长期定位施肥对土壤有机无机复合体中有机质和微量元素含量的影响

长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施显著提高潮土各组复合体中的有机质含量，但只能提高旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土G2组复合体中的有机质含量，增加的有机质主要累积于G2和G1组复合体中。长期单施化肥降低潮土各组复合体中的有机质含量，对旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土各组复合体中的有机质含量影响不大。长期施肥对土壤有机无机复合体中微量元素的影响。在不同土壤和不同施肥处理中不完全相同。相关分析表明，复合体中的有机质、微量元素含量与作物产量之间的相关性不高，因此，不宜用复合体中的有机质含量或微量元素含量来判断土壤肥力高低。     

长期定位施肥对土壤有机无机复合体中有机质和微量元素含量的影响

长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施显著提高潮土各组复合体中的有机质含量,但只能提高旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土G2组复合体中的有机质含量,增加的有机质主要累积于G2和G1组复合体中。长期单施化肥降低潮土各组复合体中的有机质含量,对旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土各组复合体中的有机质含量影响不大。长期施肥对土壤有机无机复合体中微量元素的影响,在不同土壤和不同施肥处理中不完全相同。相关分析表明,复合体中的有机质、微量元素含量与作物产量之间的相关性不高,因此,不宜用复合体中的有机质含量或微量元素含量来判断土壤肥力高低。     

不同土地利用方式对黑土有机无机复合体的影响

采用超声波分散、颗粒大小分组法研究不同土地利用方式下黑土有机无机复合体组成及有机碳的分布特征。不同土地利用方式下黑土均以细砂级复合体为主,有机碳含量随粒径增加而减少,C/N比随粒径增加而增加。NP和NPM处理比NF处理土壤<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加;草地与裸地相比<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加。土地利用方式不同,土壤固碳的机制是不同的,草地生态系统的土壤固碳潜力高于农田土壤。施肥和有机质的输入使土壤各粒级复合体中的有机碳含量增加;使>20μm粒级复合体固持的SOC量比例增加,表明在土壤有机质含量增加的情况下,有机质有向大粒级复合体的积累增加。     

土壤有机和无机组分对多环芳烃环境行为影响的研究进展

土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的环境行为取决于它们与土壤不同组分之间的相互作用。本文综述了土壤有机质、黏土矿物以及有机矿质复合体对PAHs土壤环境行为影响的研究进展,期望从土壤基本组成和性质上对PAHs的土壤环境行为有一个本质的了解。     

土壤酶在土壤有机培肥研究中的意义

土壤酶在土壤碳、氮、磷、硫等元素的循环中起着重要的生物学催化剂的作用,其活性的强弱直接与土壤肥力因素密切相关,各种有机培肥措施可直接或间接地影响土壤酶的活性。在土壤有机培肥研究中,可以把土壤酶活性作为评价土壤肥力的指标之一,直接研究各种酶类的活性变化,对于揭示土壤有机质转化的过程、方向及规律,土壤养分形成机理具有重大的意义。     

不同施肥对蔬菜保护地土壤有机无机复合体中磷素状况的影响

以19年蔬菜保护地长期定位施肥试验土壤为材料,借助超声波分散技术将土壤分为不同粒级的有机无机复合体,研究长期不同施肥处理对土壤有机无机复合体磷素含量变化的影响。结果表明,长期施用有机肥及有机肥与磷肥配施使<10μm的复合体减少,并向较大粒级复合体转化。不同粒级复合体中的全磷、有机磷与速效磷含量在<2μm粒级最高,并随粒径增大呈下降趋势。与对照相比,不同施肥可以提高各粒级复合体中磷的含量。其中,有机肥与磷肥配施处理各粒级复合体中磷素含量增幅最大。相关分析表明,土壤各粒级复合体中有机磷和速效磷均与全磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.9180**,r=0.9621**)。     

