地膜覆盖对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站地膜覆盖条件下土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸图谱及群落结构。结果表明:在玉米苗期,长期施氮肥处理土壤覆膜后大部分脂肪酸含量都有所提高;施有机肥处理的土壤覆膜后脂肪酸的含量有降低的趋势;有机无机肥配合施用处理的土壤覆膜会增加真菌的含量,但却降低了其他脂肪酸的含量;在不施肥处理的土壤中,覆膜会使一些支链脂肪酸的含量降低。抽雄期,施有机肥的土壤覆膜后除单饱和脂肪酸含量有所下降外,其他脂肪酸都会提高;不施肥土壤覆膜处理双不饱和支链脂肪酸及放线菌标志性脂肪酸10Me18:0的含量会有所提高。成熟期,施氮肥的土壤覆膜处理大部分脂肪酸的含量降低;有机肥处理土壤中各种脂肪酸如:15∶0,a17∶0,i17∶0,i19∶0,18∶0,10Me18∶0含量覆膜高于裸地;有机无机配施处理土壤中17∶0,br17∶0,18∶0,18∶2w6,10Me18∶0含量覆膜处理高于裸地;对照土壤中i15∶0,16∶0,17∶0,a17∶0,18∶0,18∶2w6,19∶0含量覆膜高于裸地。另外,从脂肪酸的变化看出,覆膜处理土壤微生物群落整体结构发生了改变,没有表现出明显的种群优势。但是,尽管土壤的施肥处理不同,覆膜处理土壤微生物群落结构有一致化发展的趋势。     

作物秸秆腐解过程中土壤微生物量的研究

研究了不同作物秸秆腐解过程中土壤微生物量Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ的变化,结果表明：当玉米、谷子、马铃薯和苜蓿秸秆施入土壤后,其微生物量Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ明显增高。不同的秸秆在腐解过程中微生物量Ｃ和Ｐ有相同的变化趋势,即施入秸秆后０～１５天快速增加,然后缓慢下降,４５天时降至最低。４５～６０天又出现一个上升阶段,之后又下降。不同秸秆的微生物量Ｎ差异较大。比较４种秸秆,在腐解的整个过程中土壤微生物量Ｃ表现为玉米〉谷子〉苜蓿     

外源碳酸钙和温度对黄壤活性有机碳组分及微生物群落组成的影响

为探究不同温度条件下添加碳酸钙对活性有机碳组分及微生物群落组成的影响,以贵州典型黄壤土为研究对象,采用同位素标记法,设置6个处理(培养温度分别为15,25,35℃下添加碳酸钙和不添加碳酸钙),通过分析不同温度下碳酸钙添加对土壤活性有机碳、微生物群落组成的影响,揭示外源碳在土壤活性碳库中的分配规律,以期为贵州典型黄壤有机碳固存和改良提供理论依据。结果表明：各温度下添加碳酸钙显著增加土壤DOC和MBC含量(p<0.01),添加碳酸钙各处理土壤DOC含量在培养第5天均达到最大值,相较于不添加碳酸钙处理,添加碳酸钙处理土壤DOC含量在15,25,35℃下分别显著提高83.41%,80.37%,90.41%;添加碳酸钙处理温度对土壤DOC、MBC具有显著影响(p<0.05),在培养的第15,60天,土壤DOC和MBC含量均在不同温度下达到显著性差异,土壤DOC含量大小依次为35,15,25℃,土壤MBC含量多少依次为15,25,35℃。同位素标记发现,在培养第1和第5天,¹³C-DOC,¹³C-MBC含量在15,25,35℃下达到峰值,且<...     

土壤微生物群落结构的化学估价方法

由于认识到微生物在整个土壤生态系统中的重要功能，就促使人们不断地用最新垂头丧气估价土壤微生物群落结构和多样性。目前除了使用标志化合物外，利用生物细胞膜中磷酯类化合物的脂肪酸组成与土壤中可提取脱氧核糖核酸组成的复杂性作为指纹来估价土壤中微生物群落结构和多样性是两种最常用的方法。     

