0.01;r=0.73,P0.01;r=0.78,P0.01;r=0.63,P0.01)。在毒素积累抗性上,DON含量和ZEN含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.70,P0.01)。在目前黄淮冬麦区没有中抗品种的情况下,可以增加育种和鉴定目标为抗籽粒侵染和抗毒素积累的品种,在小麦品种推广过程中加以运用,可以达到较好的效果。     

89份河北、山西小麦品种抗条锈性评价及抗条锈病基因检测

为明确北部麦区河北、山西育成品种对中国小麦条锈病的抗性水平及部分已定位抗条锈病基因的分布状况, 利用小麦条锈菌当前优势小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对89份来自河北、山西的小麦品种在温室进行苗期分小种抗性鉴定, 在小麦条锈病不同流行区甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州设置鉴定圃进行成株期抗性鉴定; 采用与部分已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行抗病基因检测。结果显示, 苗期仅‘长4640’‘晋麦91号’‘科农2009’3份品种对CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现抗性; 在甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州鉴定圃中抗病材料的比例分别为39.33%、24.72%和58.43%, ‘长4640’和‘晋麦91号’为全生育期抗性。通过6个已知抗条锈基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18 和Yr26 对89份小麦品种进行分子标记检测, 结果表明, 13份品种检测到Yr9标记, 2份检测到Yr18标记, 未检测到Yr5、Yr10、Yr15和Yr26。以上结果表明, 河北、山西小麦品种对越冬菌源基地的条锈菌的抗性水平很低, 同时成株期抗性基因的利用率低, 今后应加强对新抗病基因的利用, 育种过程中尽可能在不同流行区进行异地鉴定。     

南方镰孢Fusarium meridionale特异性PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立快速、稳定的南方镰孢Fusarium meridionale特异性检测方法,对已报道的镰孢属reductase-like基因部分序列进行比对分析,寻找特异性SNP位点,设计出特异性检测引物F-Fm/R-Fm3。利用该引物对包括南方镰孢在内的30株镰孢的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。结果显示仅在7株南方镰孢中均扩增出400 bp左右的特异性条带。PCR灵敏度试验结果表明该方法的检测灵敏度达到500 pg基因组DNA。     

Diversity of pathogenic Fusarium populations associated with asparagus roots in decline soils in Spain and the UK

Asparagus decline is a disease associated with several species of Fusarium . In order to assess the relative significance of causative species, single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the ITS2 (internal transcribed sequence) region of the ribosomal DNA was used to rapidly and objectively identify the fusarial populations associated with the roots of two intensively sampled asparagus crops, one in the UK and the other in Spain. Over 360 fusarial isolates were obtained from fields showing symptoms of asparagus decline, and most were easily differentiated by SSCP into four principal species, F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi , F. proliferatum , F. redolens and F. solani . Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (Foa) was most frequently isolated from the UK site (69%), whilst Foa and F. proliferatum were found in similar proportions overall (40 and 39%, respectively) from the Spanish site, although individual fields showed considerable intraregional variation. Other minor populations, such as F. culmorum , were also found. Most isolates were highly pathogenic to asparagus in vitro , although F. solani isolates comprised both pathogenic and nonpathogenic populations. Two populations of Foa were distinguished by a single ITS2 base transition, and the dominance of these two populations differed between Europe and the USA. Fusarium proliferatum was more abundant in Spain than in the UK. Phylogenetic analysis using EF1α sequences indicated that isolates of F. oxysporum pathogenic to asparagus are spread across a number of clades within the species complex, supporting the hypothesis that pathogenicity to asparagus in this species is a relatively unspecialized trait.     

Soybean sudden death syndrome: Fungal pathogenesis and plant response

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a fungal disease caused by members of clade 2 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). These fungi are soilborne pathogens that infect soybean plants through the roots and produce toxins that translocate to aerial parts of the plant, inducing foliar chlorosis and necrosis followed by premature defoliation. Here, we first give the current state of knowledge of early pathogen detection and infection establishment for the SDS pathosystem. Subsequently, we discuss the nature and activity of secreted toxins, followed by an overview of changes in plant metabolism and factors that influence fungus–soybean interaction. Finally, we summarize the advances in plant disease resistance, symptom evaluation, and treatment.     

Comparison of genetic diversity and pathogenicity of fusarium head blight pathogens from China and Europe by SSCP and seedling assays on wheat

The genetic diversity and pathogenicity of isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum isolated from wheat heads in China were examined and compared with those of isolates of F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale from Europe, USA and Nepal. Genetic diversity was assessed by SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis and by molecular chemotyping. SSCP analysis of the Fg16F/Fg16R PCR amplicon differentiated F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale and revealed three haplotypes among sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) type 1 F. graminearum isolates. AFLP analysis showed a high level of genetic diversity and clustered the majority of Chinese isolates in one group along with other isolates of Asian origin. The second cluster contained F. graminearum isolates from China, Europe and the USA. Of the Chinese isolates, 79% were F. asiaticum and 81% of these were of the 3-AcDON chemotype, with only 9·5% of either chemotype 15-AcDON or NIV. All the Chinese and USA isolates of F. graminearum were 15-AcDON, whereas among the isolates from Europe, 21% were NIV and 8% were 3-AcDON chemotype. No evidence was found for possible differences in aggressiveness between F. graminearum and F. asiaticum . Highly aggressive isolates were present in each region and no evidence was found for any association between aggressiveness and geographical origin or chemotype among the isolates examined. No difference was observed in pathogenicity towards wheat seedlings between Chinese isolates and those from Europe, the USA or Nepal.     