黄壤颗粒表面离子吸附动力学中的离子特异性效应

基于考虑离子非经典极化作用的离子吸附动力学模型,以可变电荷黄壤颗粒为代表材料,研究了锂离子(Li+)、钠离子(Na+)和铯离子(Cs+)在黄壤颗粒表面的吸附动力学特征,进一步计算了离子在土壤/水界面的扩散距离与表面电化学参数。结果表明:(1)Li+、Na+和Cs+在黄壤颗粒表面吸附仅存在一级动力学过程并存在明显的离子特异性差异,这种差异随着电解质浓度降低而增大;(2)离子非经典极化与体积效应的共同作用决定了离子在固/液界面的扩散距离,在较高浓度电解质中,Na+和Li+的离子体积和极化效应基本平衡,导致Na+和Li+离子间差异不显著,但Cs+由于强烈的非经典极化作用,扩散距离表现为:Cs+Na+≈Li+;在低浓度电解质中,离子非经典极化作用占主导,扩散距离表现为:Cs+ Na+ Li+,表明离子扩散距离在低浓度下差异大,而高浓度下差异不显著;(3)离子扩散距离的差异导致固/液界面电位的不同,Stern电位、电荷密度和电场强度均受到离子扩散距离的影响,表面电位(绝对值)在各个浓度下均表现为:Li+ Na+ Cs+,说明表面电位仅受非经典极化作用的影响。本研究将对土壤/水界面反应理论的完善提供新思路。     

长期施肥红壤钾素在有机无机复合体中的分布

【目的】土壤中的有机无机复合体是承载土壤养分的重要结构单元,土壤钾素含量的变化反映在不同粒级有机无机复合体中。本研究选用始于1990年(祁阳)和1986年(进贤)的旱地红壤长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥对土壤交换性钾、非交换性钾、全钾在不同粒级有机无机复合体中分布的影响。【方法】祁阳和进贤试验点均选择不施肥(CK)化学氮、磷肥配施(NP)、NP基础上施用化学钾肥(NPK)及NPK基础上配施有机肥(NPKM)四个处理,采集0-20 cm深度的土壤样品通过Stokes定律计算各粒级复合体沉降速率,采用虹吸管法分离出不同粒级有机无机复合体。采用1.0 mol/L中性醋酸铵浸提土壤交换性钾,1.0 mol/L沸硝酸浸提土壤非交换性钾,氢氧化钠710℃提取土壤全钾钾离子浓度采用火焰光度计测定。【结果】两试验点土壤96.4%~98.9%的交换性钾、87.9%~96.7%的非交换性钾和95.1%~96.7%的全钾存在0~50μm粒级复合体中,尤其2μm粒级复合体是三种形态钾素的主要贮存库76.3%~92.3%的交换性钾、45.8%~73.7%的非交换性钾和49.4%~70.6%的全钾集中在该粒级。两试验点NP处理与CK相比,2μm粒级复合体中非交换性钾含量降低5.4~8.3 mg/kg.降低幅度为8.2%~16.3%。施钾肥主要改变2 m粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量进贤NPK与NP处理相比分别增加36.7和9.5 mg/kg,增加幅度分别为64.5%和15.7%;而NPKM处理则较NP处理分别增加147.4和91.2 mg/kg增幅分别为258.9%和151.1%。祁阳NPK与NP处理相比,2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量分别增加52.9和20.3 mg/kg增加幅度分别为104.9%和47.6%;NPKM与NP处理相比分别增加219.5和41.3 mg/kg增幅分别为435.9%和96.9%。长期施肥对两试验点各粒级复合体中全钾含量的影响不大。2、2~10及10~50μm粒级复合体三种形态钾素含量较高,是供给植物生长的主要钾源,其中2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾、非交换性钾含量与产量之间均存在显著正相关关系(P0.05)。【结论】2μm粒级复合体是土壤钾素的主要贮存库。在长期不施钾肥条件下土壤2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量降低,施钾有利于该粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾积累。旱地红壤2、2~10及10~50μm粒级复合体钾素含量高且与产量之间存在显著的正相关关系是植物钾素主要供源。     

长期定位施肥对土壤有机无机复合状况的影响

长期施用化肥、有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高潮土和旱地红壤的原土复合量 ,有机无机肥配施还可以提高红壤性水稻土耕层的原土复合量 ,单施化肥对红壤性水稻土的原土复合量影响不大 ;长期施肥降低 3种土壤的原土复合度 ,但提高了土壤的增值复合量和增值复合度。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施土壤的增值复合量高于施化肥的土壤 ,但其增值复合度却低于施化肥的土壤。长期施肥还影响土壤有机无机复合体的粒径分级 ,施肥一般都可提高土壤中粘粒级和粉砂级复合体含量 ,降低细砂级复合体含量。长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施还可以提高 3种土壤中的G0、G1和G2等 3组复合体含量 ,并且有机无机肥配施可以促使G0和G1组复合体向水稳性强的G2组复合体转化。     