生物质炭负载解钾菌对土壤酶活性与微生物群落结构的影响

为探究生物质炭负载解钾菌对土壤微生物特性的影响,基于5个处理即空白（CK）、施用化学钾肥（KCl）、接种解钾菌（KSB）、施用生物质炭（BC）、施用生物质炭负载解钾菌（BC-KSB）的黑麦草盆栽耗竭试验,分析不同处理下土壤酶和微生物群落结构的响应特征。结果表明,BC-KSB相比其余施肥处理更有利于提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,同时也提高了土壤细菌的物种多样性与菌群丰富度,并提高了土壤有益菌群（绿弯菌门、放线菌门、芽孢杆菌属和慢生根瘤菌属）的丰度,抑制了土壤致病菌群（变形菌门和罗河杆菌属）的繁殖。各施肥处理相比CK均显著提升了黑麦草干物质量,且以BC-KSB处理对黑麦草干物质量的提升最为显著。与CK和KCl相比,BC-KSB能显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、有机质、全氮和速效钾的含量（P <0.05）。冗余分析表明,土壤有机质、速效钾、酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和微生物生物量氮是影响细菌群落结构的主要因子,黑麦草的生长主要受伯克氏菌属和罗河杆菌属的影响较大。可见,BC-KSB对黑麦草产量、土壤养分、土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构均产生了积极的影响,对于改良土壤生态...     

梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤性状的影响研究

为探究梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤理化性状和生物性状的影响,在梨园布置覆膜对照(CK)、秸秆覆盖(S)、秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(S-BM)、双倍秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(2S-BM)田间试验。结果表明:秸秆覆盖150天后,S-BM处理的腐解率为62.4%,S和2S-BM处理的腐解率均为50%,氮、钾释放率以S-BM处理最高;秸秆覆盖提高了土壤最低温,降低了土壤最高温,减小了土壤温度振幅;2S-BM处理显著降低了土壤体积质量,提高了土壤水溶性有机碳含量;秸秆覆盖显著增加了0~5 cm土层有机碳含量,2S-BM处理对0~15 cm土层速效养分含量的提升效果显著,S和S-BM处理显著提高了0~5 cm土层速效钾含量;2S-BM处理的土壤细菌、真菌数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮含量在梨树生育后期明显提高;2S-BM、S-BM和S处理分别能增产86.9%、17.8%和28.7%。秸秆覆盖对土壤的改善是由上到下的,当梨园秸秆还田量为45 000 kg/hm2时,土壤的改良效果非常明显。     

植物秸秆腐解特性与微生物群落变化的响应

采用网袋法探讨不同新鲜秸秆在农田土壤的腐解特征,结合Biolog微平板技术,对不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明,随着腐解时间的增加,新鲜秸秆的残留率波动不大,秸秆的腐解速度为玉米秸秆大于大豆秸秆。整个腐解时期,不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落的平均颜色变化率AWCD值由高到低依次为FCN(新鲜玉米秸秆+氮)、FC(新鲜玉米秸秆)、FB(新鲜大豆秸秆),说明玉米不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落的密度大、稳定性好,大豆秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落相对密度小,稳定性差,3种不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物的AWCD值之间没有显著差异(P0.05),但不同秸秆类型与腐解时间的交互作用之间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。3种不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物的优势种群主要以糖类和多聚物为主,在腐解中后期难分解物质逐渐累积,均表现为对芳香化合物的利用最弱。3种秸秆的腐解残留率与土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、土壤温度、氨基酸、多胺类的碳源利用方面影响较大,土壤含水量和秸秆含水量的高低在一定程度上影响不同秸秆的腐解残留率。     

榆林沙区典型林地不同植被类型对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

  目的  掌握榆林沙区典型林地土壤微生物特征,明确地上植被对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。  方法  采集榆林沙区四种林分类型土壤,分析其土壤微生物群落结构。  结果  测序共产生有效操作分类单元（OTU）15,509个,各林分间OTU及各类多样性指数没有显著性差异。优势菌种及其丰度土层间变化较大,但林分间优势细菌种一致,丰度排名前五的分别是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）;樟子松、油松林下土壤中,酸杆菌门所占比例最大、分别达到22.32%和29.02%,而在沙柳和小叶锦鸡儿林下土壤中,变形菌门又成为优势菌,比例占到27.64%和28.51%。变形菌门和放线菌门在灌木林土壤中所占比例要高于乔木。  结论  虽然各优势种丰度在林分间略有差别,但差异不显著（P < 0.05）。说明在一定区域内微生物群落结构复杂程度是受土壤本底的影响,不同季节或者土壤温度、湿度的变化对微生物群落结构的影响在一段时间后消除,群落结构归于稳定。     