我国小麦茎基腐病菌致病力比较分析

为明确我国不同种、地理来源和毒素化学型小麦茎基腐病菌的致病力分化情况,采用纸塔法对来自全国9个省市80个采样点分离的224株小麦茎基腐病菌进行致病力分析。结果表明,不同种镰刀菌的致病力不同,黄色镰刀菌Fusarium culmorum,禾谷镰刀菌F.graminearum,假禾谷镰刀菌F.pseudograminearum及亚洲镰刀菌F.asiaticum致病力强于其他种。F.culmorum致病力显著高于F.pseudograminearum和F.asiaticum,而F.pseudograminearum,F.graminearum及F.asiaticum三者之间无显著性差异。中华镰刀菌F.sinensis,木贼镰刀菌F.equiseti,锐顶镰刀菌F.acuminatum致病力较弱,三者间苗期致病力无显著性差异;多数省份F.pseudograminearum群体间致病力无显著差异,仅山东F.pseudograminearum群体的致病性显著低于河南群体;此外,产毒类型为3ADON的F.pseudograminearum群体致病力显著高于15ADON群体。     

寄生隐丛赤壳菌ITS分子检测技术研究

寄生隐丛赤壳菌是引起板栗疫病的致病菌。为建立该菌的分子检测技术,本研究首先采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4对分离自四川雅安、泸州及重庆的寄生隐丛赤壳菌及其他参试菌株的ITS区进行PCR扩增和测序比对。根据该片段与GenBank中隐丛赤壳属其他种的ITS序列差异,设计了寄生隐丛赤壳菌的特异性引物ITSP1/ITSP2,片段扩增大小为462bp。利用该引物对菌株基因组DNA进行扩增,可以将寄生隐丛赤壳菌与其他参试菌区分开,检测灵敏度达30pg。而以引物ITS1/ITS4和ITSP1/ITSP2进行的巢氏PCR,可检测到30fg基因组DNA,其灵敏度较常规PCR提高了1 000倍。利用巢氏PCR检测体系对发病程度不同的组织和携菌组织进行检测,均能快速稳定地检测出寄生隐丛赤壳菌。     

美国大豆中镰刀菌的分离鉴定

为加强对美国输华大豆真菌病害的监测力度,降低外来生物入侵风险,本文通过对美国进境大豆病菌分离,共得到32个菌株,并对其中3株镰刀菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确认了它们分别是尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和拟枝孢镰刀菌(F.sporotrichioides)。本研究从32个分离菌株中得到的3株镰刀菌分属于不同种,不仅证实了美国大豆中镰刀菌的多样性,也可为港口的植物检疫工作提供借鉴。     

陕西省大葱叶部镰刀菌枯萎病病原菌的鉴定

<正>0引言大葱(Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino)为石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)葱属(Allium)植物，是常见的调味品，具有杀菌祛痰、强心降压等多种功效。已报道的大葱叶枯病病原菌包括匍柄霉属(Stemphylium)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、疫霉属(Phytophthora)^[1-3]等。调查发现陕西乾县漠西大葱种植基地一种大葱叶部枯萎病发病率较高，成为影响当地大葱生产的主要病害之一。     

Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum and related species pathogenic on tomato in Algeria and other Mediterranean countries

In order to characterize the pathogen(s) responsible for the outbreak of fusarium diseases in Algeria, 48 Fusarium spp. isolates were collected from diseased tomato in Algeria and compared with 58 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum originating from seven other Mediterranean countries and 24 reference strains. Partial sequences of the translation elongation factor EF‐1α gene enabled identification of 27 isolates as F. oxysporum, 18 as F. commune and three as F. redolens among the Algerian isolates. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic on tomato, with disease incidence greater at 28°C than at 24°C. All isolates were characterized using intergenic spacer (IGS) DNA typing, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and PCR detection of the SIX1 (secreted in xylem 1) gene specific to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). No DNA polymorphisms were detected in the isolates of F. redolens or F. commune. In contrast, the 27 Algerian isolates of F. oxysporum were shown to comprise nine IGS types and 13 VCGs, including several potentially new VCGs. As none of the isolates was scored as SIX1+, the 27 isolates could be assigned to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐lycopersici (FORL). Isolates from Tunisia were also highly diverse but genetically distinct from the Algerian isolates. Several Tunisian isolates were identified as FOL by a PCR that detected the presence of SIX1. The results show that isolates from European countries were less diverse than those from Tunisia. Given the difference between Algerian populations and populations in other Mediterranean countries, newly emergent pathogenic forms could have evolved from local non‐pathogenic populations in Algeria.     

长江中下游地区亚洲镰刀菌NX-2毒素群体的检测

由禾谷镰刀菌复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex,FGSC)引起的麦类赤霉病,是农业生产上的重要病害。为明确中国长江中下游冬小麦主产区小麦赤霉病菌种的构成及其地理分布,对2008年从江苏、浙江和湖北3省采集的656株小麦赤霉病菌株进行了分类鉴定。结果显示,其中558个菌株为亚洲镰刀菌(Fusarium asiaticum),98个菌株为禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto),表明中国长江中下游冬小麦主产区小麦赤霉病的主要致病菌是亚洲镰刀菌。选择亚洲镰刀菌(F.asiaticum)为研究对象,通过PCR-RFLP的方法对其进行产NX-2毒素菌株的检测。结果没有检测到产NX-2毒素菌株,表明中国长江中下游冬小麦主产区并未出现NX-2毒素群体。本研究旨在了解NX-2毒素群体在中国长江中下游地区的地理分布,为进一步研究麦类赤霉病菌群体遗传多样性和演化趋势奠定基础,为麦类赤霉病的防治和毒素污染的控制提供理论依据。