土壤不同粒径有机无机复合体对丁草胺的吸附特性

为了解土壤不同粒径组分对农药吸附-解吸行为的影响和吸附贡献率,以及不同粒径组分中有机无机组分的结合方式和复合程度如何影响有机质对农药的吸附,选取我国6个省区的7种理化性质差别较大的土壤,并采用物理方法提取该7种土壤的三个粒径有机无机复合体(黏粒:0.002mm;粉粒:0.02~0.002 mm;砂粒:0.05~0.02 mm)为研究材料,采用批量平衡法研究丁草胺在不同土壤和不同粒径有机无机复合体固/液界面的分配规律。同时,定量计算土壤各粒径组分对丁草胺的吸附贡献率,并从有机无机复合体角度探讨不同粒径组分中总有机碳(TOC)对丁草胺的吸附特性。结果表明:土壤黏粒组分对丁草胺具有最大的吸附量和较小的解吸率,而砂粒组分对丁草胺则具有较小的吸附量和最大的解吸率。土壤黏粒、粉粒和砂粒组分对丁草胺的吸附贡献率分别为36.7%~72.4%、21.7%~50.5%和10%。TOC是影响各粒径组分对丁草胺吸附的主要原因,但其影响程度受各粒径组分中TOC的理化性质以及其与无机矿物的复合程度控制。     

长期不同施肥方式对华北地区温室和农田土壤团聚体形成特征的影响

土壤的团聚状况是土壤重要的物理性质之一,团聚体数量是衡量和评价土壤肥力的重要指标。施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本文以华北地区曲周长期定位试验站的温室土壤和农田土壤为研究对象,运用湿筛法,对比研究施用化肥(NP)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM)、单施有机肥(OM)3种施肥方式对温室和农田两种利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体含量、分布和稳定性的影响,以提示施肥措施对不同土地利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:在温室土壤和农田土壤中,OM处理较NP和NPM处理显著降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤有机质含量(P0.05),且在0~10 cm土层中效果最为明显。其中在温室土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM1)的土壤容重为1.17 g·cm~(-3),分别较施用化肥(NP1)和有机肥加少量化肥(NPM1)处理降低12.0%和8.6%,OM1的土壤有机质含量为54.81 g·kg~(-1),较NP1和NPM1增加104.8%和35.7%;在农田土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM2)的土壤容重为1.19 g·cm~(-3),较施用化肥(NP2)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM2)分别降低8.5%和7.0%,OM2的土壤有机质为22.67 g·kg~(-1),较NP2、NPM2分别增加23.1%和15.0%。温室土壤和农田土壤中,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~40 cm层土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均为OMNPMNP;OM处理下水稳性团聚体的分形维数(D)值最低,NP处理下最大。OM处理显著降低0~20 cm土层内水稳性团聚体的D值,表层0~10 cm土层效果最为明显,土壤结构明显得到改善;相比农田土壤,温室土壤稳定性指标变化最为明显,团聚体结构改善效果最好。土壤有机质含量与0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量间呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001),说明土壤有机质含量越高,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量就越高,土壤团聚体水稳性越强,土壤结构越稳定。因此有机施肥方式能在补充土壤有机碳库和有效养分含量的同时,显著增加土壤中大团聚体的含量及其水稳性,是提高华北平原农田土壤、尤其是温室土壤结构稳定性和实现土壤可持续发展的有效措施。     

The contribution of biogas residues to soil organic matter formation and CO2 emissions in an arable soil

The biogas production process generates as side-products biogas residues containing microbial biomass which could contribute to soil organic matter formation or induce CO₂ emissions when applied to arable soil as fertilizer. Using an isotope labelling approach, we labelled the microbial biomass in biogas residues, mainly G⁺ bacteria and methanogenic archaea via KH¹³CO₃, and traced the fate of microbial biomass carbon in soil with an incubation experiment lasting 378 days. Within the first seven days, 40% of the carbon was rapidly mineralized and after that point mineralization continued, reaching 65% by the end of the experiment. Carbon mineralization data with 93% recovery could be fitted to a two-pool degradation model which estimated proportions and degradation rate constants of readily and slowly degrading pools. About 49% of the carbon was in the slowly degrading pool with a half-life of 1.9 years, suggesting mid-term contribution to living and non-living soil organic matter formation. Biogas residues caused a priming effect at the beginning, thus their intensive application should be avoided.     