石墨烯施用后对土壤酶活性及土壤微生物群落的影响

将不同浓度的纯石墨烯和氧化石墨烯(0、100、1 000 mg/kg)分别加入潮土和红壤两种土壤中,培养56天后测定潮土和红壤中的脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性,微生物功能及遗传多样性变化。结果表明,培养0、7、14、56天后,100和1 000 mg/kg浓度的石墨烯和氧化石墨烯对红壤和潮土的脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性没有显著的影响。两种浓度的石墨烯和氧化石墨烯对红壤和潮土微生物的AWCD指数没有显著的影响,且两种土壤之间未表现出差异。对添加0、200和1 000 mg/kg氧化石墨烯的潮土进行DGGE测试分析,处理组与对照组相比增加了3个条带,测序分析认为这3个条带与鞘氨醇单细胞菌属和未被培养的细菌类似,可见氧化石墨烯对土壤中微生物有一定的影响,能引起耐受菌数量的增加。     

砷对土壤微生物及土壤生化活性的影响

通过模拟试验及污染现场调查，研究了砷对土壤微生物，土壤酶活性及土壤呼吸作用的影响，综合砷对农作物，土壤微生物的影响效应，拟定了土壤中砷的生态基准。     

长期平衡施肥对潮土微生物活性和玉米养分吸收的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(NK、PK、NP)对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性、呼吸强度以及玉米养分吸收的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,NPK处理玉米根系与茎叶生物量、籽粒产量以及植株氮磷钾吸收量均大幅提高,NP处理次之,PK与NK处理则无显著影响;同一处理玉米茎叶与根系养分含量接近,而籽粒的全氮和全磷含量较高、全钾含量偏低;与NPK处理相比,缺施氮、磷或钾肥均直接导致玉米植株相应养分的明显亏缺或其他养分的过量富集,但在根系、茎叶和籽粒部位的累积情况存在一定差异。与CK相比,所有施加磷肥的处理(NPK、NP、PK)土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、脱氢酶、转化酶、脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性以及土壤微生物代谢活性和土壤基础呼吸强度均显著升高(p<0.05),土壤微生物代谢熵则显著下降(p<0.05),而缺施磷肥的NK处理除显著提高脲酶活性外(p<0.05),对其他指标均无显著影响。结果表明,氮磷钾平衡施肥在促进土壤微生物繁育和保育微生物代谢活性以及促进作物生长和保证养分吸收等方面显得非常重要,而缺素施肥中以缺施磷肥的不利影响最为突出。     

Substrate inputs and pH as factors controlling microbial biomass, activity and community structure in an arable soil

Our aim was to determine whether the smaller biomasses generally found in low pH compared to high pH arable soils under similar management are due principally to the decreased inputs of substrate or whether some factor(s) associated with pH are also important. This was tested in a soil incubation experiment using wheat straw as substrate and soils of different pHs (8.09, 6.61, 4.65 and 4.17). Microbial biomass ninhydrin-N, and microbial community structure evaluated by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), were measured at 0 (control soil only), 5, 25 and 50 days and CO₂ evolution up to 100 days. Straw addition increased biomass ninhydrin-N, CO₂ evolution and total PLFA concentrations at all soil pH values. The positive effect of straw addition on biomass ninhydrin-N was less in soils of pH 4.17 and 4.65. Similarly total PLFA concentrations were smallest at the lowest pH. This indicated that there is a direct pH effect as well as effects related to different substrate availabilities on microbial biomass and community structure. In the control soils, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c&9t and i17:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with soil pH. In contrast, the fatty acids i15:0, a15:0, i16:0 and br17:0, 16:02OH, 18:2ω6,9, 17:0, 19:0, 17:0c9,10 and 19:0c9,10 were greatest in control soils at the lowest pHs. In soils given straw, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 15:0 and 18:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with pH, but the concentration of the monounsaturated 18:1ω9 PLFA decreased at the highest pHs. The PLFA profiles indicative of Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant than Gram-negative ones at the lowest pH in control soils, but in soils given straw these trends were reversed. In contrast, straw addition changed the microbial community structures least at pH 6.61. The ratio: [fungal PLFA 18:2w6,9]/[total PLFAs indicative of bacteria] indicated that fungal PLFAs were more dominant in the microbial communities of the lowest pH soil. In summary, this work shows that soil pH has marked effects on microbial biomass, community structure, and response to substrate addition.     

Functional resilience of soil microbial communities depends on both soil structure and microbial community composition

The effects of soil structure and microbial community composition on microbial resistance and resilience to stress were found to be interrelated in a series of experiments. The initial ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to decompose added plant residues immediately after a copper or heat stress (resistance) depended significantly on which of 26 sterile soils it was inoculated into. Subsequent studies showed that both the resistance and subsequent recovery in the ability of P. fluorescens to decompose added plant residues over 28 days after stress (resilience) varied significantly between a sandy and a clay-loam soil. Sterile, sandy and clay-loam soil was then inoculated with a complex microbial community extracted from either of the soils. The resulting microbial community structure depended on soil type rather than the source of inoculum, whilst the resistance and resilience of decomposition was similarly governed by the soil and not the inoculum source. Resilience of the clay-loam soil to heat stress did not depend on the water content of the soil at the time of stress, although the physical condition of the soil when decomposition was measured did affect the outcome. We propose that soil functional resilience is governed by the physico-chemical structure of the soil through its effect on microbial community composition and microbial physiology.     

红壤丘陵区人工林恢复措施对土壤酶活性和微生物学性质的影响

我国红壤丘陵区水土流失较严重。本文研究人工林对土壤(0～20和20～40 cm)酶活性和微生物学性质的短期(13～14年)影响。土壤转化酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性在次生天然林和湿地松樟树混交林中高于其他林分。次生天然林和湿地松樟树混交林土壤微生物生物量和土壤呼吸值较大、有机碳活性较强、土壤微生物基质利用效率较高。因此,短期影响下,湿地松樟树混交林较之针叶纯林和针叶混交林可改善土壤生化强度和微生物活性。     

Seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass and activity in warm- and cool-season turfgrass systems

Plant growth can be an important factor regulating seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass and activity. We investigated soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration, net N mineralization, and soil enzyme activity in turfgrass systems of three cool-season species (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris L.) and three warm-season species (centipedegrass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack, zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Steud, and bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). Microbial biomass and respiration were higher in warm- than the cool-season turfgrass systems, but net N mineralization was generally lower in warm-season turfgrass systems. Soil microbial biomass C and N varied seasonally, being lower in September and higher in May and December, independent of turfgrass physiological types. Seasonal variations in microbial respiration, net N mineralization, and cellulase activity were also similar between warm- and cool-season turfgrass systems. The lower microbial biomass and activity in September were associated with lower soil available N, possibly caused by turfgrass competition for this resource. Microbial biomass and activity (i.e., microbial respiration and net N mineralization determined in a laboratory incubation experiment) increased in soil samples collected during late fall and winter when turfgrasses grew slowly and their competition for soil N was weak. These results suggest that N availability rather than climate is the primary determinant of seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass and activity in turfgrass systems, located in the humid and warm region.     

Experimental warming effects on the microbial community of a temperate mountain forest soil

Soil microbial communities mediate the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). The amount of carbon (C) that is respired leaves the soil as CO₂ (soil respiration) and causes one of the greatest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. How soil microbial communities will respond to global warming, however, is not well understood. To elucidate the effect of warming on the microbial community we analyzed soil from the soil warming experiment Achenkirch, Austria. Soil of a mature spruce forest was warmed by 4 °C during snow-free seasons since 2004. Repeated soil sampling from control and warmed plots took place from 2008 until 2010. We monitored microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N). Microbial community composition was assessed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of ribosomal RNA genes. Microbial metabolic activity was estimated by soil respiration to biomass ratios and RNA to DNA ratios. Soil warming did not affect microbial biomass, nor did warming affect the abundances of most microbial groups. Warming significantly enhanced microbial metabolic activity in terms of soil respiration per amount of microbial biomass C. Microbial stress biomarkers were elevated in warmed plots. In summary, the 4 °C increase in soil temperature during the snow-free season had no influence on microbial community composition and biomass but strongly increased microbial metabolic activity and hence reduced carbon use efficiency.     

Changes in microbial community structure in soil as a result of different amounts of nitrogen fertilization

The changes in size, activity and structure of soil microbial community caused by N fertilization were studied in a laboratory incubation experiment. The rates of N fertiliser applied (KNO₃) were 0 (control), 100 and 2,000 μg N g⁻¹ soil. Despite no extra C sources added, a high percentage of N was immobilized. Whereas no significant increase of microbial C was revealed during incubation period, microbial growth kinetics as determined by the substrate-induced growth-response method demonstrated a significant decrease in the specific growth rate of microbial community in soil treated with 2,000 μg N g⁻¹ soil. Additionally, a shift in microbial community structure resulting in an increase in fungal biomarkers, mainly in the treatment with 2,000 μg N g⁻¹ soil was visible.     