Spatio‐temporal change of soil organic matter content of Jiangsu Province,China, based on digital soil maps

Estimation of spatio‐temporal change of soil is needed for various purposes. Commonly used methods for the estimation have some shortcomings. To estimate spatio‐temporal change of soil organic matter (SOM) in Jiangsu province, China, this study explored benefits of digital soil maps (DSM) by handling mapping uncertainty using stochastic simulation. First, SOM maps on different dates, the 1980s and 2006–2007, were constructed using robust geostatistical methods. Then, sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) was used to generate 500 realizations of SOM in the area for the two dates. Finally, E‐type (i.e. conditional mean) temporal change of SOM and its associated uncertainty, probability and confidence interval were computed. Results showed that SOM increased in 70% of Jiangsu province and decreased in the remaining 30% during the past decades. As a whole, SOM increased by 0.22% on average. Spatial variance of SOM diminished, but the major spatial pattern was retained. The maps of probability and confidence intervals for SOM change gave more detailed information and credibility about this change. Comparatively, variance of spatio‐temporal change of SOM derived using SGS was much smaller than sum of separate kriging variances for the two dates, because of lower mapping variances derived using SGS. This suggests an advantage of the method based on digital soil maps with uncertainty dealt with using SGS for deriving spatio‐temporal change in soil.     

东北黑土有机质组分与结构的研究进展

在全球气候变化背景下研究土壤有机质的转化过程对于评价陆地生态系统碳截获潜力具有重要意义,而土壤有机质的循环特征及其稳定性与土壤有机质的组成和结构密切相关.东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮基地,近年来,黑土有机质含量呈显著下降趋势,造成黑土肥力和质量的严重退化.本文通过文献资料的整理,总结了不同农田管理措施下黑土土壤有机质的消长动态、组分变化以及结构特征的研究现状,并探讨了研究中存在的问题.开垦和耕作导致土壤有机质总量、活性组分以及腐殖物质含量的显著降低,而平衡施用化肥和有机肥是维持和提升土壤有机质数量和质量的有效途径,长期有机无机配施使土壤有机质结构趋于简单化,有利于土壤肥力的保持.黑土有机质组分化学结构变化的驱动机制是值得人们长期探索的问题.     

The quality of exogenous organic matter: short-term effects on soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions

We examined the short-term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased ( P  <   0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10⁻³ m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10⁻³ m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P <  0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased ( P  <   0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased ( P  <   0.05), but there were no significant differences ( P  <   0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro-aggregates and in the silt + clay-sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred.     

土壤含水量对反射光谱法预测红壤土壤有机质的影响研究

研究土壤含水量对有机质预测的影响,可为野外红壤有机质快速测定提供理论依据。本文在实验室条件下测量了不同含水量红壤的可见光-近红外光谱反射率,运用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)建立不同含水量的土壤有机质预测模型。结果显示,随土壤含水量的增加,有机质与一阶微分光谱的相关性先增加后下降,含水量为100～150 g/kg时相关系数最大。分380～2 400、380～1 300、1 300～2 400 nm三个波段建立不同含水量的有机质预测模型,模型预测精度均随土壤含水量增加而呈现先增加后下降的趋势。利用1 300～2 400 nm建立有机质预测模型可以有效避开氧化铁影响,建立的模型预测精度最高。本研究认为,当土壤含水量小于200 g/kg时,可以利用在室内控制条件下测定的土壤反射率,建立1 300～2 400 nm波段的PLSR模型,进行红壤土壤有机质含量预测。     

典型砂姜黑土黑色物质提取方法及成分研究

土壤颜色是反映土壤发生、分类及肥力特征的一项重要物理指标.黑色土壤一般有较高的有机质含量,但砂姜黑土是低有机质含量的黑色土壤典型代表.以黄淮海平原3种典型砂姜黑土为研究对象,分别采用添加六偏磷酸钠分散剂后振荡并结合多层次超声处理(HP)、添加碳酸钠分散剂后振荡并结合多层次超声处理(SC)和仅超声波处理(US)等3种方法...     