Amino sugars and muramic acid—biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis

Characterizing functional and phylogenetic microbial community structure in soil is important for understanding the fate of microbially-derived compounds during the decomposition and turn-over of soil organic matter. This study was conducted to test whether amino sugars and muramic acid are suitable biomarkers to trace bacterial, fungal, and actinomycetal residues in soil. For this aim, we investigated the pattern, amounts, and dynamics of three amino sugars (glucosamine, mannosamine and galactosamine) and muramic acid in the total microbial biomass and selectively cultivated bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes of five different soils amended with and without glucose. Our results revealed that total amino sugar and muramic acid concentrations in microbial biomass, extracted from soil after chloroform fumigation varied between 1 and 27 mg kg⁻¹ soil. In all soils investigated, glucose addition resulted in a 50-360% increase of these values. In reference to soil microbial biomass-C, the total amino sugar- and muramic acid-C concentrations ranged from 1-71 g C kg⁻¹ biomass-C. After an initial lag phase, the cultivated microbes revealed similar amino sugar concentrations of about 35, 27 and 17 g glucosamine-C kg⁻¹ TOC in bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, respectively. Mannosamine and galactosamine concentrations were lower than those for glucosamine. Mannosamine was not found in actinomycete cultures. The highest muramic acid concentrations were found in bacteria, but small amounts were also found in actinomycete cultures. The concentrations of the three amino sugars studied and muramic acid differed significantly between bacteria and the other phylogenetic microbial groups under investigation (fungi and actinomycetes). Comparison between the amino sugar and muramic acid concentrations in soil microbial biomass, extracted after chloroform fumigation, and total concentrations in the soil showed that living microbial biomass contributed negligible amounts to total amino sugar contents in the soil, being at least two orders of magnitude greater in the soils than in the soil inherent microbial biomass. Thus, amino sugars are significantly stabilized in soil.     

Effects of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity on soil microbial activity

The effects of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity on the size and activity of the soil microbial biomass in vertic soils on a Zimbabwean sugar estate were investigated. Furrow-irrigated fields were selected which had a gradient of salinity and sugarcane yield ranging from good cane growth at the upper ends to dead and dying cane at the lower ends. Soils were sampled under dead and dying cane, poor, satisfactory and good cane growth and from adjacent undisturbed sites under native vegetation. Electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of saturation paste extracts was measured, as well as the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). There was a significant negative exponential relationship between EC and microbial biomass C, the percentage of organic C present as microbial biomass C, indices of microbial activity (arginine ammonification and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis rates) and the activities of the exocellular enzymes β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulphatase but the negative relationships with SAR and ESP were best described by linear functions. By contrast, the metabolic quotient increased with increasing salinity and sodicity, exponentially with EC and linearly with SAR and ESP.Potentially mineralizable N, measured by aerobic incubation, was also negatively correlated with EC, SAR and ESP. These results indicate that increasing salinity and sodicity resulted in a progressively smaller, more stressed microbial community which was less metabolically efficient. The exponential relationships with EC demonstrate the highly detrimental effect that small increases in salinity had on the microbial community. It is concluded that agriculture-induced salinity and sodicity not only influences the chemical and physical characteristics of soils but also greatly affects soil microbial and biochemical properties.     

Influence of polychlorinated biphenyls on microbial biomass and its activity in grassland soil

Microbial biomass content, soil respiration and biomass specific respiration rate were measured in two parts of an area polluted by a municipal waste incinerator [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from combustion processes]. The soils in the studied parts differed significantly only in their levels of PCBs. The concentration of PCBs found in a control plot (4.4 ng g^-1 soil) can be regarded as a background value while the polluted plot contained an increased amount of PCBs (14.0 ng g^-1 soil). A significantly lower microbial biomass (decreased by 23%, based on the chloroform-fumigation extraction technique) and a lower specific respiration rate (decreased by 14%) were observed in the polluted plot in comparison with the control plot at the end of experimental period (1992–1994). Furthermore, a lower ability of microorganisms in the polluted plot to convert available C_org into new biomass was found in laboratory incubations with glucose-amended samples.