Temperature response of soil organic matter mineralisation in arctic soil profiles

Soil organic matter (SOM) in arctic and boreal soils is the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon. Increased SOM mineralisation under increased temperature has the potential to induce a massive release of CO₂. Precise parameterisation of the response of arctic soils to increased temperatures is therefore crucial for correctly simulating our future climate. Here, we investigated the temperature response of SOM mineralisation in eight arctic soil profiles of Norway, Svalbard and Russia. Samples were collected at two depths from both mineral and organic soils, which were affected or not by permafrost and were incubated for 91 days at 4, 8, 12, and 16 °C. Temperature response was investigated through two parameters derived from a simple exponential model: the intensity of mineralisation, α, and the temperature sensitivity, Q10. For each sample, SOM quality was investigated by ¹³C-NMR, whereas bacterial and fungal community structure was characterised by T-RFLP and ARISA fingerprints, respectively. When estimated from the whole incubation period, α proved to be higher in deep permafrost samples than in shallow active layer ones due to the presence transient flushes of mineralisation in deep permafrost affected soils. At the end of the incubation period, after mineralization flushes had passed, neither α nor Q10 (averaging 1.28 ± 0.07) seemed to be affected by soil type (organic vs mineral soil), site, depth or permafrost. SOM composition and microbial community structure on the contrary where affected by site and soil type. Our results suggest that deep samples of permafrost affected soil contain a small pool of fast cycling carbon, which is quickly depleted after thawing. Once the mineralization flush had passed, the temperature response of permafrost affected soil proved to be relatively homogenous among sample types, suggesting that the use of a single temperature sensitivity parameter in land surface models for SOM decomposition in permafrost-affected soils is justified.     

Status and distribution of soil sulphur fractions,total nitrogen and organic carbon in camp and non-camp soils of grazed pastures supplied with long-term superphosphate

Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four different soil types were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) areas of grazed pastures in New Zealand, which had been fertilised annually with superphosphate for more than 15 years, in order to assess the effects of grazing animals on the status and distribution of soil S fractions and organic matter. These soils were analysed for organic C, total N, total S, C-bonded S, hydriodic acid-reducible S, 0.01 M CaCl₂, and 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable S fractions, and soil pH. Soil inorganic and organic S fractions extracted by NaHCO₃ and NaOH extractants were also determined. The results obtained showed that camp soils contain higher soil pH, organic C, total N, total S, organic (C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S) and inorganic S fractions, NaHCO₃-and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions but a lower anion retention capacity than non-camp soils, attributed to a higher return of plant litter and animal excreta to camp soils. In both soils, total S, organic S, C-bonded S, and hydriodic acid-reducible S were significantly correlated with organic C (r0.90***, ***P0.001) and total N (r0.95***), suggesting that C, N, and S are integral components of soil organic matter. However, C: N : S ratios tended to be lower in camp (60: 5.6: 1–103: 7.2: 1) than in non-camp soils (60:6.1:1–117:8.3:1). Most (>95%) of the total soil S in camp and non-camp soils is present as organic S, while the remainder is readily soluble and adsorbed S (i.e. Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable S). C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S constituted 55%–74% and 26%–45% of total S, respectively, reflecting a regular return of plant litter and animal excreta to the grazed pastures. NaHCO₃, and especially NaOH, extracted significantly higher amounts of total soil S (13%–22% and 49%–75%, respectively) than Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ or CaCl₂ (<5%). In addition, NaHCO₃ and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions were significantly rorrelated with soil organic S (r0.94***), C-bonded S (r0.90***) and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S (r0.93***). Differences between soils in either camp or non-camp areas were related to their sulphate retention capacities, as soils with high sulphate retention capacities (>45%) contain higher levels of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible S fractions than those of low sulphate retention soils (<10%). Long-term annual superphosphate applications significantly increased the accumulation of soil organic and inorganic S fractions, and organic C and total N in the topsoil, although this accumulation did not occur when the superphosphate application rates were increased from 188 to 376 kg ha^-1 year^-1.     

中国地带性土壤有机质含量与酸碱度的关系

利用中国第二次土壤普查确定的886个典型地带性土种剖面资料,通过统计分析研究了全国及6个地理区域(华东、华南、西南、东北、华北和西北)地带性土壤表层有机质含量与pH的关系。结果表明,土壤表层有机质含量和pH在不同地理区域间有明显差异;土壤有机质含量有随pH升高而降低的趋势,二者间呈极显著的负相关关系(r=-0.332～-0.530,p<0.001),在控制温度、降雨和海拔条件下,二者间的偏相关关系也均达到1%的显著水平(r偏=-0.217～-0.322);指数方程(SOM=aebpH,a和b为常数)可以较好地描述土壤表层有机质含量与pH的关系,土壤pH变异可以分别解释有机质含量总变异的12.2%～22.9%。